土壤中的生物世界

土壤中的生物世界是丰富多彩的,据目前估计,生物的种类为：细菌30000种、藻类60000种、真菌1500000种、原生动物100000种、线虫500000种、蚯蚓3000种,还有植物庞大的地下部分。土壤也是一个丰富的种子库和基因库,它保留了不同年代不同植物的种子,而且具有生物活性;土壤还贮存着许多昆虫的卵、蛹、幼虫及越冬状态,使许多生物物种能避开地表的自然灾害而得以幸存下来。土壤生物不仅种类丰富,而且数量也是惊人的,据统计;在lg肥沃土壤中,原生动物可多达IOO万个,真菌达几千到几十万个,放线菌达几十万到几百万个,而细菌更多达几百…     

资源土壤动物简介

土壤动物的研究是动物学研究的一个重要组成部分。资源土壤动物是指众多的土壤动物中对人类有益的类群及其产物．以及行为等都能直接或间接为人类所利用,产生较高的经济效应。它是一种可再生资源,由于其种类繁多,数量极其丰富,个体数量可达105～107个／g土,生物量可达10^2mg／kg土。所以是一     

土壤动物学的研究近况

从达尔文(1840)发表《壤土的形成》一文时,就被公认为是土壤动物科学研究的开始。到第二次世界大战期间,交战双方都急需补充和生产大量食品,人们把增产的目光都集中到土壤上,学者们发现土壤无脊椎动物对于土壤有机物的分解起着极为重要的作用,致使在战后土壤动物的研究发展成为一门独立的分支学科,并于1955年召开了第一次国际学术讨论会。     

我国南方红壤矿区复垦土壤的微生物生态特征研究Ⅰ对土壤微生物活性的影响

通过对浙江哩浦铜矿废弃地土壤微生物、土壤酶活性及生化作用强度研究表明,与对照土壤相比,矿区土壤微生物总数下降68．43％～80．32％,细菌、放线菌数量减少,但真菌变化不明显,各主要生理类群硝化细菌、氨化细菌、固氮菌、纤维素分解菌数量均呈下降趋势,土壤基础呼吸速率下降;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶酶活性均有不同程度减弱;土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用和纤维素分解强度降低,抑制了矿区土壤C、N的周转速率和能量循环,土壤微生物活性减弱是矿区复垦土壤微生物生态的重要特征之一。     

土壤酸化过程的土壤化学分析

要了解自然的抑或农业的土壤生态系统,认识和研究土壤酸化过程是必要的。土壤酸化过程在自然界是固然存在的,它们是地壳表面     

垃圾填埋场土壤酶活性与化学性质和微生物数量的关系研究

通过气相色谱／质谱定性分析表明,垃圾填埋场土壤的有机物污染成分复杂,共检出有机物50种。研究表明,随着填埋深度的加深,土壤理化性质,微生物数量和土壤酶活性有很大不同。运用典型相关分析对垃圾填埋场的土壤酶活性与土壤化学性质和微生物数量的关系进行了研究。结果表明。土壤酶活性与化学性质总体上密切相关;土壤酶活性与微生物数量总体上密切相关;但在土壤酶中过氧化氢酶活性与化学性质和微生物数量不相关。     

土壤CO2浓度的动态观测、模拟和应用

土壤CO2浓度不仅是地上、地下生物活动的反映,其变化对未来大气CO2浓度和气候变化也有重要影响.本文综述了国内外土壤CO2浓度的原位测定方法及其优缺点,分析了不同时(昼夜、几天、季节、年际)空(剖面、立地、景观)尺度上土壤CO2浓度的变化规律和影响因素,概括了现有土壤CO2浓度的模拟模型和发展态势,并总结了土壤CO2浓度梯度法在土壤呼吸研究中的应用和限制因素.最后展望了未来有待研究的4个领域:1)研发适于恶劣土壤环境(如淹水、石质土)的土壤CO2气体采集、测定技术;2)探讨土壤CO2浓度对天气变化的响应及其调控机理;3)加强土壤CO2浓度空间异质性的研究;4)扩大通量梯度法在热带、亚热带土壤呼吸测定中的应用.     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤微生物功能的影响

