一株A型口蹄疫流行毒株全序列的测定及其全长感染性克隆的构建

【目的】测定一株A型口蹄疫流行毒株的全基因组序列,并构建其全长感染性克隆。【方法】参照已公布的A型口蹄疫病毒序列设计引物,将分离的口蹄疫病毒株A/Sea-97/CHA/2014全基因组分为4个重叠的片段进行RT-PCR扩增,并对其进行序列测定与分析。利用酶切连接法将4个基因片段依次克隆至p Blue Script SKhdv载体中,构建该流行毒株的全长c DNA克隆p QAHN。pQAHN经NotⅠ线性化后转染表达T7 RNA聚合酶的BSR/T7细胞,拯救病毒。【结果】口蹄疫病毒全基因组序列测定结果表明该毒株基因组全长8 171 bp[不包括poly(C)区段和poly(A)尾巴],开放阅读框为6 996 bp,编码2 332个氨基酸,5′和3′非编码区分别为1 091 bp和95 bp。VP1系统发生树分析表明该毒株与A/GDMM/CHA/2013毒株亲缘关系最近,相似性为99.1%。线化全长质粒转染BSR/T7细胞68 h后可观察到典型的细胞病变。拯救病毒的间接免疫荧光、RT-PCR和序列测定结果表明成功拯救出了具有感染性的FMDV。拯救病毒与亲本病毒的噬斑表型及生长曲线试验表明二者具有相似的生长表型和增殖能力。【结论】该研究为我国口蹄疫病原生态分布、分子流行病学调查以及A型FMD新型疫苗的研究提供了有益的材料。     

口蹄疫病毒结构蛋白VP1容忍外源标签的能力

【目的】利用口蹄疫病毒的反向遗传操作技术,构建含不同外源标签口蹄疫病毒的全长克隆,鉴定口蹄疫病毒结构蛋白VP1容忍不同外源标签的能力。【方法】通过融合PCR技术,在FMDV O/HN/93全长感染性克隆的VP1 G-H环分别引入V5、TC12、KT3、3FLAG外源标签,构建全长质粒。全长质粒经Not I线化后转染表达T7 RNA聚合酶的稳定细胞,拯救重组病毒。RT-PCR、序列测定、间接免疫荧光鉴定病毒,噬斑和一步生长曲线分析重组病毒的生物学特性。【结果】成功拯救到表达V5或KT3表位标签的重组病毒,未能拯救到表达TC12或3×FLAG的重组病毒。V5和KT3表位标签的插入均影响了口蹄疫病毒的复制能力。【结论】重组口蹄疫病毒的成功拯救为未来标记疫苗以及口蹄疫病毒作为表达载体等的研究奠定了基础。     

Asia 1型口蹄疫病毒抗原表位突变株的构建及其生物学特性分析

为了研制口蹄疫抗原表位突变标记疫苗,本研究以含有Asia 1型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)c DNA全长的感染性克隆p Asia 1-FMDV作为骨架,将3D蛋白中第27位氨基酸的H和31位的氨基酸N分别突变成Y和R,从而突变3D蛋白的一个抗原表位,将构建的带有突变表位的重组质粒转染BHK-21细胞,成功拯救出一株突变FMDV。经比较后发现,重组病毒的生物学特性与亲本毒株相似。病毒中和试验结果显示,抗重组病毒的血清与亲本病毒有良好的反应性。Western blotting结果表明重组病毒诱导的抗体能与突变的表位合成肽反应而不与野生型病毒的表位合成肽发生反应,从而区分重组病毒与亲本病毒。综上所述,这株抗原表位突变FMDV有望作为口蹄疫标记疫苗候株进一步评估。     

