风信子HAG1基因的克隆与表达

根据AG同源基因MADS Box的保守性, 设计简并引物, 进行RT-PCR, 从风信子的花器官中分离出HAG1基因. 分析表明, 该基因与AG的同源基因具有较高的同源性. 以HAG1 MADS Box以外的3′端序列为模板合成探针, 进行Northern杂交分析, 在根和叶片中未检测到HAG1 mRNA的积累, 但在处于花粉母细胞和单核花粉时期的花器官中其RNA的积累水平则相当高. 利用PCR技术, 并结合序列测定方法, 从低激素浓度条件下分化再生雄蕊的花芽中检测到HAG1的片断, 而从高激素浓度条件下分化再生花被片的花芽中未检测到该片断, 推测激素浓度、同源异形基因及花器官特征之间存在密切联系.     

棉花MADS框蛋白基因(GhMADS1)的克隆

作为转录因子,MADS框蛋白基因在植物花器官发育中有着重要的功能。为研究棉花花器官发育的分子机理,以棉花花器官突变体CHV1(cotton homeotic variant)和徐州142正常植株为材料,利用棉花EST数据库资料,通过EST序列整合,从陆地棉徐州142花蕾中克隆出一个MADS框蛋白的编码区段,GenBank登录号为AF538965。该片段(GhMADS1)长713bp,包含一个711bp的开放阅读框,推导的氨基酸序列(236个氨基酸)与葡萄、烟草、矮牵牛、拟南芥和金鱼草等的AGL2组MADS框蛋白有很高的序列相似性。系统进化分析同样将GhMADS1基因归人AGt2组MADS框蛋白。RT-PCR分析显示,该基因在陆地棉的花瓣、雄蕊、胚珠和纤维中表达,特别是在花瓣中表达量最高,而在根、茎、叶等营养器官和棉花同源异型突变体CHV1(所有花器官均变为苞叶状叶性器官)的变异花蕾中不表达。这些结果说明GhMADS1基因可能在棉花花器官发育中有着重要的功能。     

棉花MADS框基因GhMADS3的克隆及其组成型表达对烟草花器官决定的影响

MADS框基因在植物花器官发育中发挥着关键性作用。为研究棉花花器官发育的机理,以徐州142花蕾为材料,利用EST数据库资料,通过EST序列整合,克隆出了一个MADS域蛋白的编码区段,GenBank登录号为AY083173。该片段(GhMADS3)包含一个732 bp的开放阅读框,推导的氨基酸序列(244氨基酸)与可可,黄瓜,烟草,矮牵牛,金鱼草等的AG亚家族基因的序列相似性高。进化树重建分析将GhMADS3基因归入MADS框基因AG亚家族C功能分支的euAG分支。RT-PCR分析显示,该基因在雄蕊和心皮中表达,在根、茎、叶等营养器官,萼片,花瓣,花器官变异体chv1(所有花器官均变为苞叶状器官)的花蕾中不表达。将GhMADS3与35S启动子融合构建成嵌合基因转化烟草,转基因烟草植株花朵出现萼片(轮1)向心皮,花瓣(轮2)向雄蕊的转变,花器官表现明显的白化倾向。同时,在轮1观察到丝状结构的出现,该结构在此前类似的研究中尚无报道。这些结果说明,实验中克隆了一个有生物学功能的棉花的AG亚家族MADS框基因,该基因可能在棉花花器官发育中有重要的功能。     

草莓APETALA2同源基因的克隆及表达分析

利用同源克隆方法首次从草莓花芽cDNA中分离出APETALA2同源基因SAP2。SAP2全长182bp,编码435个氨基酸。序列分析表明,SAP2具有AP2家族典型的结构域。采用RT-PCR方法分析SAP2在不同组织中的表达情况,结果显示SAP2在草莓营养组织、花芽以及不同花器官中均有表达,与拟南芥AP2、矮牵牛PhAP2A的表达模式一致。以上结果说明SAP2是草莓的AP2同源基因。     

