近30年来广东省土壤pH值的时空变化

基于广东省第二次土壤普查(20世纪80年代)以及2002—2007年广东省土壤pH数据,对期间土壤pH的时空变化进行了研究.结果表明:研究期间,广东省土壤pH空间分布格局基本一致;除珠江三角洲和清远、韶关部分地区土壤为弱碱性外,其他地区土壤以酸性为主;土壤pH变化整体表现为酸化,土壤pH平均值由5.70降至5.44.除潮土pH变化以增大为主外,其他土壤类型的pH均呈降低趋势,以赤红壤、水稻土和红壤pH的降幅尤为严重,石灰土pH值的降低趋势和降低面积比例均最明显.广东省土壤酸化主要受土壤本身特性和酸雨等自然因素以及不合理施肥和城市化等人为因素的影响;另外,由于工业化和矿山开发,还导致局部地区土壤pH值有所上升.     

广东省不同区域农田土壤酸化时空变化及其影响因素

基于广东省1980s、2010年以及2015年3期土壤数据,对全省不同区域农田耕作层土壤pH值的时空变异特征进行分析,并初步探讨了可能导致土壤pH变化的因素.结果表明: 不同时期广东全省土壤pH值空间分布格局变化显著. 全省农田土壤在1980s—2010年间,pH整体下降了0.3,呈酸化趋势,2010—2015年,土壤pH上升了0.09,但不均匀势态有所增强,酸碱分化趋势较明显. 从各区域看,1980s—2010年,各区域土壤均呈现酸化趋势;2010—2015年,珠三角地区农田土壤pH均值上升了0.27,而东、西两翼土壤pH均值分别下降了0.05、0.15,山区土壤pH变化不明显. 分析表明:广东省各地区土壤酸化除受土壤自身及降水等自然因素影响外,酸雨、不合理施肥以及高产作物高复种的种植结构等人为因素也是导致土壤酸化的主要原因;工业化、城市化、矿山开发和测土配方施肥的推广导致局部地区土壤pH值有所上升. 研究结果可为不同区域控制缓解土壤酸化、提高耕地质量提供理论指导.     

豫南夏花生种植区土壤pH时空演变及其驱动力

研究花生种植区土壤酸化特征及其驱动因素,为花生种植土壤酸化改良提供理论依据。采用数据收集和田间取样分析方法,获取豫南典型花生种植区正阳县土壤pH及其驱动因子数据,利用GIS技术分析土壤pH时空变化特征,并基于增强回归树(BRT)模型识别影响土壤酸化的关键驱动因素。结果表明：正阳县花生种植土壤pH普遍呈下降趋势;土壤pH平均值由1980年的7.06降至2020年的5.15;弱碱性与中性土壤面积大幅度下降,酸性土壤面积增加;1980—2020年土壤pH面积变化最大的区间为-2.0～-1.5,占全县面积的51.9%;砂姜黑土区土壤酸化最严重,而水稻土和潮土区土壤pH下降幅度较小;BRT模型分析表明,阳离子交换量是造成2020年土壤pH空间变异的最主要因素,其贡献率达到26.2%;其次是速效钾含量、年均降雨量、有机质含量和全氮含量,贡献率分别为11.0%、7.7%、7.2%和6.9%;土壤pH随土壤阳离子交换量、年均降雨量、速效钾含量、有机质含量的增加而增加,但随土壤全氮含量的增加而降低。综上,正阳县夏花生种植土壤酸化形势严峻,尤其是砂姜黑土区,具有普遍性和局部严重性的特征;所研究因素中,阳离...     