型内嵌合口蹄疫病毒全长感染性cDNA克隆的构建

【目的】近年来,O型口蹄疫的不断暴发严重危害了我国畜牧业的发展,其病原——O型口蹄疫病毒已演化出3种谱系:中国型猪毒系、泛亚系和缅甸98系。其中中国型猪毒系病毒高度嗜猪,对养猪业危害最大。目前应用的疫苗已不能有效保护中国型猪毒系变异株的流行,这给我国猪口蹄疫的防控带来了极大的困难。为了进一步发展免疫原性好、抗原谱广的猪O型口蹄疫疫苗候选株,本研究以O/HN/93现用疫苗毒株的感染性克隆为骨架,用流行的新猪毒系病毒的部分VP3和VP1基因(主要是替换VP1蛋白上的B-C环和G-H环)替换疫苗毒株的相应部分,构建了嵌合的FMDV全长cDNA克隆。【方法】线化的嵌合全长质粒和表达T7 RNA聚合酶的真核质粒pcDNAT7P共转染BHK-21细胞,体内转录拯救嵌合病毒。【结果】嵌合全长质粒转染BHK-21细胞36h后,出现明显的FMDV致细胞病变效应。对收获的病毒分别用RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光、电子显微镜观察结果证实成功拯救到嵌合的FMDV。拯救的病毒乳鼠致病性试验结果表明该拯救病毒对乳鼠的致病力减弱。该嵌合病毒的成功拯救为研制口蹄疫新型疫苗等奠定了基础。     

VP3 G–H环中氨基酸突变对O型口蹄疫病毒生物学特性的影响

【目的】为了研究O型口蹄疫病毒VP3G–H环中氨基酸突变对其生物学特性的影响。【方法】借助口蹄疫病毒反向遗传操作技术平台拯救出2株定点突变体rHN~(V3174Y)和rHN~(D3173N+V3174E+N3179C)。进行蚀斑形成试验、一步生长曲线的绘制、TCID_(50)和LD_(50)的测定、间接免疫荧光与激光共聚焦显微镜检测。【结果】结果显示,与骨架病毒rHN相比,虽然rHN~(V3174Y)和rHN~(D3173N+V3174E+N3179C)对BHK-21细胞的感染性及其蚀斑表型和复制动力学无显著性差异;但rHN~(V3174Y)和rHN~(D3173N+V3174E+N3179C)对乳鼠的致病力明显减弱,且均获得了小窝蛋白介导侵染CHO-K1细胞的能力。【结论】VP3上第3174位特征性氨基酸突变影响O型口蹄疫病毒感染宿主细胞的毒力及其内吞作用路径,这有助于我们认知VP3 G–H环在口蹄疫病毒粒子立体空间构象中潜在的作用。     

牛布鲁氏菌A19突变株的构建及在BALB/c鼠中的免疫保护评估北大核心CSCD

【目的】构建牛布鲁氏菌A19-ΔVirB12突变株并免疫BALB/c鼠,初步评估了其免疫保护效果。【方法】应用PCR方法扩增A19疫苗株VirB12基因的上下游同源臂序列,构建重组质粒pBK-CMV-SacBVirB12,将该质粒电击转化至布鲁氏菌A19感受态细胞中,筛选得到布鲁氏菌疫苗株A19的VirB12基因缺失株。以A19疫苗株为参照,应用A19-ΔVirB12疫苗接种BALB/c小鼠,免疫45d后布鲁氏菌2308强毒株攻毒,攻毒15d后取BALB/c鼠的脾脏进行克脾指数测定和病理组织学检测。Western-blotting鉴定VirB12蛋白的免疫反应性。【结果】构建了牛布鲁氏菌A19-ΔVirB12突变株,小鼠免疫攻毒后15d,A19-ΔVirB12免疫组和A19免疫组的克脾指数与对照组之间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。A19免疫组与A19-ΔVirB12免疫组之间克脾指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。Western blotting实验表明VirB12蛋白具有免疫反应性。【结论】牛布鲁氏菌A19-ΔVirB12突变株与亲本株A19免疫保护性无明显差异,通过血清学方法可区分疫苗免疫与野生型牛种布鲁氏菌(Brucella abortus)感染动物,具备作为标记疫苗的潜力。     