桃中两个MADS box基因的克隆与表达分析

为研究李属(Prunus sp．)果树生殖调控的相关基因,对国际公共数据库中的李属植物的EST(expressed sequence tags)序列进行了电子拼接,获得了8个MADS box基因的cDNA序列,并利用PCR技术从桃中克隆出其中的两个cDNA,分别命名为PpMDS4和PpMADS6,在GenBank中的登录号为AY705972和AY705973。PpMADS4基因长850bp,包含一个732bp的开放阅读框,编码243个氨基酸。PpMADS6基因长1190bp,包含1个768bp的开放阅读框,编码256个氨基酸。PpMADS4和PpMADS6在序列上分别与拟南芥中的AGAMOUS基因和矮牵牛中的PFG基因高度同源。RT-PCR分析表明,PpMADS4基因在桃的花瓣、心皮、果实及果仁中表达,应属于控制花器官发育的C类MADS box基因。PpMADS6基因在桃的叶、萼片、花瓣、心皮及果实中表达,应属于调控植物由营养生长向生殖生长过渡的A类MADSbox基因。     

小麦杂种及其亲本苗期叶片家族基因差异表达及其与杂种优势关系的初步研究

为探讨小麦杂种优势形成的分子机理,以一套双列杂交组合的苗期叶片为材料,利用mRNA差异显示技术分析了杂种及其亲本间MADS－box、G－ box、Ser/Thr蛋白激酶、EIF－4A、ARF1基因家族共5类家族基因在杂交种和亲本之间的表达差异。并与杂种性状表现和杂种优势进行了相关分析。结果发现,除ARF1家族基因外,其余家族基因在杂种和亲本间存在显著的表达差异,差异表达类型可概括为4种：（1）双亲共沉默;（20单亲表达沉默;（3）杂种特异表达;（4）单亲表达一致。分析发现,MADS－box、G－box和EIF－4A家族基因在杂种和亲本间的差异表达模式相似,均以单亲特异表达和种特异表达类型所占比例最高。相关分析结果表明,以上所有家族基因的总体差异表达程度与所有性状的杂种表现均不相关,MADS－box家族基因中杂种特异表达类型与小穗数、单株产量和单穗产量杂种优势呈显著正相关,双亲共沉默类型与小穗数、千粒重和单穗产量杂种优势呈显著负相关,另外,EIF－4A家族基因中单亲表达一致型与单穗产量杂种优势呈显著正相,但双亲共沉默类型与小穗数和单穗产量杂种优势呈显著负相关,对于G－box基因家族而言,仅小穗数杂种优势和双亲共沉默类型成显著负相关,而蛋白激酶家族基因的各种差异类型与性状杂种优势的相关分析均不显著。这些研究表明,调控基因的差异表达与杂种优势形成有密切关系。     

羽衣甘蓝SEPALLATA-like基因的系统发育与表达分析

E类MADS-box 基因SEPALLATA (SEP)-like在被子植物生殖生长特别是花器官发育方面具有重要作用。为分析羽衣甘蓝E功能MADS-box基因SEP-like基因的序列特征及其在花发育过程中的时空表达模式,以羽衣甘蓝品系‘14 line’为试材,利用cDNA末端快速扩增 (Rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE) 技术克隆了SEP直系同源基因BroaSEP1/2/3 (GenBank登录号：KC967957、KC967958、KC967960)。序列和系统进化树分析表明,这3个基因分别与野甘蓝 (Brassica oleracea var. oleracea)、芜菁Brassica rapa、萝卜Raphanus sativus、甘蓝型油菜Brassica napus的SEP1、SEP2、SEP3基因具有很高的同源性。推导的氨基酸序列显示,这些基因编码的蛋白质都包含高度保守的MADS结构域、I结构域和K结构域,每一基因都有其亚家族特异的C-末端功能域SEPⅠ和SEPⅡ基序。BroaSEP1、BroaSEP2、BroaSEP3基因的开放阅读框长度分别为801 bp、759 bp、753 bp,分别编码266、252、250个氨基酸残基。半定量RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR研究结果表明,BroaSEP1、BroaSEP2、BroaSEP3在发育的花芽中特异性表达,但是表达水平在不同发育时期以及野生型、多瓣型和少瓣型花芽中存在明显差异。     