研究了恩诺沙星残留对土壤呼吸作用、纤维分解作用、氨化作用、硝化作用的影响 ,结果表明 ,相对较低浓度恩诺沙星残留(0 .0 1μg/ g土 ,0 .1μg/ g土 )刺激土壤呼吸作用 ,相对较高浓度恩诺沙星残留 (1μg/ g土 )对土壤呼吸作用产生抑制 ,药物作用活性维持期为 6 d;恩诺沙星残留对土壤纤维分解作用影响较不明显 ;较低浓度恩诺沙星残留 (0 .0 1μg/ g土 ,0 .1μg/ g土 )对土壤氨化作用有刺激作用 ,而较高浓度恩诺沙星残留 (1μg/ g土 ,10μg/ g土 )则会对其起抑制作用 ,药物作用活性期为 9d;不同浓度恩诺沙星对土壤硝化作用影响极其显著 ,当恩诺沙星浓度达到 1μg/ ml时 ,在 3～ 9d内 ,对土壤硝化作用有一定抑制作用。当恩诺沙星浓度达到 10μg/ ml时 ,强烈抑制了土壤硝化作用 ,直到本试验结束时 ,其抑制作用未见减弱。结果表明恩诺沙星残留影响了土壤微生物这些功能 ,因而可能影响到土壤特性和土壤中一些生态过程     

施肥对日光温室黄瓜生长和土壤生物学特性的影响

采用田间试验研究了施肥对黄土高原日光温室黄瓜生长发育和产量,以及对土壤微生物区系和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥和沼肥明显促进了黄瓜生长发育,提高了黄瓜产量,叶面施肥可以降低无机化肥和有机肥用量,施肥对日光温室土壤生物学特性有明显影响,施用有机肥和叶面施肥增加了土壤细菌数量;施用无机化肥和沼肥增加了真菌的数量,施用有机肥降低了真菌的数量;施肥增加了放线菌的数量．同时施肥提高了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性,但对过氧化氢酶影响较小．施用有机肥提高了脲酶和磷酸酶活性,施用化肥和沼肥对土壤脲酶和土壤磷酸酶活性影响差异不大。     

土壤CO2浓度的动态观测、模拟和应用

土壤CO₂浓度不仅是地上、地下生物活动的反映,其变化对未来大气CO₂浓度和气候变化也有重要影响.本文综述了国内外土壤CO₂浓度的原位测定方法及其优缺点,分析了不同时(昼夜、几天、季节、年际)空(剖面、立地、景观)尺度上土壤CO₂浓度的变化规律和影响因素,概括了现有土壤CO₂浓度的模拟模型和发展态势,并总结了土壤CO₂浓度梯度法在土壤呼吸研究中的应用和限制因素.最后展望了未来有待研究的4个领域：1)研发适于恶劣土壤环境(如淹水、石质土)的土壤CO₂气体采集、测定技术;2)探讨土壤CO₂浓度对天气变化的响应及其调控机理;3)加强土壤CO₂浓度空间异质性的研究;4)扩大通量梯度法在热带、亚热带土壤呼吸测定中的应用.     

Effects of watershed liming on the soil chemistry of Woods Lake,New York

The effects of watershed liming on the exchange complex of a forest soil were investigated at Woods Lake, in the west-central Adirondack Park, New York. Attempts to neutralize lake acidity via direct application of calcite during the 1980"s were short-lived due to a short hydraulic retention time. The Experimental Watershed Liming Study (EWLS) was initiated to investigate watershed base addition as a potentially more long-term strategy for mitigation of lake acidity. In this paper we discuss the changes in the exchangeable soil complex which occurred in response to the calcite addition and attempt a mass balance for calcite applied to the watershed.An extensive sampling program was initiated for the watershed study. Soil samples were collected from pits prior to and in the two years following treatment to evaluate changes in soil chemistry. Calcite addition significantly altered the exchange complex in the organic horizon. Increases in pH caused deprotonation of soil organic matter and increases in cation exchange capacity, providing additional exchange sites for the retention of added calcium. Exchangeable acidity decreased to very low values, allowing the base saturation of upper organic horizons to increase to nearly 100 percent.Post-treatment sampling found that approximately 48 percent of the calcite remained undissolved in the soil"s Oe horizon two years later. Dissolution of the calcite was affected by field moisture conditions, with greater dissolution in wetter areas of the watershed. Mass balances calculated for calcium applied to the watershed suggest that only 4 percent of the calcium was removed through the lake outlet. Approximately 96 percent of the calcium applied remained within the watershed; as undissolved calcite, on soil exchange sites or stored in the vegetation, groundwater or surface waters of the watershed.     

