生长光强对六个橡胶树品种幼苗光合特性的影响

研究了6个橡胶树品种幼苗(适应1年后)在不同生长光强(100%、50%、25%和5%自然光)下的叶片光合系统对光强和CO2浓度的响应特性。结果表明,6个橡胶树品种对不同的光环境均表现出较强的适应性。在不同生长光强下,橡胶树幼苗叶片的最大光合速率(Pmax)、光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)以及叶绿素含量(Chl)均有显著差异(P<0.05),而光饱和点(LSP)和AQY(表观量子效率)则无显著差异。相同生长光强下,6个橡胶树品种间叶片的最大光合速率(Pmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和叶绿素含量(Chl)有显著差异(P<0.05),其光补偿点(LCP)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和表观量子效率(AQY)则无显著差异。综合比较各参数,RRIM600、云研77-4和PR107适宜于相对光强为100%~50%的植胶环境,而云研77-2、GT1和热研523适宜于相对光强为50%~25%的植胶环境。     

不同光照条件下喜阴植物谢君魔芋对稳态和动态光源的响应特征

谢君魔芋(Amorphophallus xiei)是起源于云南西南地区热带雨林的典型喜阴植物,近年来得到了广泛种植和推广,在种植过程中,谢君魔芋需要采用遮荫栽培模式。为了揭示谢君魔芋对光照强度的适应策略,该研究探讨了生长在不同光照强度下(透光率为50%、29%、17%、7%)谢君魔芋叶片的光合作用特征、光合诱导特征、光合色素含量以及叶片氮素(N)含量和N分配。结果表明:随着生长环境光照强度的降低,单位叶面积和单位叶质量最大净光合速率、光合色素含量、最大羧化速率、最大电子传递速率及比叶面积均增大,而暗呼吸和光补偿点均减小。在光合诱导过程中,生长在透光率为17%光环境中的谢君魔芋完成50%光合诱导所需的时间最短,约为81.4 s;在光诱导进行10 min时,诱导状态最高,为87.3%。完成50%和90%光合诱导所需的时间与低光下初始气孔导度呈负相关关系。随着生长光照强度降低,叶片中的N分配到羧化组分和生物能转化组分中的比例先增大后减小,在透光率为17%的光环境下具有最大值;而叶片中的N分配到捕光色素组分中的比例随着生长环境光照强度降低而增加。该研究结果表明,喜阴植物谢君魔芋通过加强对低光和动态光源的利用能力及有效的N资源分配策略来适应低光照环境。     

广西4个种源蚬木苗木光合特性的比较

以广西4个不同种源蚬木Excentrodendron hsienmu苗为研究材料, 测定及分析其光响应曲线及光合参数日变化规律, 以期为蚬木引种和优选提供理论依据。结果表明: 武鸣种源具最高的光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP), 具有较好的适应强光的能力。靖西种源具有较高的最大光合速率(Pmax)、LSP和斜率(AQY), 以及较低的LCP和暗呼吸速率(Rd), 因此可能具有较强的同化能力。大新种源虽LSP最低, 但其具有最高的Pmax和最低的Rd, 以及较低的LCP, 这可能也赋予了该种源具有较强的同化能力。4个种源蚬木均有明显的光合午休现象, 并且净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、水分利用效率(WUE)在不同种源间均存在显著差异, 其中武鸣种源具有较低的Tr和较高的WUE, 靖西种源表现了较高的Gs和Tr。因此, 在相对保水性较好的赤红壤土地上种植蚬木, 可优先选择靖西和大新种源。     

不同产地披针叶茴香光合特性对水分胁迫和复水的响应

为了探讨披针叶茴香(Illicium lanceolatum)对水分胁迫的响应,选用4个不同产地的披针叶茴香(浙江临安产地(LA)、浙江开化产地(KH)、江西武宁产地(WN)和福建南平产地(NP))盆栽幼苗为试验材料,采用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定仪对不同水分胁迫下幼苗光合特性进行测定.结果表明:随着水分胁迫强度增加,不同产地幼苗光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)值表现出不同程度的降低,最大净光合速率(Pmax)的变化趋势存在产地差异,基本为先升后降;而表观光量子效率(AQY)呈增加的趋势.在水分胁迫复水后,4个产地幼苗LSP、LCP、AQY和Pmax值与正常供水时存在显著差异(P＜0.05),WN、KH和LA幼苗LSP值大于正常供水;除NP幼苗外,其余产地幼苗LCP值均不同程度快速回升;KH和WN幼苗Pmax值高于正常供水,LA和NP幼苗Pmax低于正常供水;WN、KH和LA幼苗的AQY值均明显高于正常供水.表明披针叶茴香不同产地植株光合特性对光强和水分敏感性不同,WN产地植株对水分和光照的需求较广、适应能力较强,其次为NP产地,而浙江产地(KH、LA)植株对于水分的要求较高.水分胁迫下,披针叶茴香幼苗光合响应曲线亦存在差异,在低光范围(≤200 μmol· m-2·s-1)时,其净光合速率(Pn)光响应值主要受土壤水分影响,当光强增大时,光照负面影响大于水分影响.表明披针叶茴香生长需要适宜水分,但最需要适宜光照,土壤水分条件较低时需实施弱光栽培措施来缓和逆境胁迫.     

