野生唐鱼在广东的再发现

唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes Lin)又称白云金丝、白云山鱼,是我国特有的国家二级保护野生动物,在发现时个体数量已属稀少;近代仅分布于广州白云山及附近的山溪中;近20年来,无野外发现该种的报道,被认为野生种群已经灭绝。作者在2003年9月在广州的山溪中发现了该种的野生种群,并对该野生种群的形态、食性、生境、生长和繁殖做了初步研究,分析了致危因素,提出了保育措施。     

唐鱼野生种群在海南岛的新发现及其生态资料(英文）

于2007年在海南岛发现了国家II级重点保护动物唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes Lin)的野生种群,属种均为海南新记录。该属全球只有两种,种与种群间都呈间断分布,对研究鲤科鱼类的系统发育及古地理等均有重要的科研价值。由于早年过度采集作观赏鱼,加上珠三角地区的急速都市化发展,唐鱼曾被认为是野外已灭绝种。近年被重新发现后,迄今只知分布于广东省珠三角地区零散地点和越南广宁省下龙湾附近。海南岛是这个珍稀种首次在亚洲大陆以外被发现的地点,亦是唐鱼野生种群已知纬度最低的分布点。发现海南唐鱼的地点是一条低地小河,水质清澈,水流缓慢,水生植物茂盛,与广东省报道的唐鱼生境类似。发现海南种群的小河鱼类丰富,至今记录有共生鱼类20种,包括大量掠食性物种,但唐鱼是该地的优势种之一。在不同月份都可以发现体长10 mm以下的仔鱼,显示海南岛的唐鱼无明显的繁殖季节。海南岛跟亚洲大陆隔离历史长,其唐鱼与亚洲大陆种群在形态、分子水平上是否存在明显差异,不同种群间的系统发育关系如何,海南唐鱼的保护重要性是否更为突出,是目前正在研究的课题。     

唐鱼野生种群在海南岛的新发现及其生态资料

于2007年在海南岛发现了国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物唐(Tanichthys albonubes Lin) 群,属种均为海南新记录.该属全球只有两种,种与种群间都呈间断分布,对研究鲤科鱼类的系统发育及古地理等均有重要的科研价值.由于早年过度采集作观赏鱼,加上珠三角地区的急速都市化发展,唐鱼曾被认为是野外已灭绝种.近年被重新发现后,迄今只知分布于广东省珠三角地区零散地点和越南广宁省下龙湾附近.海南岛足这个珍稀种首次在亚洲大陆以外被发现的地点,亦是唐鱼野生种群已知纬度最低的分布点.发现海南唐鱼的地点是一条低地小河,水质清澈,水流缓慢,水生植物茂盛,与广东省报道的唐鱼生境类似.发现海南种群的小河鱼类丰富,全今记录有共生鱼类20种,包括大量掠食性物种,但唐鱼足该地的优势种之一.在不同月份都可以发现体长10mm以下的仔鱼,显示海南岛的唐鱼无明显的繁殖季节.海南岛跟亚洲大陆隔离历史长,其唐鱼与亚洲大陆种群在形态、分子水平上是否存在明显差异,不同种群问的系统发育关系如何,海南唐鱼的保护重要性是否更为突出,是目前正在研究的课题.     

Developmental morphology of the cyprinid fish Tanichthys albonubes

Embryonic, larval, and juvenile development of a small cyprinid species, Tanichthys albonubes, is described from laboratory-reared specimens. The eggs, measuring 1.0–1.2 mm in diameter, were demersal, almost spherical in shape, transparent and unpigmented, with a pale yolk without oil globules. Hatching occurred 45–53 h after fertilization at 25.5°–26.9°C. The newly hatched larvae, measuring 2.2–2.6 mm in body length (BL), had melanophores on the head and body. In particular, a dark vertical streak occurring posterior to the otic capsule and melanophores above the eyes were distinctive. The yolk was completely absorbed at 3.4 mm BL. Notochord flexion was initiated at 5.0 mm BL and finished at 6.0 mm BL. Aggregate numbers of all fin rays were completed at 11 mm BL. Squamation was initiated at 8.4 mm BL and completed at 13 mm BL. Although the eggs of T. albonubes resembled those of other small danionin species, including Aphyocypris chinensis, Chela dadiburjori, Danio rerio, Devario malabaricus, Gobiocypris rarus, Hemigrammocypris rasborella, and Horadandia atukorali, they differed from those of A. chinensis, C. dadiburjori, G. rarus, and Horadandia atukorali in having a wider perivitelline space. The larvae and juveniles of T. albonubes were similar to those of the aforementioned seven species plus Danio albolineatus, Danio kerri, and Devario sp. (cf. D. aequipinnatus) in general morphology. However, the early life stage morphology of T. albonubes differed from them in having a dark vertical streak posterior to the otic capsule and melanophores above the eyes in the yolk sac larval stage, and a dark lateral streak with an unpigmented area just above the former on the body, a dark blotch on the caudal fin, and reddish dorsal, anal, and caudal fins during the postflexion larval and juvenile stages.     

