我院2008-2011年抗菌药物使用量与铜绿假单胞菌耐药相关性的研究

目的:探讨2008-2011年我院抗菌药物使用与铜绿假单胞菌(PA)耐药水平变化之间的关系.方法:计算10种抗菌药物平均每日每百张床住所消耗的限定日剂量(DDD)及同期PA的耐药率,并对抗菌药物用量与耐药率进行相关性分析.结果:发现头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及左氧氟沙星DDD分别与铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟耐药率的相关性有统计学意义,其它组数据无统计学意义.结论:呼吸病区左氧氟沙星及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦DDD的使用量与PA耐药率相关.     

神经内外科院内泌尿道感染病原菌分布及耐药性比较

目的研究我院神经内外科院内泌尿道感染的菌群分布和药敏情况,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2005年6月神经内外科院内泌尿道感染的菌群分布、药敏情况及易感因素。结果神经内科和神经外科均以革兰阳性菌感染为主,分别占48.59%、40.19%,而阳性菌中又以肠球菌为主;神经外科院内泌尿道真菌的院内感染比例(21.39%)明显高于神经内科(14.06%)(P<0.05)。药敏结果显示:神经内外科大肠埃希菌较敏感的抗菌药物为头孢替坦、亚胺培南等。检出肠球菌125株,除对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感以外,对其他抗菌药物均有较高的耐药。结论神经内外科院内泌尿道感染病原菌正发生变迁,以阳性菌为主,抗菌药物的使用不同可能是造成神经内外科菌群分布不同的重要原因。     

大肠埃希菌耐药与抗菌药物使用量的相关性研究

目的探讨大肠埃希菌的耐药率与多种抗菌药物使用量之间的相关关系。方法计算主要抗菌药物每百床日的用药频度（DDDs）,以及温州医学院附属第一医院院内感染大肠埃希菌的耐药率,并采用多元线性回归的方法进行分析。结果大肠埃希菌对头孢他啶的耐药率与头孢哌酮和头孢克罗的用量呈负相关,与头孢他啶的用量呈正相关;对庆大霉素的耐药率与头孢他啶、哌拉西林的用量里负相关;对亚胺培南的耐药率与哌拉西林用量呈正相关,与季度呈负相关;对复方新诺明的耐药率与阿米卡星用量呈正相关;对呋喃妥因的耐药率与头孢他啶、去甲万古霉素用量呈负相关。结论在大肠埃希菌耐药水平和抗菌药物使用量之间存在相关关系。     

ICU患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性监测

目的了解华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院ICU患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及细菌耐药性特征,指导临床合理、科学地使用抗菌药物,为有效控制危重患者肺部感染提供依据。方法回顾分析该院2004年1月至2008年12月ICU患者呼吸道感染的病原菌分布情况,并分析其耐药性变化。结果该院ICU患者呼吸道感染病原菌主要为鲍曼不动杆菌(aba)、铜绿假单胞菌(pae)和金葡菌(sau),其中泛耐药菌株有增多趋势。耐苯唑西林金葡菌(MRSA)的检出率在77.5%~100%。药敏数据显示,pae对常用抗菌药物耐药率均较高,在25.5%~95.3%;aba仅对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率低,为12.2%,但中敏率较高,为41.7%,对其他常用抗菌药物耐药率均较高。MRSA对所有的β-内酰胺类抗菌药物均耐药,苯唑西林敏感的金葡菌(MSSA)对青霉素和红霉素耐药率较高,分别为97.1%和47.2%,对其他常用抗菌药物较敏感。结论该院ICU患者呼吸道感染以aba、pae和sau为主,且耐药现象严重,对临床常用抗菌药物有多重耐药现象,临床医生应根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

2006-2009年铜绿假单胞菌医院感染临床分布及耐药性变迁

目的:调查铜绿假单胞菌(PA)4年来临床分布,了解临床分离PA时多种常用抗菌药物耐药谱的动态变迁,比较分析不同感染部位PA的耐药状况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法:应用回顾性调查方法,对临床2006～2009年送检标本中分离的PA药敏试验进行统计分析.结果:队感染以呼吸道为主,主要分布在呼吸科和神经外科等科室;PA对临床常用的抗菌药物中左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的耐药率相对上升较快,分别由2006年的25.8%、16.5%上升至2009年的52.8%、40.1%;对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美洛培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率相对较稳定,且耐药率较低;对部分抗生素的耐药率在2009年有所回落.结论:PA对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美洛培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感性较高,而对其它10种抗菌药物耐药现象严重,临床应根据药敏结果选择单一或联用抗菌药物,可有效控制和减缓细菌耐药性的增长;2009年PA对部分抗生素耐药率下降进一步提示合理用药的重要性.     

