我国的“非洲蝼蛄”应为“东方蝼蛄”

<正> 最早报道我国有非洲蝼蛄Gryllotalpa af-ricana Palisot的是原苏联昆虫学家Bey-Bien-ko,他研究了采自我国东北及兴安岭地区的蝼蛄标本,鉴定为非洲蝼蛄G.africana Pali-sot。我国学者徐荫祺(Hsu Yin-chi)也报道了我国北平和江苏等地有非洲蝼蛄的分     

中国蝼蛄属研究及一新种记述(直翅目,蝼蛄科)

给出了中国蝼蛄属的检索表,并描述了该属1新种G.mabiana sp.nov..新种与尼泊尔种类 G.pygmaea相似,但可以通过如下特征加以区分:径脉末端不分岔,翅室呈三角形,阳茎基片横向骨片的侧端尖锐;此新种还与河南蝼蛄G.henana相似,区别为:新种前翅超过第5节背板,后翅到达第4节背板后缘,而河南蝼蛄G.henana前后翅均未伸达腹部第4节背板后缘;新种前胸背板无心纹斑,河南蝼蛄G.henana有;新种阳茎侧突囊弯钩状,后者为弯月形.     

早稻围膜犁耙本田人工捕杀蝼蛄

蝼蛄是典型的地下害虫。在我国发生的有华北蝼蛄Gryllotalapunispina、东方蝼蛄G.orientalis、台湾蝼蛄G.formosana。近年报道还有金秀蝼蛄G.jinxiuensis和河南蝼蛄G.henana[1]。在广西发生的为东方蝼蛄,主要危害水稻,其次是麦、棉、烟等作物,还可取食杂草为主。蝼蛄咬食萌发的     

中国蝼蛄菌属的研究

本文报道寄生于我国非洲蝼蛄(Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois)上的蝼蛄菌属(Tettigomyces)11个种,其中新种1个:线状蝼蛄菌(T.filiformis Ye);国内新记录种10个:渐尖蝼蛄菌(T.acuminatus Thaxt.),非洲蝼蛄菌(T.africanus Thaxt.),短蝼蛄菌(T.brevis Thaxt.),毛生蝼蛄菌(T.chaetophilus Thaxt.),混淆蝼蛄菌(T.co-nfusus Thaxt.),蝼蛄菌(T.gryllotalpae Thaxt.),印度蝼蛄菌(T.indicus Thaxt.),间型蝼蛄菌(T.intermedius Thaxt.),翅生蝼蛄菌(T.pterophilus Thaxt.),普通蝼蛄菌(T.vulgaris Thaxt.)。本文所研究的全部标本都保存于广东省微生物研究所。     

蝼蛄的声学通讯

通过对蝼蛄声学通讯的研究,揭示了蝼蛄鸣叫时发出的志信号对其种群所引起的行为反应,和蝼蛄声学通讯的特点,观察了发声器的结构与听器的作用。同时,记述了观察分析昆虫声信号的一般方法。声引诱的实验证明,不同参量的鸣声信号对蝼蛄的引诱作用不同。     

中国蝼蛄属一新种记述(直翅目:蝼蛄科)

记述蝼蛄属GryllotalpaLatreille1新种:武当蝼蛄Gryllotalpa wudangensis,sp.nov.。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室。     

云南草坪中东方蝼蛄的空间分布型

在云南省思茅市体育场,通过实地调查和统计分析后发现东方蝼蛄Gryllotalpa burmeister Burmeister是草坪的重要害虫之一,主要危害草坪草和种子。应用多个聚集度指标和Iwao回归分析法对东方蝼蛄的分布格局进行研究,结果表明,东方蝼蛄在土壤中呈聚集分布,分布的基本单位是个体群。     

非洲蝼蛄消化道组织结构的观察

本文采用组织学技术对非洲蝼蛄消化道的组织结构进行了初步研究,其消化道具有特殊的组织结构,此项研究为进一步防治病虫害提供了依据。     

有关华北蝼蛄形态问题的讨论

区别华北蝼蛄Gryllotalpa unispina Saussure及非洲蝼蛄G.africana Palisot de Beauvois的形态,一向是根据体形大小及其后足胫节上缘内侧所生刺之数目。国内及日本多数参考资料上都是记载华北蝼蛄生有刺2个,非洲蝼蛄有刺4个,问题就发生在这里。 在农业昆虫实验中,比较此两种蝼蛄的形态时,同学们经常会提出下面的一个问题:非洲蝼蛄后胫节上缘内侧生有4个刺很明显,但华北蝼蛄生有刺2个则     

非洲蝼蛄(G.africana Palisot de Beauvois)的鸣声特点

本文对北京非洲蝼蛄(G.africana.)的鸣声特点进行了分析.非洲蝼蛄的鸣声类似由调幅单音节组成的哨声.单音节的频谱特性基本相一致,其载波的主峰频率(MPF)调谐度(Q_(3dB))和MPF下降20dB的带宽分别为2539Hz、17.3和479Hz.但是哨声和单音节的周期是不均一的.在由302个哨声组成的鸣声段中,哨声周期和每个哨声内单音节平均周期的主要分布区分别为115-225ms和12.90-15.75ms.这些结果可能为蝼蛄声诱捕装置的生物原型和数学模型的研究提供某些依据.     