Effects of Ration on Growth and Reproductive Investment from Larva to Sexual Maturity in the Female Cyprinid Minnow,Tanichthys albonubes

Somatic growth and reproductive investment in female Tanichthys albonubes (Cyprinidae) individually cultured at the laboratory from larva to sexual maturity were examined under low, medium, and satiation food rations. All the 72‐day post‐hatch fish reached sexual maturity under all rations. The standard length, wet body mass, dry ovarian mass, dry liver mass, condition factor, energy content, and number of vitellogenic oocytes were all increased with ration levels. However, food conversion efficiency decreased with ration. There were no significant differences in total number of oocytes per female between rations. The species is a continuous batch‐spawner. The size‐frequency distributions of oocyte diameters showed a continuous pattern, ranging from 0.03 to 0.70 mm, at different rations. The proportion of energy intake allocated to growth decreased with ration levels. Only 3.29–4.60% of energy intake was stored in the ovary. These biological and energetic characteristics allow this fish to reach first maturity with low food intake, although it produced fewer vitellogenic oocytes at lower rations. This property enables T. albonubes survive in its native habitats where food is not only scarce, but also variable temporally and spatially. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The fish fauna of mountain streams in the Guanshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi, China

Guanshan National Nature Reserve (GNNR) is located in the middle reach of the Jiuling Mountain Range in the southern China and the first national nature reserve within Jiangxi Province. The fish fauna of mountain streams in the GNNR was investigated from September 2006 to August 2007. A total of 379 fish were collected and classified into two families and seven species. Acrossocheilus parallens [relative abundance (RA) 44.3%] was the most abundant fish species. Subdominant species were Onychostoma barbata (RA, 20.3%), Zacco platypus (RA, 14.2%) and Opsariichthys bidens (RA, 12.4%).A greater number of species (7 vs. 2) and individuals (295 vs. 84) were collected from the West Stream compared to the East Stream. Among the seven fish species collected in the GNNR, Acrossocheilus parallens, Onychostoma barbata and Vanmanenia stenosoma are endemic to the Chinese mountain streams. This study suggests that mountain streams in the nation reserves including GNNR are very important for freshwater fish diversity and conservation in Jiangxi Province.     

香果树属——秦岭北坡茜草科一新分布属

香果树一直被认为是中国亚热带中山或低山地区的落叶阔叶林或常绿、落叶混交林中的伴生树种,作者于2010～2011年在陕西周至秦岭北坡进行植物资源调查时,首次发现其野生种群分布,在暖温带的秦岭北坡发现香果树属植物——香果树,将中国该种自然分布区的纬度向北推移了0.5°。     

中国大陆菊科二新归化植物

报道了中国菊科2新归化植物:短舌花金钮扣(Acmella brachyglossa Cass.)和粉黄缨绒花(Emilia praetermissa Milne-Redh.)。短舌花金钮扣原产美洲中部和南部以及加勒比海,我国台湾有逸生,最近在广州黄埔区发现1归化居群,而此前浙江象山县报道的本种新记录实为白花金钮扣[A. radicans var. debilis (Kunth) R. K. Jansen]的错误鉴定。粉黄缨绒花原产于西非,我国台湾有逸生,最近在广州市和鹤山市发现了大量的归化居群,而且生长旺盛并排斥其他草本植物,具有明显的入侵性,应引起相关部门的重视。凭证标本保存在中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)。     

广西鱼类一新纪录:唐鱼(鲤形目:鲤科)

于2008年在广西一山涧小溪发现了国家Ⅱ级保护野生动物唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)种群,属、种均为广西新纪录.与广东从化野生唐鱼比较,广西唐鱼背鳍、腹鳍和臀鳍有明显黑色斑纹,尾柄较高,广西唐鱼种群在可量性状主成分分析上与广东从化唐鱼野生种群可以明显区分开来.我们还对唐鱼栖息地生境与环境进行了调查,栖...     

