岩溶与非岩溶区典型植物最适光合模型和光合特征研究

为探讨不同生境典型植物光合特征对主要环境因子的响应,选择EthierLivingston、Ellsworth和Sharkey等3种光合生化模型拟合我国西南岩溶与非岩溶区8种典型植物的A-Ci曲线。结果表明,用EthierLivingston模型拟合的A-Ci曲线要优于Ellsworth模型和Sharkey模型,拟合方程的决定系数(R~2)为0.98～0.99 (P0.01)。从EthierLivingston模型拟合的V_(cmax)和J_(max)来看,岩溶区和非岩溶区乡土植物间的差异不显著,但都显著低于外来速生植物尾巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla)。岩溶区和非岩溶区乡土植物的光合特征参数(V_(cmax,25)和J_(max,25))均与空气温度和土壤水分含量呈显著相关(P0.05)。除非岩溶区乡土植物的J_(max,25)外,所有植物的光合特征参数与土壤水分拟合方程的R~2均低于其与环境温度的,表明环境温度对典型植物V_(cmax,25)和J_(max,25)的影响强于土壤含水量。     

玉米、花生及其间作茬口与施磷对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响机制

该试验在玉米单作茬口、玉米-花生间作茬口(间作茬口)、花生单作茬口共3种茬口,以及0 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)(P_0)和180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)(P_1) 2个磷水平下,研究了间作茬口与施磷对冬小麦分蘖、叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质积累、光合特性及产量的影响机制,为玉米花生间作与小麦-玉米复种轮作提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)间作茬口较玉米茬口显著提高了冬小麦有效分蘖数、LAI、净光合速率和干物质积累量,并提高了冬小麦旗叶的SPAD值、CO_2饱和点、光饱和点及最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、表观量子效率(AQY)、羧化效率(CE)、最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))、最大RUBP再生的电子传递速率(J_(max))和最大磷酸丙糖利用速率(V_(TPU)),且CE、V_(cmax)、V_(TPU)的增幅均达到显著水平(P0.05),有效改善了冬小麦产量构成,显著提高籽粒产量(P0.05)。(2)间作茬口较花生茬口提高了冬小麦乳熟期的P_(nmax)、AQY、CE,增加了穗粒数和粒重,提高了产量。(3)与不施磷相比,施磷180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)显著促进间作茬口冬小麦生长,显著提高冬小麦旗叶的SPAD值、P_(nmax)、AQY、CE、V_(cmax)、J_(max)、V_(TPU)和籽粒产量(P0.05)。研究发现,间作茬口较玉米茬口能有效增强冬小麦旗叶表观量子效率和CO_2羧化能力,显著提高小麦花后光合能力,促进冬小麦生长,从而增加穗粒数、粒重和籽粒产量,且间作茬口结合施磷180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)效果更好。     

金沙江干热河谷新银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)的光合与荧光特征干湿季对比研究

为了研究引进树种对干热河谷环境的适应性,以生长于干热河谷野外环境中的新银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)为研究对象,研究分析了其在湿季(7月)和干季(11月)的光合生理特征和叶绿素荧光特征。结果表明:(1)在P_n-C_i响应曲线中,当C_i150μmol/mol,干季的净光合速率(Net photosynthetic rate,P_n)高于湿季,而当C_i150μmol/mol,干季的P_n低于湿季;(2)相较于湿季,干季的初始羧化效率(Initial carboxylation efficiency,CE)、光合能力(Photosynthetic capacity,A_(max))、CO_2补偿点(CO_2 compensation point,Γ)、光呼吸速率(Photorespiration rate,R_p)、最大羧化速率(Maximum carboxylation rate,V_(cmax))、最大电子传递速率(Maximum electron transport rate,J_(max))、磷酸丙糖利用率(Triose phosphates utilization rate,TPU)、J_(max)/V_(cmax)、气孔限制值(Stomatal limitation,L_s)和叶片饱和水汽压差(Vapor pressure deficit,VPD)均显著下降(P0.05),而暗呼吸速率(Dark respiration rate,R_d)、胞间CO_2浓度(Intercellular CO_2 concentration,C_i)、气孔导度(Stomatal conductance,G_s)、蒸腾速率(Transpiration rate,T_r)、饱和光下最大净光合速率(Light-saturated net photosynthetic rate,P_(nmax))和水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)则显著上升(P0.05);(3)干季的PSII实际光化学效率(Actual photochemical efficiency of PSII,Ф_(PSII)),光化学猝灭系数(Photochemical fluorescence quenching,qP),电子传递效率(Electron transport rate,ETR)较湿季出现显著下降(P0.05),非光化学猝灭系数(Non-photochemical fluorescence quenching,NPQ)显著增加(P0.05);(4)叶绿素荧光参数的Ф_(PSII)、NPQ、ETR与各光合生理指标相关性较强。在干热河谷地区,气孔限制是影响新银合欢湿季光合速率的主要因素;而非气孔限制是影响其干季光合速率的主要因素。     

