风信子HAG1基因的克隆与表达

根据AG同源基因MADS Box的保守性, 设计简并引物, 进行RT-PCR, 从风信子的花器官中分离出HAG1基因. 分析表明, 该基因与AG的同源基因具有较高的同源性. 以HAG1 MADS Box以外的3′端序列为模板合成探针, 进行Northern杂交分析, 在根和叶片中未检测到HAG1 mRNA的积累, 但在处于花粉母细胞和单核花粉时期的花器官中其RNA的积累水平则相当高. 利用PCR技术, 并结合序列测定方法, 从低激素浓度条件下分化再生雄蕊的花芽中检测到HAG1的片断, 而从高激素浓度条件下分化再生花被片的花芽中未检测到该片断, 推测激素浓度、同源异形基因及花器官特征之间存在密切联系.     

小花草玉梅正常和自然变异植株的AP3-3基因研究

野生小花草玉梅(Anemone rivularis var.flore-minore)正常植株和花被片自然变异植株的外观形态差异很大,该研究以二者为材料,利用常规PCR和高效热不对称PCR(Hi-Tail PCR)技术从其正常和变异植株的基因组中各分离得到1个B类基因。序列分析证明,二者隶属于B类MADS-box基因AP3家族的旁系同源基因AP3-3分枝,分别命名为NArAP3-3(正常植株)和VArAP3-3(变异植株)。NArAP3-3基因全长3 795bp,VArAP3-3基因全长3 898bp,二者均含有1个666bp的开放阅读框(ORF),可编码221个氨基酸,具有典型的植物MADS-box基因结构,其编码肽链包含了MADS区、K区、Ⅰ区和C区。对比NArAP3-3和VArAP3-3基因的全长序列,发现VArAP3-3基因比NArAP3-3多了1段49bp的插入,且在ORF序列与NArAP3-3基因相比有4个碱基突变。对二者的全长序列、所编码的221个氨基酸及插入序列的生物信息学分析显示,二者在基因启动子、蛋白质基本性质、结构功能域、二级三级预测结构等方面均有差异,推测这些差异可能是花被片变异产生的原因之一。该研究结果为进一步探索其变异机制奠定了基础。     

甜荞FaesAP2基因的克隆与表达分析

本研究采用同源克隆和RACE技术,从甜荞（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.）品种'西农9976'中分离出调控花器官发育的FaesAP2基因,该基因序列全长1668 bp,包含1个长为1374 bp的完整开放阅读框,共编码457个氨基酸。序列比对以及系统发育分析结果发现,FaesAP2蛋白拥有2个高度保守的AP2（APETALA2）结构域,在第1个AP2结构域前端有1段由10个氨基酸残基组成的高度保守的核定位信号区;系统发育分析显示其与拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana（L.） Heynh.） AP2转录因子的亲缘关系较近。基因表达模式分析表明,该基因在甜荞pin型和thrum型花的雄蕊和雌蕊中有明显的表达,但在幼叶和花被片中不表达,且其表达量在2种类型花不同发育时期呈现明显的变化,均在花药迅速膨大期达到最高值,因此推测该基因在甜荞花发育过程中可能参与了花器官发育的调控。     

长穗偃麦草DREB类基因EeAP2.2 的克隆与序列分析

由于一些基因的特殊碱基序列限制,使得应用一种技术获得基因的全长cDNA序列比较困难。本研究结合RACE和Genome Walking技术从十倍体长穗偃麦草（Elytrigia elongata,2n=70）中克隆了AP2家族的一个全长cDNA序列,命名为EeAP2.2。序列分析表明,该基因具有一个837bp的开放阅读框,编码279个氨基酸残基,含有一个保守的AP2结构域,是AP2大家族的一个新成员。该基因编码的氨基酸序列与GenBank已有的普通小麦AP2家族两个同源基因编码蛋白TaDREB1和TaDREBW50（登录号分别为：AAL01124.1和AAY44605.1）具有98%的氨基酸序列一致性, 与大麦AP2蛋白HvDREB1-a（登录号AAY25517.1）,高羊茅AP2蛋白FaDREB2A （登录号CAG30547.1） 及水稻OsDREB2.2（登录号AY064403）的氨基酸序列一致性分别为 93%、86%、69%。说明该基因与小麦AP2家族基因的同源性最高。本研究除获得了长穗偃麦草一个重要抗逆转录因子基因EeAP2.2的全长cDNA序列外,也提供了一种快速、有效克隆功能基因的方法。     