木莲(Manglietia fordiana)的适生分布、影响因子与保护空缺研究

生境保护是维持生物多样性的基本途径，南方山地阔叶林维系着当地的生物多样性热点，而由于保护覆盖不足，保护效果亟待提高。以典型山地阔叶林树种木莲（Manglietia fordiana）为例，通过大尺度采集发生点，预测适生分布，获知影响其适生分布的关键因子。同时，以九连山种群进行案例研究，调查地方尺度下木莲植株的发生，了解其在山地地形、植被类型的选择特征。用MaxEnt构建最佳模型预测适生区，结果显示木莲适生区主体位于中国南部、西南部山地（如戴云山、南岭、罗霄山、武夷山等），向北延至大别山南坡，向西达横断山脉。木莲适生分布主要受最干月降水量（bio14，贡献率34.6%）、海拔高度（19.2%）、温度季节性变化标准差（bio4，15.6%）、最暖季降水量（bio18，12.0%）、最冷月最低温度（bio6，7.0%）影响，其60%适生概率范围或生态位bio14为30-55mm、海拔为400-1500m、bio18为500-800mm等。在适生区基础上，叠加考虑阔叶林分布，并选择其偏好海拔高度（>700m）提取获得木莲优先保护区，经与现有自然保护区叠加分析后，进行空缺识别，结果显示优先区保护覆盖为4.1%-6.0%，而高适生区保护覆盖也<10%（占比8.03%），覆盖比重较低。而沿<400m、400-700m、>700m海拔梯度显示>700m区域保护比重（8.7%）明显高于400-700m （4.4%）与<400（2.3%）组，说明前期保护区设计基本遵从优先区保护原则，能有效保护木莲高适生区。同样的，九连山保护区案例显示，当地木莲51.4%高适宜生境受到核心区的严格保护。研究结果表明，仍需在黄山-天目山区、苗岭东段、高黎贡山北段与南段、中越边界山区与广东西南山区6个空缺提高保护覆盖，通过建立新的自然保护区，优化当前保护网络，提高山地阔叶林的整体保护水平。     

丽水白云山种子植物区系的研究

白云山位于浙江省丽水市境内, 自然植被保存完好, 植物种类丰富, 据统计共有野生种子植物117 科、421 属、831 种。其中10 种以上的科有21 个, 498 种, 233 属, 构成了白云山植物区系的主体。本区系历史起源古老, 区域单型属与寡种属共计405 个, 占属总数的96.2%;我国特有分布贫乏, 珍稀濒危植物丰富;地理成分复杂, 可划分为14 个分布区类型13 个变型, 泛热带成分丰富, 温带成分优势明显, 属亚热带向暖温带过渡的地带。     

中国仙人掌科一新归化种——匍地仙人掌

在进行多肉植物资源调查时,在我国山东省发现一仙人掌科仙人掌属新记录种——匍地仙人掌 [Opuntia humifusa(Raf.)Raf.]。该种具有独特的匍匐生长习性,叶状茎深绿色,无白霜,无针状刺,花黄色,与国内分布的仙人掌属其他物种区别明显。匍地仙人掌原产于北美洲,是仙人掌科为数不多的耐寒种类之一,现归化于中国山东省日照市五莲县,系目前发现的在我国野外分布最北的仙人掌科植物。该种可能于20世纪50年代在国家推广中药材时期引入种植,人类活动致使其种群逐渐扩散。同时,对匍地仙人掌与江苏报道的二色仙人掌之间的分类学问题进行了论述,并对将来匍地仙人掌在我国暖温带地区合理的开发利用进行了展望。     

春天麻，中国大陆天麻属一新记录种

报道了在广西姑婆山自治区级自然保护区发现的中国大陆兰科(Orchidaceae)天麻属(Gastrodia R. Br.)一新记录种春天麻(G. fontinalis T. P. Lin)。该种花期植株高可达17.0 cm,果期植株高达85.0 cm,有花1～7朵,花被筒钟形,长约2.1 cm,基部略膨大,唇盘具6～8条脊,中间2条延伸至舌状先端。提供了春天麻的形态描述和彩色图版,并讨论了该发现的生物地理学意义。     

Ecological evaluation of local extinction: the case of two genera of endemic Mexican fish, Zoogoneticus and Skiffia

The Goodeidae is a family of endemic fish from central Mexico. Populations of several species are declining in the wild and two have been reported extinct; Skiffia francesae and Zoogoneticus tequila. Both species were native to just one locality in the Ameca basin. It is difficult to infer the causes of extinction, since limnological data from Teuchitlán prior to the extinction events are not available, and there are no replicate populations. As an alternative approach, we explored the potential links between key environmental variables and events of local extinction of any species in the two genera (four Skiffia spp. and two Zoogoneticus spp.). In 14 localities known to harbour populations of fish of at least one of the six focal species, we conducted limnological surveys in the rainy and in the dry season, and quantified population densities of endemic and introduced fish. In addition, we quantified the concentration of agricultural pollutants in water and mud samples taken from every locality in the dry season. We found that all the focal species face some conservation threat, but we also discovered an extremely small population of the reputedly extinct Zoogoneticus tequila; in contrast, Skiffia francesae was not found. Eutrophication and habitat fragmentation appear to be the main threats to the focal species, with habitat fragmentation exponentially reducing population size and driving populations into refuges where they face stochastic extinction.     