铜绿假单胞菌医院感染调查及耐药分析

目的探讨铜绿假单胞菌(PA)医院感染的临床分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物及控制医院感染提供依据。方法 PA的培养与鉴定严格按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行。药敏试验采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)。结果收集的359株PA中,分离率居前3位的临床科室依次为ICU、呼吸内科和神经内科,分别占38.1%、17.5%和13.9%;临床标本中以呼吸道标本分离率最高,占62.7%;PA对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低(9.7%),其次为阿米卡星(13.1%)和头孢他啶(17.8%),另12种抗菌药物的耐药率均较高。结论 PA耐药性已十分严重,临床应根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物并加强对细菌耐药性的全面监测。     

主要医院感染病原菌与社区感染株耐药性比较

目的比较主要医院感染(HAI)病原菌与社区感染(CAI)株的耐药性,指导合理使用抗菌药物。方法收集永康市第一人民医院2003年1月至2006年6月所有标本中分离的主要HAI菌及其CAI株,分别统计其药物敏感试验。采用美国Dade Behring Microscan Walkaway 40全自动细菌鉴定及药敏测试仪及其配套药敏鉴定板测定MIC值。全国医院感染监测网软件和χ2统计分析。结果主要HAI菌为前4种革兰阳性(G )菌依次是金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、溶血葡萄球菌,前5种革兰阴性(G-)菌依次是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌。HAI株耐药率普遍高于CAI株,不同的细菌耐药率各具特点。不论HAI株还是CAI株,G 菌对万古霉素的耐药率最低,G-菌对亚胺培南的耐药率均较低,且两者耐药率差异均无显著性。金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌4种HAI株对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于CAI株,其余5种细菌HAI株仅对少数抗菌药物的耐药率高于CAI株。结论HAI菌株耐药性比CAI菌株强,临床应区分感染性质合理使用抗菌药物,有针对性控制感染,从而减少抗菌药物的滥用和细菌耐药性的产生。     

ICU下呼吸道多重耐药菌医院感染的病原学临床特征及易感因素分析

摘要 目的：研究ICU下呼吸道多重耐药菌医院感染的病原学临床特征及易感因素。方法：选择2020年1月到2022年12月于我院ICU住院治疗的216例下呼吸道感染者,按照是否发生多重耐药菌感染分为研究组113例,对照组103例。分析两组患者感染相关因素的数量分布情况,通过Logistic回归分析多重耐药菌医院感染的危险因素。采用全自动细菌鉴定仪对菌种进行鉴定,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,并分析多重耐药菌感染的病原学分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。结果：（1）与对照组相比,研究组患者感染相关因素的分布率更高;（2）住院时间>3个月、使用糖皮质激素治疗、应用机械通气治疗、其他细菌感染、血红蛋白含量<100 g/L、抗菌药物使用时间>15 d、抗菌药物使用种类>4种、使用免疫抑制剂是ICU下呼吸道多重耐药菌感染的危险因素;（3）113例研究组共培养出细菌菌株93株,其中革兰氏阴性菌52株（55.91%）,革兰氏阳性菌25株（26.88%）,革兰氏阴性菌中较多的是铜绿假单胞菌（22株）、鲍曼不动杆菌（13株）、肺炎克雷伯菌（12株）;革兰氏阳性菌中最多的是肺炎链球菌（11株）和金黄色葡萄球菌（11株）;（4）耐药情况：铜绿假单胞菌对莫西沙星耐药率较低（15.83%）,肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率较低（17.56%）,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低（16.37%）,金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌对万古霉素无耐药性。结论：住院时间>3个月、使用糖皮质激素治疗、应用机械通气治疗、其他细菌感染、血红蛋白含量<100 g/L、抗菌药物使用时间>15 d、抗菌药物使用种类>4种、使用免疫抑制剂是多重耐药感染的独立危险因素。本院ICU下呼吸道感染以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,应根据病原菌选择耐药性低的药物,并针对危险因素采取有效措施。     