水口山水稻土与菜地土中砷的有效性

对湖南省水口山矿冶周边土壤进行采样分析,以土壤砷总量与有效态砷含量以及土壤基本理化性质(pH、有机质含量、土壤粘粒含量)为参数,研究各参数在两种土地利用类型(菜地土和水稻土)间的差异以及有效态砷与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明,水口山水稻土与菜地土平均砷含量分别达72.01和30.71mg.kg-1,接近或已超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准;两种土地利用类型的土壤基本理化性质差异显著,水稻土粘粒含量、有机质含量显著高于菜地土,pH则显著低于菜地土,水稻土存在明显的酸化现象;不同土地利用类型显著影响土壤有效砷含量,尽管菜地土土壤砷总量大大低于水稻土,两者的有效态砷含量水平却基本相当;除总砷外,水稻土有效砷含量还与土壤有机质含量显著正相关,菜地土有效砷含量与土壤pH值显著正相关。水口山菜地土砷污染的危害程度高于水稻土,应采取必要的修复措施或调整土地利用方式以降低砷的健康风险。     

恩施州耕地土壤pH近30年变化特征

以第二次土壤普查(1980—1983年)和耕地质量评价(2010—2013年)两个不同时期恩施州土壤pH数据为基础,对恩施州耕地土壤pH近30年时空变化进行了研究,明确了恩施州耕地土壤pH值变化特征,并初步探讨了导致土壤pH变化的自然因素和人为因素,以期为制定土壤酸化控制对策提供理论指导.结果表明: 2010—2013年,恩施州pH<6.5的酸性土壤占耕地面积的98.4%,6.5～8.5中性偏碱性土壤仅占耕地面积的1.6%;与1980—1983年相比,酸性土壤(pH<6.5)面积比例提高了61.4%,中性偏碱性土壤(pH在6.5～8.5)面积比例减少了61.2%,pH>8.5的强碱性耕地土壤在全州已基本消失.1980—1983年,pH<6.5的耕地土壤主要分布在来凤县、利川市、宣恩县和咸丰县,面积比例分别为74.4%、63.5%、61.3%和60.7%,至2010—2013年,恩施州酸性土壤分布更加广泛,各县市酸性土壤(pH<6.5)面积比例均达到96%以上.近30年来,恩施州土壤呈酸化趋势,土壤pH空间分布呈现东高西低格局.不同区域、不同耕地利用类型土壤pH值均发生不同程度的下降.耕地土壤pH整体下降了0.90,其中,旱地土壤pH下降了1.14,水田土壤pH下降了0.87,旱地土壤酸化程度大于水田.恩施州土壤酸化主要受肥料结构、配比变化及高产作物收获带走大量盐基养分等人为因素影响.     

1980s-2010s东北农田土壤养分时空变化特征

近年来，东北地区农田土壤“变薄、变瘦、变硬”等退化问题日趋严峻，严重影响了东北农业的可持续发展。本研究基于1980年代(1980s)《中国土种志》和2010年代(2010s)《中国土系志》土壤样点的土壤剖面属性数据，通过大样本统计分析，揭示了30年来东北不同地区、不同土壤类型的土壤养分状况变化规律。结果表明：1)1980s—2010s,东北地区各土壤养分指标变化程度不同，土壤pH总体下降0.03,土壤有机质(SOM)含量下降最突出，下降了8.99 g·kg^-1,降幅为23.6%,土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)含量呈现出不同程度的上升趋势，增幅分别为17.1%、46.8%和4.9%。2)各省市土壤养分指标变化表现出较大差异，辽宁土壤酸化最明显，pH降低了0.32,SOM含量下降最明显，降低31.0%,土壤TN、TP、TK含量上升最显著，增幅分别为73.8%、248.1%和44.0%。3)不同土壤类型土壤养分变化差异较大，棕壤和栗钙土pH下降最多，几乎所有类型土壤的SOM含量均为下降趋势，其中棕壤、暗棕壤和黑钙土分别下降了35.4%、33.8%和26.0...     