光照条件对高山杜鹃光合生理特性的影响

以高山杜鹃‘Furnivall’s Daughter’3年生植株为材料,采用遮阳网遮荫方法设置100%(L1)、53%(L2)、30%(L3)、17%(L4)全光照,研究不同光照对其光合特性及其相关生理特性的影响,探讨高山杜鹃对不同光强的响应及适应机制。结果表明:(1)与全光照条件相比,遮阴处理可有效提高光饱和点(LSP),降低光补偿点(LCP)和呼吸速率(Rd),从而具有较高的净光合速率(Pn);其中L3处理植株的LCP、Rd最低,而且其LSP和饱和光合速率(Pmax)最高,表明L3光照条件是其最适宜的生长光强。(2)随着光照强度的降低,叶片的叶绿素a呈轻微下降趋势,而叶绿素b、单位面积叶氮含量(LNCa)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)则呈显著增加趋势,且光照强度对叶绿素b的影响较叶绿素a敏感,从而导致总叶绿素含量显著增加,而叶绿素a/b比值下降。(3)可塑性分析结果表明,高山杜鹃‘Furnivall’s Daughter’主要通过Pmax、LSP、LCP、Rd、PNUE和叶绿素含量的改变来适应光环境的变化,而比叶重(LMA)、LNCa、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在其适应光环境的过程中作用较小。     

关键生育阶段持续干旱对东北春玉米光合特性的影响

采用持续无补水方式对东北春玉米"丹玉39"拔节至成熟阶段进行干旱胁迫处理,对干旱及复水过程中玉米光合特性进行动态观测,研究净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)等光合作用中主要变量以及表观量子效率(AQY)、最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)等光合参数对干旱过程的响应特征。结果表明:P_n、T_r、G_s和C_i随干旱持续均呈减小趋势,对干旱的响应在抽雄期比拔节期更为明显,T_r比P_n更快,C_i在弱光条件下比强光更敏感;各变量对干旱后复水的响应差异较大,恢复能力随干旱时间的延长而下降,在抽雄期弱于拔节期;经历短期干旱复水后P_n会超过正常植株;T_r对复水的响应滞后于P_n,恢复能力弱于P_n;C_i对干旱后复水的恢复在强光下更为敏感;各光合参数中,随干旱加重,AQY先增大后减小;P_(nmax)不断减小且响应速度加快,对复水的恢复能力逐渐下降;LCP和LSP分别呈增大和减小趋势;除LCP与土壤湿度呈显著负相关关系外,AQY、LSP、P_(nmax)以及光合作用可利用光强范围均随土壤湿度增大而显著增大。     

不同光照强度下谢君魔芋的光合作用及能量分配特征

为了探讨喜阴植物谢君魔芋(Amorphophallus xiei)对不同光强的适应策略,测量和分析了不同透光率(高光,透光率100%;中光,透光率32.6%;低光,透光率5.98%)下谢君魔芋对光、CO₂、光斑的响应特征及响应过程中叶绿素a荧光和能量分配特征.结果表明: 随着生长光强的增大,谢君魔芋最大净光合速率(P_max)、暗呼吸速率、表观量子产额、羧化效率显著降低,光补偿点、CO₂补偿点显著升高.中光处理的谢君魔芋对光合诱导的响应更迅速(P<0.05);随着生长光强的增加,暗适应初始气孔导度(g_s-i)显著升高;完成光合诱导中最大净光合速率30%(t_30%P)、50%(t_50%P)和90%(t_90%P)所需的时间与g_s-i呈负相关.高光处理的植株PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΔF/F_m′)、光化学猝灭(q_P)和电子传递速率(ETR)较高,且在光合诱导过程中所对应的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)值相对较高,而低光处理具有较高的反应中心激发能捕获效率(F_v′/F_m′).高光处理非光化学耗散途径比例(Ф_NPQ)较低,而低光处理Ф_NPQ则相对较高.表明喜阴植物谢君魔芋在中低光下生长时受到高光胁迫能够启动快速耗散机制来保护自身光合机构,长期处于高光环境则采用增加热耗散成本和形成淬灭复合物的策略在一定程度上应对高光胁迫,这可能是其不能很好适应高光环境的原因之一.     