气候变暖对华北平原玉米叶片形态结构和气体交换过程的影响

未来全球变暖对农田生态系统产生的影响不仅可能改变整个陆地生态系统的碳平衡状态,更重要的是还关系到全球的粮食安全问题。然而,目前有关农作物对全球变暖响应和适应性机理的研究还很少见,尤其是缺少通过农田原位增温实验探讨作物叶片形态结构及其气体交换过程对增温的响应和适应性机理的研究。利用典型农田生态系统的实验增温平台,研究了未来全球气候变暖对我国华北平原重要农作物玉米叶片的形态、结构特征(解剖及亚显微结构)以及气体交换参数所可能产生的影响。研究结果显示,实验增温分别使玉米叶片的宽度和厚度减少了4%(P=0.017)和10%(P0.001)。然而,实验增温却导致叶绿体长度和宽度显著增加46%(P0.001)和50%(P0.001),从而使叶绿体的剖面面积显著增加了141%(P0.001)。另外,研究结果还显示,实验增温分别增加了玉米叶片的净光合速率52%(P=0.019)、气孔导度163%(P=0.001)以及蒸腾速率81%(P=0.017);同时,实验增温使玉米叶片的暗呼吸速率显著降低了24%(P=0.006),但却并没有对细胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率产生显著的影响。因此,研究结果表明,未来气候变暖不仅会直接改变玉米叶片的形态和结构特征,同时还可能对玉米叶片的功能(例如光合和呼吸等关键生理生化过程)产生显著的影响。     

油蒿光合参数季节动态及其与叶氮含量和比叶面积的关系

了解植物光合作用参数季节动态及其与叶性状的关系对于准确模拟生态系统碳循环具有重要的意义。本研究在生长季内原位测定了毛乌素沙地油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)光合作用CO_2响应和光响应曲线,分析了油蒿光合参数与叶氮含量(N_(mass))和比叶面积(SLA)的关系。结果表明:整个生长季内油蒿最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、表观量子效率(α)和光饱和点(LSP)都是在春季后期和初秋时期值比较高,在夏季波动较大,光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)变化趋势不明显,P_(nmax)的变化范围为13.79~33.31μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),平均值为23.77μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),其中5月达到最大值,P_(nmax)季节变化显著;羧化速率(φ)、最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))、最大电子传递速率(J_(max))和光下暗呼吸(Rp)的季节动态变化也是呈现春季后期和初秋时期值比较高、在夏季波动较大的趋势,CO_2补偿点(Co)在整个生长季季节动态明显;CO_2饱和点(Cisat)的季节动态变化不明显;V_(cmax)在5月达到最大值(89.10μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),在8月达到最小值(27.25μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),平均值为56.29μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),J_(max)在9月达到最大值(78.86μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),在8月达到最小值(24.19μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),平均值为46.24μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),V_(cmax)和J_(max)季节变化显著;P_(nmax)、V_(cmax)、J_(max)和Rp与N_(mass)存在显著线性正相关,P_(nmax)、V_(cmax)和J_(max)与SLA存在显著线性正相关。本研究结果进一步证实,叶氮含量和比叶面积是影响油蒿光合能力的重要因素。研究获得的光合参数与叶性状的关系可为构建参数化生态系统过程模型提供帮助。     

基于东北温带落叶阔叶林通量数据的BEPS模型参数优化

控制其他参数为经验常数,利用迭代方法对主要光合作用参数最大羧化速率(V_(c max))及最大电子传递速率(J_(max))进行不同数值组合,将得到的多组模拟结果的逐日总初级生产力(GPP)分别与东北帽儿山落叶阔叶林的通量观测数据进行比较,实现对小时步长BEPSHourly模型V_(c max)和J_(max)的参数优化.结果表明:对于东北温带落叶阔叶林,当V_(c max)为41.1μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、J_(max)为82.8μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,模拟的2011年逐日GPP与观测数据比较的均方根误差(RMSE)最小,为1.10 g C·m~(-2)·d~(-1),R~2最高,为0.95.经过光合作用参数V_(c max)和J_(max)优化后,BEPSHourly模型能更好地模拟GPP的季节变化.     

乌梁素海湿地芦苇最大羧化速率的高光谱遥感

湿地植被生产力和固碳潜力的研究是全球碳循环和全球变化的热点研究问题。湿地植被的光合能力能够指示其生长的健康状态。最大羧化速率是重要的植被光合参数之一,对精确模拟湿地植被光合作用和气体交换模型中的固碳过程具有重要的作用。以内蒙古乌梁素海湖泊湿地为研究区,进行了芦苇叶片光合参数和光谱的测量。芦苇叶片最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))数值是基于Farquhar光合作用模型,从光合测量获取的A-C_i曲线计算并校正到25℃得到的。分别基于bootstrap PLSR模型、单波段和高光谱植被指数(包括简单比值指数SR和归一化差值指数ND),构建湿地芦苇叶片最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))估算模型。基于高光谱遥感图像HJ-1A HSI,采用ND高光谱指数中具有较高V_(cmax)估算精度的入选波段702和756 nm,获取研究区湿地芦苇最大羧化速率空间分布图。研究结果表明,湿地植被光谱特征和高光谱植被指数,可用于估算湿地芦苇V_(cmax),其中最高精度产生于基于bootstrap PLSR模型的建模方法(R~2=0.87,RMSECV=3.90,RPD=2.72),ND高光谱指数的V_(cmax)估算精度高于SR高光谱指数的估算精度;从获取的V_(cmax)空间分布图上提取估算值,其与测量值对比,存在较好的相关性(R~2=0.80,RMSE=4.74)。     