初始pH值对碱性和酸性水稻土微生物铁还原过程的影响

酸碱度(pH值)是水稻土铁还原过程的重要影响因素之一。通过模拟水稻土淹水厌氧培养,以Al2(SO4)3和Na2CO3溶液分别调节碱性和酸性水稻土pH值至强酸性(pH值5.0)、酸性(pH值5.0—6.5)、中性(pH值6.5—7.5)、碱性(pH值7.5—8.5)、强碱性(pH值8.5),以此来研究5种初始pH值对水稻土泥浆铁还原过程的影响;通过微生物群落厌氧培养研究了2种水稻土菌悬液在6种pH值条件下的铁还原能力差异。结果表明,碱性水稻土铁还原潜势(a)、最大铁还原速率(V max)随初始pH值的降低而下降,而达到最大铁还原速率所需的时间(T Vmax)则延长。提高酸性水稻土初始pH值使铁还原V max增加而T Vmax缩短,但土壤中无定形氧化铁均能还原,初始pH值与V max具有显著正相关关系。碱性和酸性水稻土的土壤菌悬液在试验pH值范围内厌氧培养,其铁还原能力在培养初期差异不显著,但培养后期的差异明显,且最终都能把培养液中氧化铁完全还原。随着初始pH值升高T Vmax延长,V max则降低,且均显著负相关,但碱性水稻土微生物群落的V max在pH值6.00时最大。初始pH值和土壤类型对水稻土铁还原过程具有显著影响,且对土壤菌悬液微生物群的铁还原具有一定影响。     

硅钙钾镁肥对南方稻田土壤酸性和盐基离子动态变化的影响

南方稻田土壤大面积酸化是水稻生产的主要限制因子.尽管石灰作为酸化土壤调理剂已广泛应用,但大量或长期施用石灰不仅会引起土壤板结,而且会导致土壤钙、钾、镁等元素的平衡失调.硅钙钾镁肥由于溶解度更低、养分全面是良好的替代材料.为了明确硅钙钾镁肥阻控土壤酸化的效果和作用,本研究采用连续4年的硅钙钾镁肥田间定位试验,以农民习惯施肥为对照,分析在农民习惯施肥基础上增施750、1125、1500和1875 kg·hm^-2硅钙钾镁肥下稻田土壤pH、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子和有效硅的动态变化.结果表明: 农民习惯施肥导致土壤pH、土壤交换性盐基和盐基饱和度逐年下降,土壤交换性酸逐年增加.与之相反,硅钙钾镁肥处理显著提高了土壤pH值,提高幅度随硅钙钾镁肥施用次数或用量的增加而增大.连续多次施用硅钙钾镁肥有效促进了盐基离子在土壤中的累积和土壤交换酸的消耗,特别是土壤交换性Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的累积和土壤交换性Al³⁺的消耗,硅钙钾镁肥用量越大,积累或消耗的量越多,但速率相对越慢.土壤交换性酸消耗量中,硅钙钾镁肥释放的交换性盐基离子和相应碱贡献了108.8%,是交换性酸减少的主要途径.硅钙钾镁肥在改良稻田土壤酸性的同时,土壤有效硅含量逐年增加,增幅随硅钙钾镁肥施用量的增加而显著增大.总之,农民习惯施肥导致土壤持续酸化,酸化率为2.86 kmol H⁺·hm^-2·a^-1,硅钙钾镁肥能有效阻控酸化过程,产生了大量碱(9.69~18.44 kmol OH^-·hm^-2·a^-1),释放的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺盐基离子和相应碱是土壤酸化阻控的主要作用因子.     