利用Rde/ET技术构建表达H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的重组火鸡疱疹病毒

【目的】本研究以火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT） BAC分子克隆为平台,构建表达禽流感HA基因的重组火鸡疱疹病毒,以开发新型病毒活载体疫苗。【方法】利用Red/ET重组技术,经过两步法重组：第一步,用两端带有50 bp大小左、右同源臂a和b的选择标记基因rpsL-neo表达盒替换HVT基因组US2区;第二步,用两端带有同样的50 bp左、右同源臂a和b的HA基因表达盒替换选择标记基因rpsL-neo表达盒。在含有氯霉素和链霉素双抗性的平板上筛选阳性克隆,经卡那霉素抗性反向筛选和PCR进一步鉴定,鉴定正确的克隆命名为pHVT-HA。提取并纯化pHVT-HA DNA,转染原代鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）,以完成重组病毒的拯救。【结果】命名为pHVT-HA3的BAC克隆转染CEF后第4天,出现病毒噬斑,噬斑形态与野生型HVT相似,获得拯救的重组病毒,命名为rHVT-HA3,将重组病毒rHVT-HA3在CEF上连续传代培养,经PCR和间接免疫荧光检测表明,重组病毒在连续传代过程中仍能稳定表达HA蛋白。【结论】本研究以HVT BAC为平台,利用Red/ET重组技术,构建了表达禽流感A/Goose/Guangdong/3/96(H5N1) 毒株的血凝素（HA）基因的重组火鸡疱疹病毒,为新型禽流感重组活载体疫苗开发奠定基础。     

蓝舌病病毒基因节段2与6的重配导致病毒血清型与增殖特性的改变

【背景】蓝舌病病毒(Bluetongue Virus,BTV)是一种侵染反刍动物的虫媒病毒,基因重配可引起病毒的快速变异。【目的】通过我国强致病性BTV-16型毒株与弱致病性BTV-4型毒株间Seg-2与Seg-6基因节段的重配,探讨病毒基因重配与表型变异之间的关系。【方法】采用全长cDNA扩增与高通量测序获取BTV-16/V158的全基因组序列,构建病毒的真核表达质粒,通过免疫荧光与WesternBlot检测目的蛋白表达;通过RT-PCR、体外转录与细胞转染等方法建立BTV反向遗传体系并获取基因重配病毒;通过蚀斑分析、增殖曲线分析与血清中和试验,比较亲本毒株与基因重配病毒在生物学特性上的差异。【结果】获取的BTV-16/V158毒株基因组大小为19 186 bp,与中国和印度BTV-16型毒株具有最近的亲缘关系;将表达BTV VP1、VP3与NS2的真核表达质粒转染细胞,检测到目的蛋白的表达;将BTV的7种真核表达质粒与基因组ssRNA共转染BHK-21细胞,成功拯救出与亲本毒株生物学特性一致的病毒;将BTV-16/V158毒株的Seg-2与Seg-6替换为BTV-4/YTS4毒株的对应基因节段,拯救出基因重配病毒BTV-16/V158-RG (BTV-4/S2,S6);与亲本病毒相比较,基因重配病毒在BHK-21细胞上形成的蚀斑变小,增殖能力减弱,血清型由BTV-16型转化为BTV-4型。【结论】建立了我国流行BTV-16型毒株的反向遗传体系,BTVSeg-2与Seg-6的基因重配可引起病毒在细胞上增殖能力的改变与血清型改变。研究结果为BTV基因重配致病毒变异与新型基因工程疫苗的研究提供了基础。     