甜荞FeFUL2基因的克隆与表达分析

为了探索甜荞FUL同源基因参与花与籽粒发育调控的分子机制,该文采用同源克隆的方法从甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum)长花柱和长雄蕊突变体(lpls)中克隆到1个长837 bp的FeFUL2基因(GenBank登录号为MG779493.1),其包含长690 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码1个由229个氨基酸残基组成的MADS-box转录因子。通过对FeFUL2进行分子系统发生、同源蛋白比对与转录因子结构分析,结果显示FeFUL2与核心真双子叶植物AP1/FUL亚家族转录因子中的euFUL进化系聚于1个进化分支,属甜荞euFUL型MADS-box转录因子,且包含1个57个氨基酸残基长的高度保守的MADS结构域、1个69个氨基酸残基长的次级保守的K结构域,其C末端转录激活区在序列长度和氨基酸残基组成上与其他euFUL型转录因子差异较大,但仍含有2个euFUL型转录因子特有的保守基元:FUL motif和paleo AP1 motif。用qPCR检测基因表达的组织特异性显示:FeFUL2基因在甜荞lpls突变体的根、茎、叶、花被片、雄蕊、雌蕊和发育4 d的幼果中均有表达,但其在花被片中表达量极显著高于该基因在其他器官中的表达量(LSD,P0.01)。综合转录因子的结构与基因的表达模式推测,FeFUL2基因与其他euFUL型基因的功能可能存在一定差异,其在花发育过程中可能主要参与甜荞花被片的发育调控。     

甜荞FaesSTK基因在长花柱长雄蕊突变体lpls中的表达分析

采用RACE技术,从甜荞（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench）中克隆获得3种花型的STK同源基因FaesSTK,并对其序列特征进行分析。结果显示,甜荞3种花型植株STK同源基因序列一致,全长为967 bp,包含长689 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码一个由225个氨基酸残基组成的D类MADS-box转录因子。蛋白序列比对及系统发育分析结果表明,FaesSTK蛋白属于MADS-box转录因子中的STK进化系。包含1个由57个氨基酸残基组成的高度保守的MADS结构域;1个由82个氨基酸残基组成的次级保守区域的K结构域,在C端的转录激活区还含有另外2个高度保守的基序（AGⅠ和AGⅡ）。实时荧光定量检测结果显示,FaesSTK基因主要在甜荞lpls突变体的雄蕊、雌蕊和不同发育时期的幼果中表达,在根和花被片中仅能检测到微弱的转录信号,在叶和茎中不表达,其中在雌蕊和果实中的表达量极显著高于其他组织。推测该基因在花发育过程中可能主要参与调控甜荞lpls突变体雌蕊和果实的发育。     

枳壳CBF转录激活因子基因片段的克隆

根据不同植物CBF同源基因的保守区设计合成简并引物,采用PCR技术首次从枳壳基因组中分离出一个DNA片段并克隆到pMD18-T载体中.序列测定和分析表明,该片段长464bp,与拟南芥3个CBF基因的核酸序列及其推导的氨基酸序列分别具有79%和67%～69%的同源性,而且推导的氨基酸序列含有同源性更高的AP2DNA结合域和CBF蛋白的两段特征序列PKK/RPAGRxKFxETRHP和DSAWR.结果 表明,本研究克隆的片段为枳壳CBF基因片段.     