肠杆菌科细菌肺部感染病原菌分布与耐药性监测

目的了解浙江龙游县人民医院肠杆菌科细菌肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用纸片扩散法对病原菌进行药敏试验,并进行ESBLs检测,按CLSI 2012年标准判定药敏结果,用WHONET 5.6软件分析结果。结果痰培养共分离出371株肠杆科细菌,主要为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和阴沟肠杆菌,产ESBLs菌阳性率高,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率低,均在10.00%以下,其他药物均有不同程度耐药,测试抗菌药物的耐药率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论临床常见肠杆菌科细菌耐药率高,开展病原菌耐药性监测,对指导临床抗感染治疗合理选择抗菌药物具有重要意义。     

住院患者导管相关性血流感染病原菌分布与耐药分析

目的 探讨住院患者血管导管相关性血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药情况,为医院感染的控制提供依据.方法 对2011年1月至2012年2月住院患者中导管相关性血流感染病例的643株细菌的耐药性进行统计分析.结果 导管相关性血流感染发生率为4.1％,其中多重耐药细菌感染发生率为3.0％,分离病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占55.4％,革兰阳性球菌占43.2％.革兰阴性杆菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌为主,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星耐药率低,鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率增高;革兰阳性球菌以耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,未出现耐万古霉素肠球菌.结论 加强细菌耐药检测,合理使用抗菌药物,对减少医院导管相关性血流感染的发生和耐药菌株产生有重要意义.     

Prescribing patterns of antibiotics and sensitivity patterns of common microorganisms in the Internal Medicine ward of a teaching hospital in Western Nepal: a prospective study

Background

Information about antibiotic use and resistance patterns of common microorganisms are lacking in hospitals in Western Nepal. Excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics contributes to the development of bacterial resistance. The parameter: Defined daily dose/100 bed-days, provides an estimate of consumption of drugs among hospital in-patients. This study was carried out to collect relevant demographic information, antibiotic prescribing patterns and the common organisms isolated including their antibiotic sensitivity patterns.

Methods

The study was carried out over a 3-month period (01.04.2002 to 30.06.2002) at the Manipal Teaching Hospital, Western Nepal. The median number of days of hospitalization and mean ± SD cost of antibiotics prescribed during hospital stay were calculated. The use of antibiotics was classified for prophylaxis, bacteriologically proven infection or non-bacteriologically proven infection. Sensitivity patterns of the common organisms were determined. Defined daily dose/100 bed-days of the ten most commonly prescribed antibiotics were calculated.

Results

203 patients were prescribed antibiotics; 112 were male. Median duration of hospitalization was 5 days. 347 antibiotics were prescribed. The most common were ampicillin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and benzylpenicillin. Mean ± SD cost of antibiotics was 16.5 ± 13.4 US$. Culture and sensitivity testing was carried out in 141 patients. The common organisms isolated were H. influenzae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus.

Conclusions

Antibiotic resistance is becoming a problem in the Internal Medicine ward. Formulation of a policy for hospital antibiotic use and an educational programme especially for junior doctors is required.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的分析医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的分布及耐药情况,为临床治疗金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染提供科学依据。方法对618株金黄色葡萄球菌进行常规鉴定,用K—B法对其进行药敏试验。结果5年MRSA的平均检出率为51．9％（321／618）,MRSA感染高发主要科室为ICU、神经外科、神经内科,MRSA检出率前三位的科室为神经外科（84．1％）、ICU（76．3％）、呼吸内科（61．3％）,标本来源主要为痰液,占67．3％,检出率82．4％。MRSA对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺保持100％敏感,对氯霉素、米诺环素、复方新诺明等的耐药率较低,对其他药物都保持了65％以上的高耐药率。结论对重点科室监控,合理使用抗生素,严格执行无菌操作,采取有效的消毒隔离,尽量减少侵袭性操作等措施是控制并减少MRSA感染的重要环节。     

Surveillance and Correlation of Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Hospital Population-Based Study