含RGD受体结合位点口蹄疫病毒Asia1/JS/China/2005株的拯救及初步鉴定

摘要：【目的】构建含有RGD受体结合位点口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）Asia1/JS/China/2005株的全长感染性cDNA克隆。【方法】采用定点突变方法,构建Asia1型FMDV含有预期突变的全长cDNA克隆pFMDV-RGD。pFMDV-RGD重组质粒经NotI线化后,与表达T7 RNA聚合酶的真核质粒pcDNAT7P共转染BHK-21细胞,进行FMDV-RGD病毒拯救。【结果】序列测定结果表明成功构建了FMDV含有RGD受体位点的Asia1/JS/China/2005全长cDNA克隆。共转染实验获得拯救病毒,对拯救的病毒分别进行序列测定、间接免疫荧光、电子显微镜观察和乳鼠致病性分析,表明成功拯救了含有RGD受体结合位点的Asia1/JS/China/2005株FMDV。【结论】该实验为进一步研究含有RGD和RDD受体结合位点2个拯救病毒生物学特性的差异奠定了基础。     

脑心肌炎病毒VPl蛋白100位氨基酸的突变导致其对小鼠致病性的改变

作为脑心肌炎病毒（EMCV）的天然宿主,感染小鼠能引发多种疾病,其中包括脑炎、心肌炎及糖尿病．本研究利用之前构建完成的EMCV分离毒株BJC3的野生型感染性克隆,采用定点突变方法构建了4个VPl第100位氨基酸突变的突变株感染性克隆（VPt第100位氨基酸分别突变为丝氨酸、丙氨酸、异亮氨酸和脯氨酸）并获得了拯救病毒．虽然各突变病毒及野生型亲本拯救病毒在BHK-21细胞上形成的噬斑大小有所不同,但各病毒在BHK-21细胞上的复制水平未见差异．通过对突变病毒致病性进行系统分析,探究了VPl第100位氨基酸在病毒致病性及感染后疾病表型中所起的重要作用．结果表明,异亮氨酸和脯氨酸突变病毒对小鼠的致死率降低,脑中病毒载量减少且脑组织损伤轻微,而丝氨酸和丙氨酸突变病毒表现了与野生型亲本病毒相似的高致病性．结果证实,EMCVVPl第100位苏氨酸在病毒的体内复制中起重要作用,其突变会导致病毒对小鼠致病性的改变．     

携带TAP标签的重组甲型流感病毒的构建与鉴定

【目的】将TAP标签构建到WSN病毒基因组上,得到含有TAP标签的重组流感病毒,以便进行后续的病毒追踪。【方法】利用反向遗传学技术,对甲型流感病毒A/WSN/33(H1N1)的PA片段进行改造来插入TAP(tandemaffinitypurification)标签序列。通过病毒拯救得到表达外源标签TAP的重组流感病毒WSNPA-TAP,并对拯救出的重组病毒进行生物学鉴定。【结果】成功拯救出重组流感病毒并命名为WSN PA-TAP。重组病毒基因组测序表明重组病毒的序列正确,利用RNA银染技术观察到重组病毒的全基因组片段。重组流感病毒WSN PA-TAP在MDCK细胞上测定生长曲线,发现该重组病毒的复制能力比野生型WSN弱;Westernblotting检测到PA-TAP融合蛋白的表达,其分子质量为96 kDa。【结论】成功拯救出能够表达外源标签TAP的重组流感病毒WSN PA-TAP,为筛选与甲型流感病毒聚合酶有关的宿主蛋白的研究提供了新思路,同时也为以甲型流感病毒为载体携带外源基因的探索提供了重要依据。     