FaesAP2B基因在甜荞长雌蕊长雄蕊突变体lpls的表达分析

为弄清甜荞（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.）长雌蕊长雄蕊突变体lpls花和籽粒发育调控的分子机制,从甜荞中克隆出1个长1 788 bp的AP2同源基因的cDNA序列,命名为FaesAP2B（GenBank登录号为MK290847.1）。序列结构分析表明：FaesAP2B基因包含1个长1 380 bp的完整开放阅读框（Open Reading Frame,ORF）,编码1个由459个氨基酸残基组成的AP2/ERF家族转录因子,该转录因子含有2个高度保守的AP2结构域,第1个AP2结构域前还存在1个由10个氨基酸残基组成的核定位信号区。用qPCR检测FaesAP2B基因在甜荞lpls突变体根、茎、幼叶、花被片、雄蕊、雌蕊以及发育4 d的果实共7种器官中表达的组织特异性显示：FaesAP2B在甜荞突变体lpls营养组织和生殖结构中均有表达,但其在花器官和果实等生殖结构中的表达量明显高于营养组织,且在雄蕊中的表达量最高,极显著高于其在其他6种组织中的表达量（LSD,P<0.01）,同时,FaesAP2B在花被片、雌蕊和发育4 d的果实中的表达量均极显著高于其在根、茎和叶等营养器官中的表达量（LSD,P<0.01）,但该基因在其根、茎、叶间的表达量无显著性差异。推测该基因可能主要参与调控甜荞lpls突变体花和果实的发育。     

风信子HoMADS2基因的克隆及表达分析

利用同源克隆策略,从风信子中分离出一个MADS box基因,命名为HoMADS2。序列比较分析表明,HoMADS2与B类MADS box蛋白具有较高的同源性。分子进化树分析显示,HoMADS2与PI家族类聚在一起。同时,在HoMADS2的Kbox和C末端区域均具有PI家族的特征序列。以上序列分析结果表明,HOMADS2可能是尸,的一个同源基因。RNA分子杂交结果显示,HoMADS2在四轮花器官中均表达,其表达模式不同于双子叶植物中尸,同源基因。利用风信子离体花器官再生系统研究表明,HoMADS2在再生花芽中的表达不同于HoMADS1和HAG1,该基因在再生花芽发育过程中组成型表达,不受外源细胞分裂素和生长素的影响。     

中国野生毛葡萄钙调蛋白基因克隆及序列分析

于葡萄黑痘病发病盛期,用病叶压片法对高抗黑痘病的中国野生毛葡萄'商-24'接种黑痘病病原菌,采用mRNA差异显示技术进行抗黑痘病基因表达差异的研究.结果显示:(1)获得了T11GG/B0304-400、T11CC/S428-350、T11GG/S424-700、T11AG/S432-350、T11GG/S433-250、T11GG/S433-300、T11AG/S432-300、T11GG/S438-353和T11AG/S424-300等9个基因表达差异cDNA片段.其中T11GG/S438-353 mRNA片段表达在接种后3 d被诱导显著降低,并在之后2 d几乎检测不到.(2)采用RACE技术克隆了T11GG/S438-353 mRNA片段的cDNA全长序列;序列分析表明,该cDNA包含一个607 bp完整的开放阅读框架,编码149个氨基酸;其编码氨基酸序列与拟南芥、欧洲葡萄、柳杉、党参、无梗花栎、欧洲栗及寄生草钙调蛋白的一致性分别为99%、97%、94%、91%、90%、88%和77%.(3)本实验克隆到了负向调控中国野生毛葡萄抗黑痘病的钙调蛋白基因,并命名为VqCaM,其GenBank登录号为EU694099;实时荧光定量PCR结果再次验证VqCaM表达受葡萄黑痘病侵染下调,     

The Exogenous Hormornal Control of the Development of Regenerated Flower Buds in Hyacinthus orientalis