滇西北高原纳帕海湿地植物多样性与土壤肥力的关系

采用植物群落研究法与原状土就地取样技术,研究了滇西北高原典型退化湿地纳帕海植物多样性、土壤养分、酶活性格局特征及其相互关系.随着湿地原生沼泽向沼泽化草甸、草甸的演替,湿地植物群落盖度增加、物种组成增多,群落优势种优势度减小,伴生种数量增加,植物多样性呈增加趋势;湿地土壤有机质、全氮含量不断减少,过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性增加,脲酶活性降低.植物α多样性指数(辛普森、香浓-维纳指数)与湿地土壤有机质、全氮含量呈负相关,与土壤过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性呈正相关,与脲酶活性呈负相关;土壤有机质、全氮含量与过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性呈一致负相关,与脲酶活性则成正相关.湿地景观在一定程度上反映了人为生产活动干扰的类型与强度,其植物多样性、土壤养分和酶活性特征及其相互关系是湿地生态系统演替过程中时空间体现,研究结果揭示了人为干扰下湿地退化的生态学过程及机理,可为我国高原湿地生物多样性保护,退化湿地生态恢复与湿地资源可持续利用提供一定的理论依据.     

酸性硫酸盐土中的硫及其形态演变探讨

研究了酸性硫酸盐土中S及其形态演变。结果表明,酸性硫酸盐土S含量高,以无机态为主;S积累和S形态演变与酸性硫酸盐土形成、发育与利用密切相关。与红树林盐渍沼泽土(潜在酸性硫酸盐土)比较,酸性硫酸盐水稻土黄钾铁矾S含量较高,但FeS2含量较低。酸性硫酸盐水稻土S形态剖面分布明显,其氧化层的黄钾铁矾S含量较高,pH值较低;其还原层的FeS2含量较高。防治酸害是酸性硫酸盐土持续利用要解决的关键问题。     

Climate‐related changes of soil characteristics affect bacterial community composition and function of high altitude and latitude lakes

Lakes at high altitude and latitude are typically unproductive ecosystems where external factors outweigh the relative importance of in‐lake processes, making them ideal sentinels of climate change. Climate change is inducing upward vegetation shifts at high altitude and latitude regions that translate into changes in the pools of soil organic matter. Upon mobilization, this allochthonous organic matter may rapidly alter the composition and function of lake bacterial communities. Here, we experimentally simulate this potential climate‐change effect by exposing bacterioplankton of two lakes located above the treeline, one in the Alps and one in the subarctic region, to soil organic matter from below and above the treeline. Changes in bacterial community composition, diversity and function were followed for 72 h. In the subarctic lake, soil organic matter from below the treeline reduced bulk and taxon‐specific phosphorus uptake, indicating that bacterial phosphorus limitation was alleviated compared to organic matter from above the treeline. These effects were less pronounced in the alpine lake, suggesting that soil properties (phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon availability) and water temperature further shaped the magnitude of response. The rapid bacterial succession observed in both lakes indicates that certain taxa directly benefited from soil sources. Accordingly, the substrate uptake profiles of initially rare bacteria (copiotrophs) indicated that they are one of the main actors cycling soil‐derived carbon and phosphorus. Our work suggests that climate‐induced changes in soil characteristics affect bacterioplankton community structure and function, and in turn, the cycling of carbon and phosphorus in high altitude and latitude aquatic ecosystems.     

Lysimeter studies on recovery of15N-labeled urea in wetland rice

Summary Results of a two year study on the fate on¹⁵N-labelled urea (9.95 atoms percent excess¹⁵N) applied @ 180 kg N/ha to flooded rice in monolith lysimeters at the Punjab Agricultural University Farm, Ludhiana are reported. The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture (Typic Ustochrept), had pH 7.9, organic carbon 0.36 percent, available N 187 kg/ha and total N 0.08 percent. The results revealed that 18.1 to 53.0 per cent of the fertilizer N was utilized by the rice plant, 25.1 to 41.1 percent was immobilized in the soil and 4.8 to 7.2 percent was lost by denitrification. The losses due to ammonia volatilization and leaching were negligible. The data on vertical distribution of labelled N in the soil profile reflected a higher concentration (38.3 to 39.5 per cent) in the surface (0–30 cm) soil. The content sharply decreased (1.8 to 2.4, percent) in lower soil layers (30–150 cm). A balance sheet of the various pathways of applied N showed that 58.8 to 72.2 and 66.2 to 83.0 percent N was recovered in 1976 and 1977, respectively and 17 to 41.2 per cent of labelled N still remained unaccounted for. Utilization of fertilizer N by rice was increased and losses decreased when N was applied in three equal splits as compared to the single N application at transplanting.Availability of fertilizer N immobilized in the soil was investigated in the succeeding crops of wheat and rice. The results showed that 2.1 tot 3.4 per cent of the N applied to the preceding rice was utilized by the second rice crop grown in succession. This may look small but cannot be neglected on a long term basis. But there is need to initiate long term studies to investigate the, turnover of residual N and to determine the fate of applied N in varying soil and cropping systems by using improved techniques.     