Identification of T-cell epitopes in nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Porcine T-cell recognition of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural proteins (NSP) was tested using in vitro lymphoproliferative responses. Lymphocytes were obtained from outbred pigs experimentally infected with FMDV. Of the different NSP, polypeptides 3A, 3B, and 3C gave the highest stimulations in the in vitro assays. The use of overlapping synthetic peptides allowed the identification of amino acid regions within these proteins that were efficiently recognized by the lymphocytes. The sequences of some of these antigenic peptides were highly conserved among different FMDV serotypes. They elicited major histocompatibility complex-restricted responses with lymphocytes from pigs infected with either a type C virus or reinfected with a heterologous FMDV. A tandem peptide containing the T-cell peptide 3A[21-35] and the B-cell antigenic site VP1[137-156] also efficiently stimulated lymphocytes from infected animals in vitro. Furthermore, this tandem peptide elicited significant levels of serotype-specific antiviral activity, a result consistent with the induction of anti-FMDV antibodies. Thus, inclusion in the peptide formulation of a T-cell epitope derived from the NSP 3A possessing the capacity to induce T helper activity can allow cooperative induction of anti-FMDV antibodies by B cells.     

Development of novel strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: Marker vaccines and antivirals

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is economically the most important viral-induced livestock disease worldwide. The disease is highly contagious and FMD virus (FMDV) replicates and spreads extremely rapidly. Outbreaks in previously FMD-free countries, including Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and Uruguay, and the potential use of FMDV by terrorist groups have demonstrated the vulnerability of countries and the need to develop control strategies that can rapidly inhibit or limit disease spread. The current vaccine, an inactivated whole virus preparation, has a number of limitations for use in outbreaks in disease-free countries. We have developed an alternative approach using a genetically engineered FMD subunit vaccine that only contains the portions of the viral genome required for virus capsid assembly and lacks the coding region for most of the viral nonstructural (NS) proteins including the highly immunogenic 3D protein. Thus, animals inoculated with this marker vaccine can readily be differentiated from infected animals using diagnostic assays employing the NS proteins not present in the vaccine and production of this vaccine, which does not contain infectious FMDV, does not require expensive high-containment manufacturing facilities. One inoculation of this subunit vaccine delivered in a replication-defective human adenovirus vector can induce rapid, within 7 days, and relatively long-lasting protection in swine. Similarly cattle inoculated with one dose of this recombinant vector are rapidly protected from direct and contact exposure to virulent virus. Furthermore, cattle given two doses of this vaccine developed high levels of FMDV-specific neutralizing antibodies, but did not develop antibodies against viral NS proteins demonstrating the ability of FMD subunit vaccinated animals to be differentiated from infected animals. To stimulate early protection prior to the vaccine-induced adaptive immune response we inoculated swine with the antiviral agent, type I interferon, and induced complete protection within 1 day. Protection can last for 3-5 days. The combination of the FMD marker vaccine and type I interferon can induce immediate, within 1 day, and long-lasting protection against FMD. Thus, this combination approach successfully addresses a number of concerns of FMD-free countries with the current disease control plan. By rapidly limiting virus replication and spread this strategy may reduce the number of animals that need to be slaughtered during an outbreak.     

三种大肠杆菌表达的口蹄疫病毒A型多表位蛋白对猪的免疫原性比较

【目的】研制猪口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)A型多表位蛋白疫苗,为猪FMDV A型的防控提供安全有效的疫苗。【方法】根据前期试验结果及国内外FMDVA型流行病学信息,设计并合成了3种多表位免疫原基因A10、IA10和FA10。在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,表达蛋白纯化复性后,制苗免疫猪。分别于免疫前和免疫后14和28d采血分离血清,用液相阻断ELISA(LPB-ELISA)方法检测血清IgG抗体滴度。免疫28d后用FMDV强毒攻毒,以评估免疫保护效果。【结果】SDS-PAGE和Western blotting结果证实A10、IA10和FA10三种蛋白均获得表达,分子量分别为35、57和64 kDa,与预测蛋白大小一致,且能被FMDV感染阳性血清所识别。LPB-ELISA结果表明,A10+201免疫组IgG滴度低于灭活疫苗组,但高于其他免疫组。攻毒后A10+201免疫组和灭活疫苗免疫组全部猪(5/5)获得保护,IA10+201和FA10+201免疫组80%(4/5)猪保护,A10和FA10免疫组只有20%(1/5)猪保护,而PBS+201组所有猪均未保护。【结论】A10+201免疫保护效果较好,可作为候选疫苗进行进一步评价。     