蕙兰CyfaSTK基因的克隆与表达分析

采用同源克隆的方法,从蕙兰（Cymbidium faberi Rolfe）花芽中克隆获得CyfaSTK基因的cDNA序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析及基因表达分析。结果显示,该基因全长843 bp,其中开放阅读框（ORF）长705 bp,共编码234个氨基酸和1个终止密码子。同源蛋白序列比对及分子系统发育分析结果表明,CyfaSTK蛋白属于D类MADS-box转录因子STK-like进化系,含有MADS、I、K和C等4个结构域,其C末端转录激活区含有2个保守的基元：AG motifⅠ和AG motifⅡ,此外,还具有一个在天门冬目植物中相对保守的基元MD motif。基因表达的组织特异性分析结果显示：蕙兰CyfaSTK基因在花萼、花瓣、唇瓣、药帽、子房中均有表达,但在叶片中不表达,其中在子房中的表达量与其他组织相比,差异达到极显著水平;CyfaSTK在花芽经过休眠后的萌动期表达量最高,且在开花当天该基因表达量有上升趋势。研究结果表明CyfaSTK基因不仅参与调控蕙兰花器官的发育过程,且对子房及合蕊柱的正常发育具有重要作用。     

蕙兰CyfaSTK基因的克隆与表达分析

采用同源克隆的方法,从蕙兰(Cymbidium faberi Rolfe)花芽中克隆获得CyfaSTK基因的cDNA序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析及基因表达分析。结果显示,该基因全长843 bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)长705 bp,共编码234个氨基酸和1个终止密码子。同源蛋白序列比对及分子系统发育分析结果表明,CyfaSTK蛋白属于D类MADS-box转录因子STK-like进化系,含有MADS、I、K和C等4个结构域,其C末端转录激活区含有2个保守的基元:AG motifⅠ和AG motifⅡ,此外,还具有一个在天门冬目植物中相对保守的基元MD motif。基因表达的组织特异性分析结果显示:蕙兰CyfaSTK基因在花萼、花瓣、唇瓣、药帽、子房中均有表达,但在叶片中不表达,其中在子房中的表达量与其他组织相比,差异达到极显著水平; CyfaSTK在花芽经过休眠后的萌动期表达量最高,且在开花当天该基因表达量有上升趋势。研究结果表明CyfaSTK基因不仅参与调控蕙兰花器官的发育过程,且对子房及合蕊柱的正常发育具有重要作用。     

黄金树花器官特征决定的CaspAG基因克隆和表达分析

以黄金树的花芽为材料,采用同源基因克隆技术,获得黄金树花器官特征决定的AG同源基因,将其命名为CaspAG,其开放阅读框(ORF)为738 bp,编码245个氨基酸。分子系统发生和蛋白序列比对分析表明:CaspAG是拟南芥的AG同源蛋白,被归为eu AG进化分支,其MADS区有57个氨基酸,I区有32个氨基酸,K区有83个氨基酸,C区有55个氨基酸,其中C末端的转录激活区含有两个保守的基序:AGI和AGII基序。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,在花发育过程中,CaspAG基因仅在雄蕊和雌蕊中表达,而在茎、叶片、萼片和花瓣中几乎不表达。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,CaspAG基因在雌雄蕊原基分化期至雌雄蕊成熟期均有表达,在雌雄蕊发育成熟期表达量达到最高;且在雄蕊的表达高峰的时间明显早于雌蕊,这与雌、雄蕊形态成熟的时间基本吻合。     

Characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">HoMADS 1</Emphasis> and its induction by plant hormones during <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> ovule development in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hyacinthus orientalis</Emphasis> L.

To understand the molecular mechanism of ovule development, a MADS box gene,HoMADS 1, has been isolated from the ovule tissues of Hyacinthus. Sequence comparison showed that HoMADS 1 is highly homologous to both class C and D genes. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis suggests that HoMADS 1 is most likely a class D MADS box gene. RNA hybridization revealed that HoMADS 1 was exclusively expressed in the ovules. Over-expressing HoMADS 1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants produced ectopic carpelloid structures, including ovules, indicating that HoMADS 1 is involved in the determination of carpel and ovule identities. Interestingly, during in vitro flowering, no HoMADS 1 mRNA was detected in the floral tissues at high level hormones in the media. However, HoMADS 1 mRNA accumulated in the floral tissues when the regenerated flowers were transferred to the media containing low level hormones which could induce in vitro ovule formation. Our data suggest that the induction of HoMADS 1 by plant hormones may play important roles during ovule initiation and development in the regenerated flower. Whether HoMADS 1 expression is also regulated by cytokinin and auxin during ovule development in planta remains to be investigated.     