基于全局灵敏度分析的浒苔生长影响参数研究

近年来,以浒苔为主的绿潮灾害频发。构建了浒苔生长模型,以定量分析浒苔生长过程,探索浒苔爆发机理。参数不确定性是模型不确定性的主要来源,以参数灵敏度分析为基础的参数优化有利于提高模型精度,采用Morris方法对模型涉及的主要参数进行了全局灵敏度分析,以研究浒苔生长的主要影响参数。不同于其他有关大型绿藻的模型模拟,模型同时考虑了幼体浒苔和成熟浒苔的生物量变化,并修正了营养盐限制函数以及温度计算函数。全局性的参数灵敏度分析结果表明,最适温度(T_(opt))、光合作用最适光强(Is)、最大发芽率(G_(max))、浒苔生长所需的氮含量的半饱和系数(kqn)、最大氮摄取率(V_(maxn))这5个参数在浒苔生长模型中具有较大灵敏性。其中,T_(opt)影响最大,Is和V_(maxn)其次,说明浒苔生长主要受温度光照和氮含量限制。相较于局部灵敏度分析仅关注单个参数变化、依赖于初值选取等缺陷,全局灵敏度分析同时从各个参数的取值范围上分析参数对模型结果的影响,能揭示参数之间相互作用的影响。此外,灵敏度较大的参数往往和其他参数之间存在较大相关性。     

蒙古栎叶片光合作用随叶龄的变化及其与叶片功能性状的关系

叶片光合能力直接决定着植物生产力的高低,它既受外界环境条件的影响,也受叶片内部因素的制约。本文以"日"为单位对叶龄进行度量,从爆芽日开始,对蒙古栎光合作用参数随叶龄的变化及其与叶片功能性状的关系进行了分析。结果如下:(1)蒙古栎叶片生长季初期(爆芽后3日内)其呼吸速率大于光合速率,净光合速率为负值;生长季中期,光合参数P_(max)(最大净光合速率)、J_(max)(CO2饱和时最大净光合速率)、V_(cmax)(最大Rubisco催化反应速率)的变化主要受环境因子(降雨、土壤含水率)的影响。(2)整个生长季初期,光合参数与叶绿素含量及叶面积呈极显著正相关(P0.01);生长季初期爆芽阶段光合参数与比叶重呈负相关,生长季初期展叶阶段光合参数与比叶重呈正相关,在生长季初期叶片完全展开后,光合参数与比叶重呈负相关;生长季中期,所有的光合参数与叶片功能性状无显著相关性;生长季后期,光合参数与叶片功能性状均呈显著正相关(P0.05)。建议今后研究中,考虑根据叶片的生长过程分阶段探讨其光合能力及其生理生化影响机制,以增加森林生态系统碳收支估算的准确性。     

氮磷添加对杉木林土壤碳氮矿化速率及酶动力学特征的影响

以江西杉木林红壤为研究对象,开展野外长期氮(N)、磷(P)添加控制试验,设置对照(CK)、N(50kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))、P(50kg P hm~(-2)a~(-1))、NP(50kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)+50kg P hm~(-2)a~(-1))处理,分析N、P添加对土壤碳矿化速率(C_(min))、氮矿化速率(N_(min))和相关的β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)动力学参数的影响。结果表明:(1)N添加明显降低了C_(min)和N_(min),比CK分别减少了25%和18%;N添加减小了NAG的潜在最大酶活性(V_(max))、半饱和常数(K_m)、催化效率(V_(max)/K_m),但差异不显著(P0.05);N添加显著增加了βG的V_(max)、K_m,但对V_(max)/K_m有抑制作用。(2)P输入(P、NP)较CK使NAG的V_(max)、K_m减小26%—60%;NP同时添加明显提高βG和NAG的V_(max)/K_m(P0.05),但P输入(P、NP)对C_(min)和N_(min)影响不显著(P0.05)。(3)C_(min)与土壤溶解性有机碳正相关,N_(min)与pH显著正相关,与土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N显著负相关;βG和NAG的V_(max)/K_m均与NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N负相关(P0.05),K_m均与NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N正相关(P0.05)。βG的V_(max)与NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N正相关(P0.05),NAG的V_(max)与有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷负相关(P0.05)。研究结果表明,在亚热带杉木人工林中,N添加降低土壤pH,增加土壤有效氮含量,抑制βG和NAG的V_(max)/K_m,对土壤C_(min)和N_(min)产生抑制作用;而NP添加增加土壤有效磷含量,增加土壤βG和NAG的V_(max)/K_m。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.