基于转录组分析的染色体大片段缺失及其对井冈霉素高产菌株的影响

【目的】测试大片段删减低转录区域对菌体生长和井冈霉素产量的影响。【方法】通过转录组分析,选择染色体上连续的基因低转录区域进行大片段缺失,通过Cre-loxP位点特异性重组得到1.2 Mb片段缺失突变株LCY-4。HPLC检测缺失株井冈霉素产量的变化,并测定干重绘制生长曲线。【结果】通过转录组分析,我们在井冈霉素高产菌株TL01染色体左侧末端发现了1.9 Mb的连续基因低转录区,使用Cre-loxP系统对其中的1.2 Mb区域进行大片段缺失,成功得到了1.2 Mb缺失突变株LCY-4。和出发菌株TL01相比,缺失突变株LCY-4中井冈霉素发酵产量基本保持不变,生物量有显著提高,最高增幅达到44%。【结论】1.2 Mb区域的成功缺失,意味着基于转录组分析寻找连续的基因低转录区域并加以缺失的策略的可行性。1.2 Mb片段缺失对菌体生物量积累具有明显促进作用,为后续将其开发成氨基环醇类药物异源表达的通用高产宿主奠定了基础。     

Influence of an additional amino group on the potency of aminoadamantanes against influenza virus A. II - Synthesis of spiropiperazines and in vitro activity against influenza A H3N2 virus

Spiro[piperidine-2,2′-adamantane] 4 is one of the most potent synthetic anti-influenza A aminoadamantanes or other cage structure amines tested so far. Based on previous results Tataridis et al. (2007) [5h] which demonstrate the boost of in vitro potency by the presence of an additional amino group, we examined whether the incorporation of a second amino group into this heterocycle would increase the anti-influenza A virus activity. The new synthetic molecules 5–7 are capable of forming two hydrogen bonds within the receptor. We identified the diamino derivatives 5 and 6, which are active against influenza A H3N2 virus although less potent than amantadine and its equipotent spiropiperidine 4.     

A Safe Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Platform with Two Negative Markers for Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals

Vaccination of domestic animals with chemically inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is widely practiced to control FMD. Currently, FMD vaccine manufacturing requires the growth of large volumes of virulent FMDV in biocontainment-level facilities. Here, two marker FMDV vaccine candidates (A₂₄LL3D_YR and A₂₄LL3B_PVKV3D_YR) featuring the deletion of the leader coding region (L^pro) and one of the 3B proteins were constructed and evaluated. These vaccine candidates also contain either one or two sets of mutations to create negative antigenic markers in the 3D polymerase (3D^pol) and 3B nonstructural proteins. Two mutations in 3D^pol, H₂₇Y and N₃₁R, as well as RQKP_9-12→PVKV substitutions, in 3B₂ abolish reactivity with monoclonal antibodies targeting the respective sequences in 3D^pol and 3B. Infectious cDNA clones encoding the marker viruses also contain unique restriction endonuclease sites flanking the capsid-coding region that allow for easy derivation of custom designed vaccine candidates. In contrast to the parental A₂₄WT virus, single A₂₄LL3D_YR and double A₂₄LL3B_PVKV3D_YR mutant viruses were markedly attenuated upon inoculation of cattle using the natural aerosol or direct tongue inoculation. Likewise, pigs inoculated with live A₂₄LL3D_YR virus in the heel bulbs showed no clinical signs of disease, no fever, and no FMD transmission to in-contact animals. Immunization of cattle with chemically inactivated A₂₄LL3D_YR and A₂₄LL3B_PVKV3D_YR vaccines provided 100% protection from challenge with parental wild-type virus. These attenuated, antigenically marked viruses provide a safe alternative to virulent strains for FMD vaccine manufacturing. In addition, a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay targeted to the negative markers provides a suitable companion test for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.