豫南黏板土壤分层酸化和耕层速效磷分布特征

黄淮海平原南部以黄褐土和砂姜黑土等为代表的耕地土壤酸化趋势明显。为深入认识该类型黏板土壤垂直剖面上pH值和耕层养分的空间变异情况,以豫南西平县为例,对县域范围内63个耕地样点进行pH值和速效磷测定,运用地统计学方法和ArcGIS技术分析不同深度土壤pH值和耕层土壤(0～20 cm)速效磷的空间分布状况,并分析了pH值与速效磷(AP)含量的相关性。结果表明: 典型黄褐土和典型潮土0～10、10～20和20～30 cm的pH均值依次分别为4.98、4.93、5.31和5.46、5.81、6.26,随着土壤深度的增加逐渐升高,土层间差异不显著;典型砂姜黑土3个土层的pH均值分别为5.23、5.43、6.03,20～30 cm土层pH值比0～10、10～20 cm土层显著增加,其中比0～10 cm土层增加0.8～1个pH单位;石灰性砂姜黑土和湿潮土20～30 cm土层pH值也显著高于0～10、10～20 cm土层。0～20 cm土层典型黄褐土、典型砂姜黑土、湿潮土、典型潮土和石灰性砂姜黑土的AP含量范围分别为8.85～54.75、4.27～37.49、8.22～51.80、6.07～34.82和13.22～22.85 mg·kg^-1,AP含量低值区呈块状分布在研究区域中部,高值区呈点、片状分布在研究区域四周。在0～20 cm耕层中典型黄褐土、典型砂姜黑土和湿潮土的pH值与AP含量均呈正相关关系。综上,豫南黏板土壤表现明显的分层酸化现象,随土壤深度的增加酸化减缓,而耕层AP含量分布不均匀,受土壤类型和pH值变化的影响。研究结果可为黄淮海平原南部黏板土壤酸化改良提供数据支撑。     

种植方式和裸岩率对喀斯特洼地土壤养分空间分异特征的影响

选取桂西北典型喀斯特洼地，研究了种植方式和裸岩率对土壤养分空间分布的影响.结果表明:种植方式对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)和C/N有显著影响；裸岩率对SOC、TN、TP、TK、AN、AK和C/N有显著影响，对SOC、TN、TP和AN的影响程度大于种植制度的影响，这主要与农户在裸岩率较低的地段耕作强度较大有关；木豆 板栗地的SOC、TN、TP、TK、AN、AK等含量显著高于其它种植方式，说明退耕在一定程度上有利于土壤养分的积累；受地形地貌特征和土地利用结构的影响，SOC的空间分布表现为坡脚大于洼地;AP的空间分布与SOC不同，主要受施肥影响，表现为洼地高于坡脚.     

湿地农田土壤磷素的分布、形态与有效性及磷素循环

对江汉平原四湖地区湿地农田土壤磷素的含量分布、形态、有效性、磷素循环及施肥效应进行了研究.结果表明农田土壤全磷和有效磷含量随着地势的降低呈明显降低趋势,潜育性土壤全磷和有效磷含量均极显著低于非潜育性土壤.水田土壤Ca-P、Al-P、Fe-P和O-P分别占无机磷总量的58.1%、3.7%、10.6%和27.5%,其中Ca-P和Al-P与有效磷呈高度正相关(r分别为0.9286**和0.9038**),说明Ca P和Al-P是该地区水田土壤有效磷的主要来源之一.潜育性土壤Ca-P、Al-P和Fe-P的平均含量分别比非潜育性土壤低84.0、10.2和21.1mg/kg,其差异达显著或极显著水平,证明潜育性土壤磷素降低的主要原因是Ca-P、Al-P和Fe-P的损失.五种耕作制度下潜育性稻田土壤磷素输入输出平衡值为盈余2.3～27.9kg/hm2·a,其输入输出比(1/0)为1.06～1.88.对于土壤速效磷小于5mg/kg的潜育性稻田,早、中、晚稻的最高产量施磷量分别为4.83,4.93和1.78 P2O5kg/666.7m2.     

Mycorrhizal Interactions in Sustainable Agriculture

Abstract

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are an intimate link between the roots of most crop plants and soils, thereby affecting the development of host plants and host soils. The role of VAM fungi in improving plant nutrition and their interactions with other soil biota have been investigated with reference to host plant growth, but little is known about how these interactions affect soil structure. The impact of cultural practices and the particular role that VAM fungi play in improving soil structure are discussed in the context of sustainable farming.     