The critical role of exogenous hormone on inducing the initiation of different floral organs in the regenerated flower bud and controlling their numbers was further evidenced. The initiation of the flower buds was first induced from the perianth explants of Hyacinthus orientalis L. cv. White pearl by a combination of 2 mg/L 6-BA and 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D, and then a continuous initiation of over 100 tepals (a flower bud of H. orientalis in situ has only 6 tepals) was successfully controlled by maintenance of such a hormone concentration. However, a change of hormonal concentration (2 mg/L 6-BA and 0-0.000 1 mg/L 2,4-D) caused cessation of continuous initiation of the tepals but gave rise to induction of stamen initiation. Keeping the changed hormone concentrations could successfully control the continuous initiation of over 20 stamens (a flower bud of H. orientalis in situ has only 6 stamens). The experiment showed that the number of identical floral organs in the regenerated flower buds can be controlled by certain defined concentrations of the exogenous hormones, and the amount of the induced identical floral organs has no effect on the differentiation sequence of the different floral organs in the regenerated flower bud. Based on a systematic research on controlling the differentiation of the floral organs from both the perianth explants and the regenerated flower buds by the exogenous hormones in H. orientalis over the past decade, the authors put forward here a new idea on the role of phytohormone in controlling the automatic and sequential differentiation of the different floral organs in flower development. The main points are as follows: 1. the development of flower bud in plant is a process in which all of the floral organs are automatically and sequentially differentiated from the flower meristem. 2. Experiments in vitro showed that the effect of exogenous hormones in controlling the initiation of different floral organs is strictly concentration dependent, i.e., one kind of the floral organ can continuously and repeatedly initiate from the flower meristem as long as it is maintained in that specific concentration of the exogenous hormone which is suitable for the initiation of that particular kind of floral organ. 3. It shows that the flower buds in situ must be automatically able to adjust the endogenous hormonal concentrations just after the completion of the differentiation of one whorl of floral organ to suit the differentiation of the next whorl. Thus, the phytohormone in different concentrations takes after many change-over switches of the organ differentiation and plays a connective and regulatory role between the differentiation of every two whorls of the floral organ. In other words, these change-over switches play the roles of inhibiting the expression of the genes which control the initiation of the floral organs in the first whorl, meanwhile, activating the expression of the genes which control the initiation of the floral organs in the second whorl during the successive initiation of the different floral organs from the flower bud. It results in the automatic and sequential initiation of the various floral organs from the floral meristem.      

Inflorescence and floral ontogeny in Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae)

Inflorescence and floral ontogeny of the perennial, herbaceous crop Crocus sativus L. were studied using epi-illumination light microscopy. After production of leaves with helical arrangement a determinate inflorescence forms which becomes completely transformed into a single terminal flower. In some cases, bifurcation of the inflorescence meristem yields two or three floral meristems. The order of floral organs initiation is outer tepals – stamens – inner tepals – carpels. Stamens and outer tepals are produced from the lateral bifurcation of three common stamen-tepal primordia. Within each whorl, organs start developing unidirectionally from the adaxial side, except for the stamens which begin to grow from the abaxial side. Specialized features during organ development include interprimordial growth between tepals forming a perianth tube, fusion at the base of stamen filaments, and formation of an inferior ovary with unfused styles.     

Isolation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">HAG1</Emphasis> and its regulation by plant hormones during in vitro floral organogenesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hyacinthus orientalis</Emphasis> L.

Floral organs have been successfully induced from the regenerated floral buds of Hyacinthus orientalis L. by precisely controlling exogenous hormones in the medium. Under high concentrations of cytokinin and auxin, the regenerated floral bud produces only tepals. However, at reduced levels of the hormones, the regenerated floral bud can produce stamens and/or carpels with ovules. To understand the molecular mechanism of hormone-regulated flower development, a MADS-box gene, HAG1, which is homologous to AGAMOUS (AG) in Arabidopsis, was isolated from the floral tissues of Hyacinthus. Overexpression of HAG1 in Arabidopsis created flower phenotypes resembling those of the apetala2 mutant and AG transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Furthermore, the HAG1 expression pattern was similar to that of AG, confirming that HAG1 is the ortholog of AG in Hyacinthus. HAG1 mRNA was first detected in cultured explants at day 5 in the medium containing high levels of cytokinin and auxin, which could induce floral regeneration in vitro. However, no HAG1 mRNA was detected in the cultured explants until day 10 in media with low or no hormones. Further, HAG1 mRNA was detected in the stamens and carpels of regenerated floral buds, but not in the tepals. Our data support the hypothesis that hormone-regulated HAG1 activity is required for the induction of floral buds and the determination of floral organ types during the regeneration of floral buds.     