Characterization of HoMADS 1 and its induction by plant hormones during in vitro ovule development in Hyacinthus orientalis L.

Plant Molecular Biology - To understand the molecular mechanism of ovule development, a MADS box gene,HoMADS 1, has been isolated from the ovule tissues of Hyacinthus. Sequence comparison showed...     

麝香百合LLGLO1基因的克隆和表达

用RACE方法克隆的麝香百合花发育的GLOBOSA（GLO）类B功能基因LLGLO1,与其他多种单子叶植物的GLO类基因高度同源,且C区具有典型的PI结构基序。通过RT—PCR检测,百合不同组织中的LLGLO1基因表达模式与郁金香的GLO类基因相似。即主要集中在百合第一、二、三轮花器官中表达,心皮和茎中有微量表达,而且随着心皮的成熟,其在心皮中的表达量逐渐增加,但在百合叶片中则未检测到LLGLO1的表达,因此认为LLGLO1在百合花器官中呈特异性表达。LLGLO1在百合第一轮花器官中的表达支持了van Tunen对ABC模型的修正。     

Ancestral MADS box genes in Sugi, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (Taxodiaceae), homologous to the B function genes in angiosperms.

In flowering plants, flower organ identity is controlled by the ABC genes, including several MADS box genes. We present two MADS box genes of a conifer, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. The genes, CjMADS1 and CjMADS2, were related to the angiosperm B function genes which determine the identities of petals and stamens. A phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes form a new clade outside the angiosperm B group, that is, PISTILLATA (PI) and APETALA3 (AP3) lineages. CjMADS1 had a PI-group specific motif and CjMADS2 had AP3-group specific motifs at the C terminal end, respectively. CjMADS1 was expressed in male strobili (or cones) throughout its development, while CjMADS2 was transiently expressed during male strobilus development. The specific expression in the male reproductive organ indicated that the B function is maintained in gymnosperms. Our cladistic analysis suggests that the gene duplication event which generated B function gene lineages predates the divergence of angiosperms and gymnosperms and that the gene duplication which produced the two genes of C. japonica occurred in an ancestral conifer species.     

CaMADS1, a MADS box gene expressed in the carpel of hazelnut

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a species of economic interest that shows a peculiar floral biology. Unlike most of the angiosperms, which produce ovules during floral development such that they are ready for pollen at anthesis, hazelnut ovary development is delayed and triggered by compatible pollination. In order to elucidate the mechanisms regulating this unusual process and the role of the MADS box genes in ovary development, a cDNA library from pollinated styles of hazelnut was screened with a mixture of MADS box genes from different plant species. CaMADS1 (Corylus avellana MADS box), a floral-specific MADS box gene, was isolated, and characterized as belonging to the sub-family of the AGAMOUS genes. Northern blot, RT-PCR analyses and in situ hybridization experiments show a precise correlation between ovary development and CaMADS1 expression, indicating a role of this MADS box gene in the processes of floral organogenesis.     

Diverse roles for MADS box genes in Arabidopsis development.

Members of the MADS box gene family play important roles in flower development from the early step of determining the identity of floral meristems to specifying the identity of floral organ primordia later in flower development. We describe here the isolation and characterization of six additional members of this family, increasing the number of reported Arabidopsis MADS box genes to 17. All 11 members reported prior to this study are expressed in flowers, and the majority of them are floral specific. RNA expression analyses of the six genes reported here indicate that two genes, AGL11 and AGL13 (AGL for AGAMOUS-like), are preferentially expressed in ovules, but each has a distinct expression pattern. AGL15 is preferentially expressed in embryos, with its onset at or before the octant stage early in embryo development. AGL12, AGL14, and AGL17 are all preferentially expressed in root tissues and therefore represent the only characterized MADS box genes expressed in roots. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the two genes expressed in ovules are closely related to previously isolated MADS box genes, whereas the four genes showing nonfloral expression are more distantly related. Data from this and previous studies indicate that in addition to their proven role in flower development, MADS box genes are likely to play roles in many other aspects of plant development.