中国鸢尾兰属(兰科)植物二新记录种

该文报道了兰科(Orchidaceae)鸢尾兰属(Oberonia Lindl.)2个中国新记录种,即心唇鸢尾兰(O. orbicularis Hooker f.)和凭祥鸢尾兰(O. delacourii Gagnep.)。其中,心唇鸢尾兰(O. orbicularis)与国内分布的全唇鸢尾兰(O. integerrima)和扁葶鸢尾兰(O. pachyrachis)均较为相似,但该种花葶中下部两侧具狭翅,不与叶合生,唇瓣边缘具明显的啮蚀状齿或细流苏状,先端中部具明显凹缺,可明显区别。心唇鸢尾兰(O. orbicularis)于2013年首次发现于云南省勐腊县,为中国新记录种。凭祥鸢尾兰(O. delacourii)与剑叶鸢尾兰(O. ensiformis)最为相近,但前者唇瓣中裂片先端小裂片近方形,小裂片先端边缘具流苏状齿,可明显区别于后者。凭祥鸢尾兰自1929年发表以来,除模式产地老挝外,至今未见新分布点的报道,为中国新记录种。文中提供了两个新记录种的形态特征描述,凭证标本存放于中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)。     

中国囊萼花属一新记录种——茎花囊萼花

首次报道了囊萼花属(Cyrtandromoea Zoll.)的1个中国新记录种——茎花囊萼花(Cyrtandromoea grandis Ridl.),该种原记载产于泰国、马来半岛和苏门答腊岛,2019年在中国云南省勐海县布朗山地区发现有分布。茎花囊萼花与囊萼花(Cyrtandromoea grandiflora C.B.Clarke)最为相似,但前者聚伞花序生于老茎上,每一花序3～18朵花,二者容易区别。     

云南鸡脚连(小檗科)的变异式样

小檗属鸡脚连(Berberis paraspecta Ahrendt)自1961 年发表以来,已有分类学文献对该种的描述一直模糊不清。通过在云南省玉龙县玉龙雪山野外调查与居群取样,结合模式标本核查,对鸡脚连重要分类学性状特征进行了补充和订正。鸡脚连果实1~5 个簇生,平均为(2.23±1.18)个;幼果或子房内胚珠1~3 个,平均为(2.07±0.29)个;成熟果实紫黑色,无粉霜,种子1~3 个,平均为(1.77±0.44)个。研究结果表明,有关文献关于鸡脚连果实单生,且仅含1 粒种子等关键的特征描述,在鸡脚连野生居群及模式标本上都不存在, 同时分析了鸡脚连果实、种子及胚珠数目、叶片及叶刺等分类学性状特征的变异系数,并补充了活植物及模式标本的图片资料。     

越南冷水花属(荨麻科)一新记录种

报道了越南荨麻科(Urticaceae)冷水花属(Pilea Lindl.)一新记录种——基心叶冷水花(P.basicordata W.T.Wang ex C.J.Chen)。该种在越南Pu Hu自然保护区发现,与产自越南北部的P.balansae Gagnep.相似,主要区别在于其雄花序聚伞圆锥状,托叶大,叶先端渐尖或短尾状渐尖。     

珠三角地区几种耐荫耐旱乡土地被植物的园林应用

通过在珠三角地区的广州白云山、肇庆鼎湖山、深圳梧桐山、惠州南昆山、东莞银屏山、东莞水濂山等6处选取样方进行实地调查,并采用线性加权综合法数学模型对珠三角地区野生地被植物作综合评价。结果表明,依据植物的生活型、生境、高度等特性初步确定该地区乡土地被植物70种,重点推荐紫金牛Ardisia japonica、东方紫金牛Ardisia squamulosa、马蓝Strobilanthes cusia等8种乡土耐荫耐旱地被,其在东莞植物园的配置应用实践中,均表现出极好的耐荫性和耐旱性,且扩繁较易。     

浙江省大雷山刺齿虫兆属一新种描述（弹尾纲：长角虫兆科）

记述浙江省大雷山刺齿虫兆属 1 新种,张氏刺齿虫兆Homidia zhangi sp. nov., 该种鉴别特征有体色,光滑下唇毛 L1,腹部第 4 节后侧中间 3+3 根大刚毛及长度相近的特化毛,腹部第 1 节和第 5 节特化毛的相对位置以及腹管侧瓣和弹器端区的大量纤毛状刚毛。模式标本保存于南京大学生命科学学院和台州学院生命科学学院。