Phosphorus in agricultural soils: drivers of its distribution at the global scale

Phosphorus (P) availability in soils limits crop yields in many regions of the World, while excess of soil P triggers aquatic eutrophication in other regions. Numerous processes drive the global spatial distribution of P in agricultural soils, but their relative roles remain unclear. Here, we combined several global data sets describing these drivers with a soil P dynamics model to simulate the distribution of P in agricultural soils and to assess the contributions of the different drivers at the global scale. We analysed both the labile inorganic P (P_ILAB), a proxy of the pool involved in plant nutrition and the total soil P (P_TOT). We found that the soil biogeochemical background corresponding to P inherited from natural soils at the conversion to agriculture (BIOG) and farming practices (FARM) were the main drivers of the spatial variability in cropland soil P content but that their contribution varied between P_TOT vs. P_ILAB. When the spatial variability was computed between grid cells at half‐degree resolution, we found that almost all of the P_TOT spatial variability could be explained by BIOG, while BIOG and FARM explained 38% and 63% of P_ILAB spatial variability, respectively. Our work also showed that the driver contribution was sensitive to the spatial scale characterizing the variability (grid cell vs. continent) and to the region of interest (global vs. tropics for instance). In particular, the heterogeneity of farming practices between continents was large enough to make FARM contribute to the variability in P_TOT at that scale. We thus demonstrated how the different drivers were combined to explain the global distribution of agricultural soil P. Our study is also a promising approach to investigate the potential effect of P as a limiting factor for agroecosystems at the global scale.     

Soil Enzyme Activities and Their Relationship with Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Oxide Minerals in Coastal Agroecosystem of Puducherry

The objectives of our research were to assess the soil enzyme activities in relation with soil physicochemical and oxide minerals in the coastal agroecosystem of Puducherry region, India. Soils from nine farms in organic (ORG), sustainable (SUS), and conventional (CON) farming were sampled. Organically managed farming system soils contain significantly higher amounts of soil total N, organic carbon, and a higher level of microbial biomass C and N. Urease, protease, β-glucosidase, cellulose, saccharase, xylanase, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities were higher in organic farming system soils compared to sustainable and conventional farming soils. In addition, silt, clay, Al₂O₃, CaO, Fe₂O₃, K₂O, MgO, MnO, Na₂O, and P₂O₅ oxides were higher in organic farming soil and they showed a significant positive correlation with soil enzyme activities. Our study revealed that soil enzyme activities and soil minerals were significantly affected by farm management practices. The organic farming system had improved the soil health, enzyme activities, and plant available nutrients in coastal agro-ecosystem.     

黑河中游荒漠绿洲区土地利用的土壤养分效应

土地利用影响地表覆被状况和生态过程,关系到土壤肥力与土壤碳库功能"源-汇"关系的改变。黑河中游甘州区和临泽县是我国西北干旱区典型的荒漠绿洲区,以土壤表层(0-20 cm)养分变化为对象,利用2011-2012年甘州区和临泽县的土壤野外调查数据和该区全国第二次土壤普查数据,对两时期土壤表层养分(土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及pH值)的变化特征进行比较研究。结果表明:研究区土壤有机质、全磷含量分别降低了3.54%和12.5%;而全氮、全钾和pH值分别增加了74.4%、98.2%和4.9%。全国第二次土壤普查时期,荒漠、耕地与草地三者在各土壤养分上没有显著差异,但林地在土壤有机质、全氮、全钾上显著高于前三者。2011-2012年,耕地土壤的全磷、全氮与其它土地利用存在显著差异。土地利用的保持和改变对土壤养分变化有着重要影响,耕地的长期耕作使得土壤有机质含量降低4.94%,全氮增加86.93%,全磷减少5.02%,土壤碱性增强;荒漠植被的自然演替使土壤有机质含量增加66.21%,全氮增加71.70%,全磷含量减少37.33%,土壤碱性变弱。所以,耕地扩张及其长期耕作活动将导致地力退化并有盐碱化风险,而荒漠等自然生态系统保护有利于土壤肥力的改善和土壤固碳功能的发挥。     

Significant soil acidification across northern China's grasslands during 1980s–2000s