野生植物根围的丛枝菌根真菌Ⅱ

本文主要报道了野生植物根围Glomus属的17个种,聚球囊霉G.aggregatumSchenck＆Smith,苏格兰球囊霉G.caledonium（Nicol.＆Gerd.）Trappe＆Gerd,近明球囊霉G．claroideumSchenck＆Smith,明球囊霉G．clarumNicolson＆Schenck,缩球囊霉G．constrictumTrappe,透光球囊霉G．diaphanumMorton,幼套球囊霉G．etunicatumBecker＆Gerdemann,集球囊霉G．fasciculatum（Thaxter）Gerd．＆Trappe,何氏球囊霉G．hoiBerch＆Trappe,地球囊霉G.geosporum（Nicol．＆Derd.）Warker,根内球囊霉G．intraradicesSchenck＆Smith,摩西球囊霉G．mosseae（Nicol．＆Gerd.）Gerd.＆Trappe,隐球囊霉G.occultumWalker,网状球囊霉G.reticulatumBhattcharjee＆Mukerji,地表球囊霉G.versiforme（Karsten）Berch,台湾球囊霉G．formosanumWu＆Chen,悬钩子球囊霉G．rubiformeGerdemann＆Trappe）Almeida＆Schenck;内养囊霉属1个种,稀有内养囊霉Entrophosporainfrequens（Hall）Ames＆Schenider。其中,网状球囊霉为我国新记录种。     

Protein markers for identification of different species and varieties of cotton

Reference electrophoretic spectra that allow compiling electrophoretic formulas of certain cotton species and varieties were obtained on the basis of analysis of the electrophoretic spectrum of water-soluble and barely soluble proteins of seeds of diploid cotton species of genomic group A (Gossypium arboretum var. indicum, G. arboreum ssp. obtusifolum, G. herbaceum ssp. africanum, and G. herbaceum Harga), group C (G. australe, G. bickii, G. nelsone, and G. sturtianum), group D (G. davidsonii. G. harknessii. G. klotzschianum, G. raimondii, G. thurberi, and G. trilobum), and amphidiploid species of group AD (G. mustelinum, G. hirsutum ssp. palmeri, G. tricuspidatum Bagota, G. tricuspidatum Mari Galanta, G. barbadense L., and G. hirsutum L.).     

Two G12 family G proteins, G alpha12 and G alpha13, show different subcellular localization

The G alpha subunits of the G12 family of heterotrimeric G proteins, G alpha12 and G alpha13, are closely related in sequences and some effectors, but they often act through different pathways or bind to different proteins. We have examined subcellular distribution of these two G proteins and found that endogenous G alpha12 and G alpha13 localize in membrane and cytoplasmic fractions, respectively. Exogenously expressed G alpha12 and G alpha13 also localize in membrane and cytoplasmic fractions, respectively, in COS-7 cells. Stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptor coupled to G alpha13 markedly promotes the translocation of G alpha13 from cytoplasm to membrane. This different localization of G alpha12 and G alpha13 may explain some of the nonoverlapping actions of G alpha12 and G alpha13.     

ATP-binding cassette G5/G8 deficiency causes hypertriglyceridemia by affecting multiple metabolic pathways

Mutations in ABCG5 or ABCG8 transporters are responsible for sitosterolemia, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by the accumulation of plant sterols. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ABCG5 and ABCG8 deficiency on TG metabolism in mice. Experiments were carried out in wild-type (G5/G8+/+) mice, mice heterozygous for ABCG5 and ABCG8 deficiency (G5/G8+/-) and ABCG5/G8-deficient (G5/G8-/-) mice fed a chow diet. Plasma TG were 2.6 and 4.3-fold higher in fasted G5/G8+/- and G5/G8-/- mice, respectively, than in G5/G8+/+ mice. Postprandial TG were 5-fold higher in G5/G8-/- mice. TG metabolism studies indicate that: first, the fractional catabolic rate was significantly lower in G5/G8+/- (1.3-fold) and G5/G8-/- mice (1.5-fold) compared to G5/G8+/+ and postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activities were significantly lower in G5/G8+/- (1.8-fold) and G5/G8-/- mice (5.4-fold) than in G5/G8+/+. Second, liver TG secretion was 1.3-fold higher in G5/G8+/- and G5/G8-/- than in G5/G8+/+ mice and this was associated with an increase in liver LXR, FAS, ACAC and CD36 gene expression. Third, TG intestinal secretion, determined after an oral fat gavage of glycerol tri[9,10(n)-(3)H] oleate, was 5.8-fold higher in G5/G8-/- than in G5/G8+/+ mice. Also, the HOMA index was 2.6-fold higher in G5/G8-/- than in G5/G8+/+ mice, reflecting a degree of insulin resistance. In conclusion, ABCG5/G8 deficiency in mice fed a chow diet markedly raises TG levels by impairing TG catabolism and by increasing liver and intestinal TG secretion.     