黑龙江省东部山地湿地主要植被类型及其演替规律的研究

首次系统论述了黑龙江省东部山地湿地植被类型,并在此基础上,对黑龙江省东部山地湿地植被演替规律进行了全面探讨。研究表明：黑龙江省东部山地湿地植被演替与发展过程,经过三个阶段：即富营养沼泽→中营养沼泽→贫营养沼泽。无论是森林沼泽,还是草甸、沼生及水生植被都是如此。     

不同有机物覆盖对冷凉地区苹果园土壤水温环境及速效养分的影响

为了探究不同有机物覆盖对冷凉地区果园土壤理化性质的影响,在‘寒富’苹果园设置了杂草、稻草、玉米秸秆、粉碎枝条4个覆盖处理,对比分析了各处理果园土壤水分、养分等指标的变化.结果表明: 有机物覆盖增加了土壤含水量,以干旱季节最为明显;减缓了春季土壤温度上升速度,不利于果树前期生长,但降低了夏季土壤的最高温,提高了秋冬季土壤的最低温;提高了土壤的pH值,以玉米秸秆覆盖处理最为明显,减轻了土壤酸化,使土壤pH接近中性;不同程度提高了土壤有机质含量,以杂草覆盖处理最为明显.覆盖还增加了土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,但稻草覆盖处理碱解氮含量低于对照.     

乌梁素海沉积物中有机质和全氮含量分布特征

针对乌梁素海富营养化日趋严重和湿地面积逐渐萎缩,系统地研究了其生态环境地球化学效应.结果表明,乌梁素海表层沉积物中的全氮含量存在明显的经向和纬向分异特征;沉积物中全氮养分含量与有机质含量显著相关(r＞0.93);沉积物中C/N的平均值介于12.07～19.95之间,表明有机质主要来源于湖中水生植物,水体富营养化具有显著的内源性.TN和有机质在不同粒级表层沉积物中的粒度效应明显,且TN和有机质在IV粒级的含量分别为I粒级的3.1～7.6倍和2.5～8.0倍.     

高寒草毡层基本属性与固碳能力沿水分和海拔梯度的变化

高寒草毡层是高原寒区自然植被下形成的松软而坚韧且耐搬运的表土层,认识其生态功能是促进草牧业生产休养保护和工程施工主动利用的前提。通过对青藏高原东部若尔盖高原植被的广泛调查,在布设沼泽、退化沼泽、沼泽化草甸、湿草甸、干草甸和退化草甸水分梯度群落样地,以及亚高山草甸、亚高山灌丛草甸、高山灌丛草甸和高山草甸海拔梯度群落样地的基础上,通过对不同类型群落样地草毡层容重、土壤颗粒组成和土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的测定分析,比较了水分和海拔梯度下草毡层固碳能力。结果表明,草毡层厚度平均为30cm,沼泽湿地草毡层容重最小,SOC含量在300g/kg以上;退化草甸容重最高,SOC含量显著下降。不同群落草毡层SOC密度在10—24kg C/m~2之间,随着土壤水分有效性的降低而降低;高山灌丛草甸草毡层SOC密度比草甸高15%。研究得出,保持草毡层稳定的质量含水量阈值为30%,SOC含量阈值为30g/kg;高寒植被草毡层在沼泽到草甸的退化演替中,容重、紧实度变大,有机碳含量减少,碳密度和碳储量下降;灌丛草甸的固碳能力大于草甸,但灌丛草甸的生产功能降低;保持可持续发展的草地生产能力,维护固碳生态功能,需要防止草毡层退化,抑制草甸向灌丛草甸演替。     

The role of the littoral zone in the functioning of a shallow tropical lake ecosystem

Lake Chilwa (Malawi) is a shallow tropical lake surrounded by an extensive zone of littoral swamp mainly composed of Typha domingensis. The data produced show that the physical and chemical conditions are different and more varied in the littoral region when compared with the open lake. Primary production in the littoral is confined almost entirely to Typha domingensis, which also acts as a nutrient pump by absorbing nutrients from the soils and eventually releasing them into the lake waters. Long term and short term exchanges in organic and inorganic materials between the littoral swamps and the open lake are described. These, as well as available evidence on the distribution, reproductive habits and diet of certain faunal groups, indicate that the littoral region of Lake Chilwa has an important regulating influence on the functioning of the whole lake.