吉祥草的花部器官发生及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了吉祥草（Reineckia carnea）（铃兰科）的花部器官发生发育过程。吉祥草花被片、雄蕊的发生方式是由近轴端向远轴端发生的逆单向型（reversed unidirection）,花发育后期花被片合生形成花被筒,花丝与之贴生。伴随花被片、雄蕊发生,三枚心皮也由近轴向远轴方向相继发生,随后彼此合生发育。花序顶部的花易发生花器官数目变异。结合早期花原基形态以及花器官数目变异情况分析,吉祥草的花被片与雄蕊可能是由共同原基分化而成。从花部器官发生式样和花被筒形成时间两方面比较吉祥草属、白穗花属和铃兰属的特征发现,三属中,铃兰属处于相对进化的位置,而白穗花属比吉祥草属更为原始。     

Are Petals Sterile Stamens or Bracts? The Origin and Evolution of Petals in the Core Eudicots

BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper is to discuss the controversial origins of petals from tepals or stamens and the links between the morphological expression of petals and floral organ identity genes in the core eudicots. SCOPE: I challenge the widely held classical view that petals are morphologically derived from stamens in the core eudicots, and sepals from tepals or bracts. Morphological data suggest that tepal-derived petals have evolved independently in the major lineages of the core eudicots (i.e. asterids, Santalales and rosids) from Berberidopsis-like prototypes, and that staminodial petals have arisen only in few isolated cases where petals had been previously lost (Caryophyllales, Rosales). The clear correlation between continuous changes in petal morphology, and a scenario that indicates numerous duplications to have taken place in genes controlling floral organ development, can only be fully understood within a phylogenetic context. B-gene expression plays a fundamental role in the evolution of the petals by controlling petaloidy, but it does not clarify petal homology. CONCLUSIONS: An increased synorganization of the flower in the core eudicots linked with the establishment of floral whorls restricts the petaloid gene expression to the second whorl, reducing the similarities of petals with tepals from which they were originally derived. An increased flower size linked with secondary polyandry or polycarpelly may lead to a breakdown of the restricted gene expression and a reversal to ancestral characteristics of perianth development. An altered 'sliding boundary' hypothesis is proposed for the core eudicots to explain shifts in petaloidy of the perianth and the event of staminodial petals. The repetitive changes of function in the perianth of the core eudicots are linked with shifts in petaloidy to the outer perianth whorl, or losses of petal or sepal whorls that can be secondarily compensated for by the inclusion of bracts in the flower. The origin and evolution of petals appears to be as complex on a molecular basis as it is from a morphological point of view.     

Floral organogenesis in Tetracentron sinense (Trochodendraceae) and its systematic significance

In Tetracentron sinense of the basal eudicot family Trochodendraceae, the flower primordium, together with the much retarded floral subtending bract primordium appear to form a common primordium. The four tepals and the four stamens are initiated in four distinct alternating pairs, the first tepal pair is in transverse position. The four carpels arise in a whorl and alternate with the stamens. This developmental pattern supports the interpretation of the flower as dimerous in the perianth and androecium, but tetramerous in the gynoecium. There is a relatively long temporal gap between the initiation of the stamens and the carpels. The carpel primordia are then squeezed into the narrow gaps between the four stamens. In contrast to Trochodendron, the residual floral apex after carpel formation is inconspicuous. In their distinct developmental dimery including four tepals and four stamens, flowers of Tetracentron are reminiscent of other, related basal eudicots, such as Buxaceae and Proteaceae.     