野生与栽培黄花蒿净光合速率对光强和CO2浓度的响应

比较了相同种源的野生和栽培黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)净光合速率对光强和CO2浓度的响应特性。结果表明,野生和栽培黄花蒿的光饱和点(LSP)分别为1 183和1 564μmol m-2s-1,光补偿点(LCP)为17和18μmol m-2s-1,最大净光合速率(Pmax)为18.78和22.38μmol m-2s-1,表观量子效率(AQY)为0.08和0.075μmol m-2s-1,表明黄花蒿的光合能力强,能够利用很高的光强,且对弱光的适应性也较强。栽培黄花蒿的Pmax、LSP和最大羧化速率(Vcmax)显著高于野生黄花蒿,两者的LCP、不包括光下呼吸的CO2补偿点、AQY、光下呼吸速率和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)差异不显著。强光下栽培黄花蒿主要通过提高Vcmax和Jmax等来增强光合能力,强的光合能力有利于黄花蒿的生长,因此在人工栽培黄花蒿的过程中应选择阳光充足的开阔生境。     

光强对杂交泡桐光合生理和荧光特性的影响

以杂交泡桐毛白33(即TF33)及其回交一代(BC1(194)和BC1(192))为材料,通过人工模拟旷地、林窗和林下3种光环境(分别为全光照L0、50%全光照L1、25%全光照L2),比较了不同光强下泡桐回交一代及其亲本TF33叶片的光合能力和叶绿素荧光特性的差异。结果显示:(1)遮荫后杂交泡桐净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线由"双峰"型变为"单峰"型,日平均Pn随遮荫程度增加显著降低(P0.05)。L0条件下,BC1(194)和BC1(192)的日平均Pn未表现出杂种优势;L1条件下,BC1(192)和BC1(194)的日平均Pn杂种优势率(RH)分别为2.23%和3.67%;L2条件下,BC1(192)的日平均Pn高于TF33,但差异不显著,BC1(194)则表现为杂种劣势。(2)L0条件下,TF33的最大净光合速率(Pmax)和光饱和点(LSP)最大,光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)最小;L1条件下,BC1(192)的Pmax、LSP和AQY最大,LCP和Rd最小;L2条件下,虽然BC1(194)和BC1(192)的Pmax低于TF33,但其LCP和Rd值也低于TF33。(3)L0条件下,TF33、BC1(194)和BC1(192)各荧光参数差异不显著;L1条件下,3个无性系的q P和q N差异显著,BC1(192)的热耗散最弱,光合能力最强;L2条件下,BC1(192)和TF33的q P差异不显著,BC1(194)与TF33差异显著,BC1(192)的Fv/Fm、F0和ETR与TF33、BC1(194)差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明,TF33、BC1(194)和BC1(192)虽均对弱光有一定的调节适应机制,但在全光照下生长最为适宜,遮荫使植株的光合能力显著降低,光照不足成为其生长的决定性限制因子。在低光照(L1)条件下,BC1(194)和BC1(192)较其亲本TF33有光合优势。     

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)光合能力及相关因子的种源差异

为认识我国北方森林的优势树种--兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)光合作用对环境变化的响应和适应特征,在其自然分布区内选择地理和气候差异显著的6个种源,采集种子并播植于其分布区南界的均一立地条件下26a后,测定针叶的光合能力及其相关因子,比较种源间差异及其随月份和冠层位置的变化.结果表明:最大净光合速率(Pmax)、表观光量子效率(AQY)、比叶重(LMA)和单位叶面积氮含量(Na)的种源差异显著(p<0.05),变化幅度分别为6.10～8.78 μmol CO2 · m-2 · s-1、0.0325～0.0427 μmol CO2 ·μmol-1photons、85.1～114.3 g · m-2和1.72～2.26 g · m-2.但是光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和单位面积叶绿素含量(Chla)的种源差异不显著,平均值分别为61.2 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1、1093 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1、2.34 μmol CO2 · m-2 · s-1和0.12 g · m-2. Pmax、Chla、Na和LMA两两之间均呈极显著正相关(p<0.001).随树冠从下往上升高,Pmax、LCP、Na和LMA呈逐渐增高的趋势,这种垂直变化格局受种源的显著影响.除AQY之外,种源对光合能力及其相关因子的月份变化格局没有显著影响,多表现为7月低-8月高-9月低的变化格局.研究展示的兴安落叶松针叶的光合能力及其一些相关因子的种源间差异可能是其光合机构对种源地环境条件长期生理适应的结果.     