ABCG5 and ABCG8 are obligate heterodimers for protein trafficking and biliary cholesterol excretion

ABCG5 (G5) and ABCG8 (G8) are ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that limit intestinal absorption and promote biliary excretion of neutral sterols. Mutations in either ABCG5 or ABCG8 result in an identical clinical phenotype, suggesting that these two half-transporters function as heterodimers. Expression of both G5 and G8 is required for either protein to be transported to the plasma membrane of cultured cells. In this paper we used immunofluorescence microscopy to confirm, in vivo, that G5 is localized to the apical membranes of mouse enterocytes and hepatocytes. Other ABC half-transporters function as homodimers or as heterodimers with other subfamily members. To determine whether G5 or G8 complex with other ABCG half-transporters, we co-expressed G1, G2, and G4 with either G5 or G8 in cultured cells. G1, G2, and G4 co-immunoprecipitated with G5, and G4 co-immunoprecipitated with G8, but the putative dimers were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Adenovirus-mediated expression of either G5 or G8 in the liver of G5G8 null mice resulted in ER retention of the expressed proteins and no increase in biliary cholesterol. In contrast, co-expression of G5 and G8 resulted in transit of the proteins out of the ER and a 10-fold increase in biliary cholesterol concentration. Finally, adenoviral expression of G2 in the presence or absence of G5 or G8 failed to promote sterol excretion into bile. These experiments indicate that G5 and G8 function as obligate heterodimers to promote sterol excretion into bile.     

五种丛枝菌根真菌对枳实生苗耐锌污染的影响

通过盆栽实验研究丛枝菌根(AM)真菌Glomus versiforme(G.v)、G.mosseae(G.m)、G.intraradices(G.i)、G.aggregatum(G.a)和G.etunicatum(G.e)在锌污染条件下枳实生苗的菌根侵染、生长、叶片和根系锌、磷含量及部分生理指标的影响.结果表明:锌污染...     

Constitutively active alpha subunits of G(q/11) and G(12/13) families inhibit activation of the pro-survival Akt signaling cascade

Accumulating evidence indicates that G protein signaling plays an active role in the regulation of cell survival. Our previous study demonstrated the regulatory effects of G(i/o) proteins in nerve growth factor-induced activation of pro-survival Akt kinase. In the present study we explored the role of various members of the G(s), G(q/11) and G(12/13) subfamilies in the regulation of Akt in cultured mammalian cells. In human embryonic kidney 293 cells transiently expressing constitutively active mutants of G alpha11, G alpha14, G alpha16, G alpha12, or G alpha13 (G alpha11QL, G alpha14QL, G alpha16QL, G alpha12QL and G alpha13QL, respectively), basal phosphorylation of Akt was attenuated, as revealed by western blotting analysis using a phosphospecific anti-Akt immunoglobulin. In contrast, basal Akt phosphorylation was unaffected by the overexpression of a constitutively active G alpha(s) mutant (G alpha(s)QL). Additional experiments showed that G alpha11QL, G alpha14QL, G alpha16QL, G alpha12QL and G alpha13QL, but not G alpha(s)QL, attenuated phosphorylation of the Akt-regulated translation regulator tuberin. Moreover, they were able to inhibit the epidermal growth factor-induced Akt activation and tuberin phosphorylation. The inhibitory mechanism of Gq family members was independent of phospholipase Cbeta activation and calcium signaling because G alpha11QL, G alpha14QL and G alpha16QL remained capable of inhibiting epidermal growth factor-induced Akt activation in cells pretreated with U73122 and the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA/AM. Finally, overexpression of the dominant negative mutant of RhoA blocked G alpha12QL- and G alpha13QL-mediated inhibition, suggesting that activated G alpha12 and G alpha13 inhibit Akt signaling via RhoA. Collectively, this study demonstrated the inhibitory effect of activated G alpha11, G alpha14, G alpha16, G alpha12 and G alpha13 on pro-survival Akt signaling.     