Floral development of Berberidopsis corallina: a crucial link in the evolution of flowers in the core Eudicots

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: On the basis of molecular evidence Berberidopsidaceae have been linked with Aextoxicaceae in an order Berberidopsidales at the base of the core Eudicots. The floral development of Berberidopsis is central to the understanding of the evolution of floral configurations at the transition of the basal Eudicots to the core Eudicots. It lies at the transition of trimerous or dimerous, simplified apetalous forms into pentamerous, petaliferous flowers. METHODS: The floral ontogeny of Berberidopsis was studied with a scanning electron microscope. KEY RESULTS: Flowers are grouped in terminal racemes with variable development. The relationship between the number of tepals, stamens and carpels is more or less fixed and floral initiation follows a strict 2/5 phyllotaxis. Two bracteoles, 12 tepals, eight stamens and three carpels are initiated in a regular sequence. The number of stamens can be increased by a doubling of stamen positions. CONCLUSIONS: The floral ontogeny of Berberidopsis provides support for the shift in floral bauplan from the basal Eudicots to the core Eudicots as a transition of a spiral flower with a 2/5 phyllotaxis to pentamerous flowers with two perianth whorls, two stamen whorls and a single carpel whorl. The differentiation of sepals and petals from bracteotepals is discussed and a comparison is made with other Eudicots with a similar configuration and development. Depending on the resolution of the relationships among the basalmost core Eudicots it is suggested that Berberidopsis either represents a critical stage in the evolution of pentamerous flowers of major clades of Eudicots, or has a floral prototype that may be at the base of evolution of flowers of other core Eudicots. The distribution of a floral Bauplan in other clades of Eudicots similar to Berberidopsidales is discussed.     

Floral development of petaloid Alismatales as an insight into the origin of the trimerous Bauplan in monocot flowers

Monocots are remarkably homogeneous in sharing a common trimerous pentacyclic floral Bauplan. A major factor affecting monocot evolution is the unique origin of the clade from basal angiosperms. The origin of the floral Bauplan of monocots remains controversial, as no immediate sister groups with similar structure can be identified among basal angiosperms, and there are several possibilities for an ancestral floral structure, including more complex flowers with higher stamen and carpel numbers, or strongly reduced flowers. Additionally, a stable Bauplan is only established beyond the divergence of Alismatales. Here, we observed the floral development of five members of the three ‘petaloid’ Alismatales families Butomaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, and Alismataceae. Outer stamen pairs can be recognized in mature flowers of Alismataceae and Butomaceae. Paired stamens always arise independently, and are either shifted opposite the sepals or close to the petals. The position of stamen pairs is related to the early development of the petals. In Butomaceae, the perianth is not differentiated and the development of the inner tepals is not delayed; the larger inner tepals (petals) only permit the initiation of stamens in antesepalous pairs. Alismataceae has delayed petals and the stamens are shifted close to the petals, leading to an association of stamen pairs with petals in so-called stamen–petal complexes. In the studied Hydrocharitaceae species, which have the monocot floral Bauplan, paired stamens are replaced by larger single stamens and the petals are not delayed. These results indicate that the origin of the floral Bauplan, at least in petaloid Alismatales, is closely linked to the position of stamen pairs and the rate of petal development. Although the petaloid Alismatales are not immediately at the base of monocot divergence, the floral evolution inferred from the results should be a key to elucidate the origin of the floral Bauplan of monocots.     

The corona of the daffodil Narcissus bulbocodium shares stamen‐like identity and is distinct from the orthodox floral whorls

The structural homology of the daffodil corona has remained a source of debate throughout the history of botany. Over the years it has been separately referred to as a modified petal stipule, stamen and tepal. Here we provide insights from anatomy and molecular studies to clarify the early developmental stages and position of corona initiation in Narcissus bulbocodium. We demonstrate that the corona initiates as six separate anlagen from hypanthial tissue between the stamens and perianth. Scanning electron microscope images and serial sections demonstrate that corona initiation occurs late in development, after the other floral whorls are fully developed. To define more precisely the identity of the floral structures, daffodil orthologues of the ABC floral organ identity genes were isolated and expression patterns were examined in perianth, stamens, carpel, hypanthial tube and corona tissue. Coupled with in situ hybridisation experiments, these analyses showed that the expression pattern of the C‐class gene NbAGAMOUS in the corona is more similar to that of the stamens than that of the tepals. In combination, our results demonstrate that the corona of the daffodil N. bulbocodium exhibits stamen‐like identity, develops independently from the orthodox floral whorls and is best interpreted as a late elaboration of the region between the petals and stamens associated with epigyny and the hypanthium.