Anthropogenic acid deposition may lead to soil acidification, with soil buffering capacity regulating the magnitude of any soil pH change. However, little evidence is available from large‐scale observations. Here, we evaluated changes in soil pH across northern China's grasslands over the last two decades using soil profiles obtained from China's Second National Soil Inventory during the 1980s and a more recent regional soil survey during 2001–2005. A transect from the central‐southern Tibetan Plateau to the eastern Inner Mongolian Plateau, where Kriging interpolation provided robust predictions of the spatial distribution of soil pH, was then selected to examine pH changes during the survey period. Our results showed that soil pH in the surface layer had declined significantly over the last two decades, with an overall decrease of 0.63 units (95% confidence interval = 0.54–0.73 units). The decline of soil pH was observed in both alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau and temperate grasslands on the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Soil pH decreased more intensively in low soil carbonate regions, while changes of soil pH showed no significant associations with soil cation exchange capacity. These results suggest that grassland soils across northern China have experienced significant acidification from the 1980s to 2000s, with soil carbonates buffering the increase in soil acidity. The buffering process may induce a large loss of carbon from soil carbonates and thus alter the carbon balance in these globally important ecosystems.     

Soil type is the primary determinant of the composition of the total and active bacterial communities in arable soils

Degradation of agricultural land and the resulting loss of soil biodiversity and productivity are of great concern. Land-use management practices can be used to ameliorate such degradation. The soil bacterial communities at three separate arable farms in eastern England, with different farm management practices, were investigated by using a polyphasic approach combining traditional soil analyses, physiological analysis, and nucleic acid profiling. Organic farming did not necessarily result in elevated organic matter levels; instead, a strong association with increased nitrate availability was apparent. Ordination of the physiological (BIOLOG) data separated the soil bacterial communities into two clusters, determined by soil type. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of 16S ribosomal DNA identified three bacterial communities largely on the basis of soil type but with discrimination for pea cropping. Five fields from geographically distinct soils, with different cropping regimens, produced highly similar profiles. The active communities (16S rRNA) were further discriminated by farm location and, to some degree, by land-use practices. The results of this investigation indicated that soil type was the key factor determining bacterial community composition in these arable soils. Leguminous crops on particular soil types had a positive effect upon organic matter levels and resulted in small changes in the active bacterial population. The active population was therefore more indicative of short-term management changes.     

Soil Type Is the Primary Determinant of the Composition of the Total and Active Bacterial Communities in Arable Soils

Degradation of agricultural land and the resulting loss of soil biodiversity and productivity are of great concern. Land-use management practices can be used to ameliorate such degradation. The soil bacterial communities at three separate arable farms in eastern England, with different farm management practices, were investigated by using a polyphasic approach combining traditional soil analyses, physiological analysis, and nucleic acid profiling. Organic farming did not necessarily result in elevated organic matter levels; instead, a strong association with increased nitrate availability was apparent. Ordination of the physiological (BIOLOG) data separated the soil bacterial communities into two clusters, determined by soil type. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of 16S ribosomal DNA identified three bacterial communities largely on the basis of soil type but with discrimination for pea cropping. Five fields from geographically distinct soils, with different cropping regimens, produced highly similar profiles. The active communities (16S rRNA) were further discriminated by farm location and, to some degree, by land-use practices. The results of this investigation indicated that soil type was the key factor determining bacterial community composition in these arable soils. Leguminous crops on particular soil types had a positive effect upon organic matter levels and resulted in small changes in the active bacterial population. The active population was therefore more indicative of short-term management changes.     

太湖地区土壤环境中SAS的分布和降解特点

采集了江苏省吴县市不同利用、不同乡镇和环境影响类型下的土壤样品 ,采用比色法分析其SAS含量 ,并以LAS为标物研究了SAS在土壤环境中的降解行为 .结果表明 ,供试土壤环境中SAS达 2～ 10mg·kg-1,并在土壤全剖面检测到 .土壤环境中SAS含量与土壤性质及其环境影响特点有关 .LAS在供试土壤环境中的降解符合土壤有机质分解的一级反应动力学方程 ,其半衰期为 10～ 16d ,因土壤种类而异 ,说明SAS作为特殊的有机污染物在土壤环境中的滞留性及其可能的环境危害 .