Y-chromosome Data and Tribal Affiliations of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus

The phylogeny of Old World monkeys has remained unresolved in part because of a lack of resolution in the Cercopithecinae. Competing morphological hypotheses have had Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) and the talapoins (Miopithecus spp.) as basal branches of either the tribe Cercopithecini or the tribe Papionini. Previous molecular analyses have not adequately addressed the issue. To better understand the evolutionary history of these primates, we sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis 3.1 kb of 2 loci (TSPY and SRY) from the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome. Individuals from the genera Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, Erythrocebus, Chlorocebus, and Cercopithecus were surveyed and their sequences compared with those previously published for the Papionini and Colobinae. The results suggest Allenopithecus and Miopithecus are more closely related to the Cercopithecini than Papionini. Our data also support the hypothesis that within the Cercopithecini, Erythrocebus and Chlorocebus share a close evolutionary relationship, distinct from the other members of the tribe.     

Ovule and seed anatomy ofCistaceae and relatedMalvanae

Ovule and especially seed anatomy of eight species ofCochlospermaceae, Bixaceae, Cistaceae, Monotoideae, Pakaraimaeoideae (two subfamilies ofDipterocarpaceae), andSarcolaenaceae were investigated. All representatives show a bixoid chalazal region in the seed as probable exclusive synapomorphy among angiosperms. The palisade layer of the exotegmen is curved inwards at its proximal end and forms a dome-shaped structure. A plug of hypostase tissue with an annulus/core structure fits into this dome. Moreover, two additional tissue types in the hypostase can be found in some representatives of the group. These and other micromorphological, wood anatomical, and floral morphological characters, indicate that the taxa form a monophyletic group close toMalvales s. str. The form of the starch grains in the endosperm is compared and is described for the first time forPakaraimaea (Dipterocarpaceae) andLeptolaena (Sarcolaenaceae). The position ofDiegodendron close toBixa and the presumably more distant positions ofMuntingia andNeuradaceae are discussed.     

Nystatin and killer toxin sensitivity of free and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The inhibitory effect of nystatin and killer toxin on the growth of free and covalently-immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The resistance of immobilized cells to both agents was accompanied by increased amounts of phospholipids and sterols. The possible relationship between these changes in the membrane composition and the transduction of a signal across the cytoplasmic membrane is discussed.     

Amino acids and sugars in nectar,and their putative evolutionary significance

Individual amino acids and sugars from flower nectar of 32 plant species with different pollination systems were quantified and compared. Data show that there is no correlation between sugar and amino acid concentration. Furthermore there is no correlation between composition and concentration of amino acids and evolutionary advancement, nor any direct relation with pollination systems. However, higher sugar concentrations are often linked with more advanced morphological characters. Nectars from pierced or damaged flowers or nectars contaminated with pollen exhibit modifications and increases in amino acid composition. The presence of proline probably indicates such pollen contamination. Most pollinating animals depend on flower nectar in their energetic requirements, yet innumerable alternative amino acid and protein sources exist. Future research has to consider the relationship between nutritional requirements of pollinating animals and dependence on flower nectars.Dedicated to Prof. Dr.L. van der Pijl, Den Haag, in honour of his 80th birthday.     

The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna

The formation of different structures in Drosophila depends on the combined activities of selector genes and signaling pathways. For instance, the antenna requires the selector gene homothorax, which distinguishes between the leg and the antenna and can specify distal antenna if expressed ectopically. Similarly, the eye is formed by a group of "eye-specifying" genes, among them eyeless, which can direct eye development ectopically. We report here the characterization of the hernandez and fernandez genes, expressed in the antennal and eye primordia of the eye-antenna imaginal disc. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes have 27% common amino acids and include a Pipsqueak domain. Reduced expression of either hernandez or fernandez mildly affects antenna and eye development, while the inactivation of both genes partially transforms distal antenna into leg. Ectopic expression of either of the two genes results in two different phenotypes: it can form distal antenna, activating genes like homothorax, spineless, and spalt, and it can promote eye development and activates eyeless. Reciprocally, eyeless can induce hernandez and fernandez expression, and homothorax and spineless can activate both hernandez and fernandez when ectopically expressed. The formation of eye by these genes seems to require Notch signaling, since the induction of ectopic eyes and the activation of eyeless by the hernandez gene are suppressed when the Notch function is compromised. Our results show that the hernandez and fernandez genes are required for antennal and eye development and are also able to specify eye or antenna ectopically.     

Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant cyanidin glycosides in cherries and berries

Anthocyanins from tart cherries, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) cv. Balaton and Montmorency; sweet cherries, Prunus avium L. (Rosaceae); bilberries, Vaccinum myrtillus L. (Ericaceae); blackberries, Rubus sp. (Rosaceae); blueberries var. Jersey, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae); cranberries var. Early Black, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (Ericaceae); elderberries, Sambucus canadensis (Caprifoliaceae); raspberries, Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae); and strawberries var. Honeoye, Fragaria x ananassa Duch. (Rosaceae), were investigated for cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The presence and levels of cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside 1 and cyanidin-3-rutinoside 2 were determined in the fruits using HPLC. The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins from cherries was comparable to the commercial antioxidants, tert-butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole, and superior to vitamin E, at a test concentration of 125 microg/ml. Anthocyanins from raspberries and sweet cherries demonstrated 45% and 47% cyclooxygenase-I and cyclooxygenase-II inhibitory activities, respectively, when assayed at 125 microg/ml. The cyclooxygenase inhibitory activities of anthocyanins from these fruits were comparable to those of ibuprofen and naproxen at 10 microM concentrations. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 are present in both cherries and raspberry. The yields of pure anthocyanins 1 and 2 in 100 g Balaton and Montmorency tart cherries, sweet cherries and raspberries were 21, 16.5; 11, 5; 4.95, 21; and 4.65, 13.5 mg, respectively. Fresh blackberries and strawberries contained only anthocyanin 2 in yields of 24 and 22.5 mg/100 g, respectively. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 were not found in bilberries, blueberries, cranberries or elderberries.     

Pollen morphology ofSonchus and related genera,and a general discussion

The pollen morphology of the taxa belonging to the generaAetheorhiza Cass.,Launaea Cass.,Reichardia Roth andSonchus L. in the Iberian Peninsula has been studied with light and electron microscopy. The pollen is 3(-4)-zonocolporate and echinolophate (without polar lacunae, but in general with prelacunae), with equatorial ridges and 15–20 lacunae: 3–4 poral, 6–8 abporal and 6–8 paraporal. Small to medium size, P × E = 19–36 × 23–42 µm; sometimes two different sizes have been found. Exine 3–9 µm thick and ornamentation microreticulate and echinate. The results clearly show the relationships between genera. Moreno-Socías, E., Mejías, J. A., Díez, M. J., 1994: Morfología polínica deLactuceae (Asteraceae) en la Península Ibérica, I.Lactuca y géneros relacionados. — Acta Bot. Malacitana.19: 103–113.     

Utilized and potentially utilizable seaweeds on the Namibian coast: biogeography and accessibility

Of the 1500 km coast of Namibia, only 80 km is predominantly rocky, the remaining 1420 km being sandy with only minor rocky outcrops. At present two species are utilized, Gracilaria verrucosa for agar and Laminaria schinzii for human consumption. Other potentially utilizable seaweeds occurring on the coast are Ecklonia maxima for alginates, Suhria vittata for agar, Gigartina radula, G. stiriata and Aeodes orbitosa for carrageenans and Porphyra capensis for human consumption. Laminaria schinzii also can be used for alginate production. Due to the diamond-mining areas around the 80 km rocky area at Luderitz (26° 39 S), only 20 km are accessible; hence, at present the seaweeds are being exploited almost to their full potential. The species currently not being utilized could be used, however, to support the industry that already exists at Luderitz. To increase production, access to the diamond areas would have to be gained or a cultivation program initiated.     

Molecular identification and differentiation of Brevibacterium species and strains

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping were used to differentiate among 24 strains of Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium casei and Brevibacterium epidermidis obtained from type culture collections or isolated from various smear ripened cheeses. ARDRA was applied to the 16S rDNA. B. linens was shown to be a quite heterogenic group with 2 to at least 4 copies of rrn operons per strain with aberrant nucleotide sequences. AccI gave genus specific restriction patterns and was used to separate Brevibacterium from Corynebacterium species. The expected species specificity of TaqI applied to B. linens type culture strains, but not to all strains isolated from cheese. By AvaI restriction, B. casei and B. linens were differentiated from B. epidermidis and the orange pigmented Arthrobacter casei, a new species of coryneform bacteria; by XmnI restriction, B. linens and B. epidermidis were differentiated from B. casei. One of 4 B. linens genotypes could not be distinguished from B. casei by this method. Here, the typical orange B. linens pigments were used for classification, which was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.