Acquisition of in vitro growth autonomy during B16 melanoma malignant progression is associated with autocrine stimulation by transferrin and fibronectin

Summary Four mouse B16 melanoma subclones representing distinct stages in the benign-to-malignant progression of that tumor (G3.15, G3.5, G3.12, and G3.26), and three phenotype conversion variants with enhanced malignancy (G3.15*, G3.5*, and G3.12*), were comparatively examined for exogenous mitogen and growth factor requirements and for responsiveness to exogenous and endogenous growth modulators in monolayer culture. Growth behavior in serum-free medium with or without mitogen or growth factor supplements, and in supplemented quiescent serum-containing medium, confirmed previous indications that the G3.5 and G3.15* phenotypes were identical, as were the G3.26 and G3.12* phenotypes. However, G3.12 differed from the closest conversion equivalent, G3.5*, and probably represents an aberrant phenotype within this sequence. There was a direct relationship between degree of malignancy (G3.15 → G3.5 → G3.5* → G3.26), growth capacity in serum-free medium, and responsiveness to transferrin. Only G3.5*, G3.26, and G3.12* cells were growth-autonomous in serum-free medium and also highly responsive to mitogens. The polypeptide growth factors epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, and insulinlike growth factor-1 and -2 were generally stimulatory in quiescent medium, but the degree of growth promotion was unrelated to malignancy level. Transforming growth factor-β1 was inhibitory to the more benign populations (G3.15, G3.5, and G3.15*) but stimulated proliferation of other cells. All populations produced autocrine fibronectin, and G3.12, G3.5*, G3.26, and G3.12* cells also produced autocrine transferrin. Only G3.12 cells failed to utilize both of those factors. Reversible mitogen-stimulated G3.12 cell growth was accompanied by partial and reversible responsiveness to both autocrine transferrin and fibronectin, whereas permanent stimulation by both factors characterized all growth-autonomous populations.     

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene 4G/5G alleles frequency distribution in the Lebanese population

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an inhibitor of fibrinolysis. Increased plasma PAI-1 levels play an essential role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular risk and other diseases associated with thrombosis. The 4G/5G polymorphism of the PAI-1 promoter region has been extensively studied in different populations. We studied 160 healthy unrelated Lebanese individuals using a reverse hybridization PCR assay to detect the 5G/5G, 4G/5G and, 4G/4G genotypes of the PAI-1 gene and the frequencies of the 4G and 5G alleles. We found that 4G/5G genotype was the most prevalent (45.6%) followed by 5G/5G (36.9%) and 4G/4G (17.5%). The frequencies of the 4G and 5G alleles were calculated to be 0.403 and 0.597, respectively. Compared to other ethnic communities, the Lebanese population was found to harbour a relatively high prevalence of the rare 4G allele. This, in turn, may predispose this population to develop cardiovascular diseases and other thrombotic clinical conditions. This study aids to enhance our understanding of the genetic features of the Lebanese population.     

A dimeric DNA interface stabilized by stacked A.(G.G.G.G).A hexads and coordinated monovalent cations

We report on the identification of an A.(G.G.G.G).A hexad pairing alignment which involves recognition of the exposed minor groove of opposing guanines within a G.G.G.G tetrad through sheared G.A mismatch formation. This unexpected hexad pairing alignment was identified for the d(G-G-A-G-G-A-G) sequence in 150 mM Na(+) (or K(+)) cation solution where four symmetry-related strands align into a novel dimeric motif. Each symmetric half of the dimeric "hexad" motif is composed of two strands and contains a stacked array of an A.(G.G.G.G).A hexad, a G.G.G.G tetrad, and an A.A mismatch. Each strand in the hexad motif contains two successive turns, that together define an S-shaped double chain reversal fold, which connects the two G-G steps aligned parallel to each other along adjacent edges of the quadruplex. Our studies also establish a novel structural transition for the d(G-G-A-G-G-A-N) sequence, N=T and G, from an "arrowhead" motif stabilized through cross-strand stacking and mismatch formation in 10 mM Na(+) solution (reported previously), to a dimeric hexad motif stabilized by extensive inter-subunit stacking of symmetry-related A.(G.G.G.G).A hexads in 150 mM Na(+) solution. Potential monovalent cation binding sites within the arrowhead and hexad motifs have been probed by a combination of Brownian dynamics and unconstrained molecular dynamics calculations. We could not identify stable monovalent cation-binding sites in the low salt arrowhead motif. By contrast, five electronegative pockets were identified in the moderate salt dimeric hexad motif. Three of these are involved in cation binding sites sandwiched between G.G.G. G tetrad planes and two others, are involved in water-mediated cation binding sites spanning the unoccupied grooves associated with the adjacent stacked A.(G.G.G.G).A hexads. Our demonstration of A.(G. G.G.G).A hexad formation opens opportunities for the design of adenine-rich G-quadruplex-interacting oligomers that could potentially target base edges of stacked G.G.G.G tetrads. Such an approach could complement current efforts to design groove-binding and intercalating ligands that target G-quadruplexes in attempts designed to block the activity of the enzyme telomerase.