This retrospective study evaluated trends and association between resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and hospital antimicrobial usage from 2003 through 2011 in a tertiary care hospital in northeast China. HAI was defined as occurrence of infection after hospital admission, without evidence that infection was present or incubating (≦48 h) on admission. In vitro susceptibilities were determined by disk diffusion test and susceptibility profiles were determined using zone diameter interpretive criteria, as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Data on usage of various antimicrobial agents, expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1,000 patients-days developed by WHO Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical (ATC)/DDD index 2011, were collected from hospital pharmacy computer database. Most of 747 strains of P. aeruginosa were collected from respiratory samples (201 isolates, 26.9%), blood (179, 24.0%), secretions and pus (145, 19.4%) over the years. Time series analysis demonstrated a significant increase in resistance rates of P. aeruginosa to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone/sulbactam, piperacillin, imipenem, meropenem, ceftazidime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin except aminoglycosides over time in the hospital (P<0.001). The rates of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) isolated from patients with HAIs were 14.3%, 17.1%, 21.1%, 24.6%, 37.0%, 48.8%, 56.4%, 51.2%, and 54.1% over time. A significant increase in usage of anti-pseudomonal carbapenems (P<0.001) was seen. ARIMA models demonstrated that anti-pseudomonal carbapenems usage was strongly correlated with the prevalence of imipenem and meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (P<0.001). Increasing of quarterly CRPA was strongly correlated at one time lag with quarterly use of anti-pseudomonal carbapenems (P<0.001). Our data demonstrated positive correlation between anti-pseudomonal antimicrobial usage and P. aeruginosa resistance to several classes of antibiotics, but not all antimicrobial agents in the hospital.     

Disease cost in a surgical ward.

Data relating to the cost of caring for individual patients were collected for all patients in a general surgical ward over a six-month period. From this the cost per patient was calculated for various diseases and was found to be related to duration of stay. Postoperative morbidity was important in determining cost. A system that calculates cost by means of units based on the use of resources rather than by cash cost accounting is probably the most suitable for a clinician who has to monitor resources.     

Bits and q-bits in a psychiatric ward

The present study is a trial on expressing the whole state of a psychiatric ward as a linear combination of base states in a Hilbert space. Real data were collected by observing the behavior of the patients from the psychiatric ward of the Clinical Hospital from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir?o Preto for 12 days and, according to standard procedures, 18 behavioral parameters were daily measured for each patient. The whole data set was analyzed and, by taking the standard grades as eigenstates, the state of the ward was daily expressed by a linear combination of them, allowing the estimation of state transition matrices and of the quantum variability measure. Coefficients of the linear combination can be interpreted as square roots of probabilities and informational entropy is associated to each state resulting in the classical variability measure. Temporal evolutions of the classical and quantum variability measures are plotted trying to relate them to the behavioral state of the whole ward.     

Mother's milk--unusual factor of infection transmission in a salmonellosis epidemic on a newborn ward

The submitted study analyzes a salmonellosis epidemic with a nosocomial character of occurrence on newborn ward Area National Health Authority in Trencín with an unusual factor of infection transmission--mother's milk. At the same time the authors point out the possibility of inapparent disease manifestation in connection with the stopped intake of mother's milk.     

Outbreak of nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in a high risk ward

Acinetobacter baumannii is emerging as a major cause of nosocomial infections particularly in high risk patients. Being resistant to adverse environmental conditions, it can stay for prolonged periods in the hospital environment. We report an outbreak in the medical oncology ward where nine patients suspected of bacteraemia were blood culture positive forA. baumannii from the two samples each, one collected through the i.v. cannula and another through the peripheral venous puncture. The bacteria was also isolated from the environmental sources from the various samples collected. The biotype, antibiogram, cellular protein profiles on SDS-PAGE and the restriction enzyme analysis patterns of the patient isolates and the environmental isolates were similar. This points to the environment as a source of infection. With reinforcement of proper barrier nursing and use of disposable heparine ampoules it was possible to control the outbreak.     

RFID analytics for hospital ward management

In this paper, we present an RFID-enabled platform for hospital ward management. Active RFID tags are attached to individuals and assets in the wards. Active RFID readers communicate with the tags continuously and automatically to keep track of the real-time information about the locations of the tagged objects. The data regarding the locations and other transmitted information are stored in the ward management system. This platform enables capabilities of real-time monitoring and tracking of individuals and assets, reporting of ward statistics, and providing intelligence and analytics for hospital ward management. All of these capabilities benefit hospital ward management by enhanced patient safety, increased operational efficiency and throughput, and mitigation of risk of infectious disease widespread. A prototype developed based on our proposed architecture of the platform was tested in a pilot study, which was conducted in two medical wards of the intensive care unit of one of the largest public general hospitals in Hong Kong. This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of the implementation of this RFID-enabled platform for practical use in hospital wards. Furthermore, the data collected from the pilot study are used to provide data analytics for hospital ward management.