一氧化氮在铁诱导的大鼠心肌损伤中的作用

采用Langendorff灌流大鼠心脏和酶解分离的心肌细胞为实验模型,研究铁负荷下心肌损伤情况以及一氧化氮（NO）在铁诱导的心肌损伤中的地位。结果显示:（1）心肌铁负荷（Fe-HQ）可使分离心肌细胞舒张期细胞长度缩短、收缩幅度和速度降低,离体灌流心脏左室发展压（LVDP）、±dp/dtmax、冠脉流量呈现双相变化;冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）释放量和心肌丙二醛（MDA）增高。（2）NO的前体L-精氨酸（L-argi-nine,L-Arg）引起心肌细胞舒张期细胞长度缩短、收缩幅度降低。离体灌流心脏LVDP、冠脉流量、和±dp/dtmax增高,用K-H液复灌后可恢复正常。（3）L-Arg预处理,再行Fe-HQ灌流,与单纯的L-Arg或Fe-HQ组相比,心肌细胞舒张期细胞长度、收缩幅度和速度减小;离体灌流心脏LVDP、±dp/dtmax、心率和冠脉流量明显下降,冠脉流出液中LDH、CK增加。（4）Nω-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）和Fe-HQ合并灌流后,与单纯Fe-HQ组相比,心肌细胞舒张期细胞长度、收缩幅度和速度增加。L-NAME可阻断Fe-HQ引起的LVDP、左室舒张末压（LVEDP）和±dp/dtmax降低,冠脉流出液中LDH、CK增高。（5）用Triton X-100短暂处理以去除冠脉内皮后,与保留冠脉内皮的心肌相比,Fe-HQ引起的LVDP和±dp/dtmax的一过性增高现象被抑制,但     

白细胞介素-2改善糖尿病大鼠血管内皮依赖性舒张功能

目的：研究白细胞介素-2（interleukin-2,IL-2）对链脲佐菌素诱导的早期I型糖尿病大鼠离体胸主动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的影响及其可能机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠（200-250g）,随机分成正常对照组,IL-2对照组,糖尿病模型组,低剂量IL-2（5×10^3U·kg^-1·d^-1Sc）处理组,高剂量IL-2（5×10^4U·kg^-1·d^-1Sc）处理组。各组大鼠饲养5周后,取胸主动脉离体灌流并通过PowerLab生物信号采集系统记录张力变化,检测其对乙酰胆碱（ACh）诱导的内皮依赖性舒张反应,及对硝普钠（SNP）诱导的非内皮依赖性舒张反应。并测定血清一氧化氮（NO）含量、总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性。结果：IL-2处理后对糖尿病大鼠血糖无明显影响,但能减少糖尿病引起的体重下降。糖尿病模型组胸主动脉对ACh诱导的舒张反应明显减弱,IL-2能明显改善糖尿病胸主动脉的这一内皮依赖性舒张反应;各组对SNP诱导的非内皮依赖性舒张反应无显著差异。糖尿病大鼠血清No水平显著降低,IL-2处理后能明显提高血清NO水平。但是IL-2处理并不能有效抑制糖尿病大鼠血清SOD及GSH-PX活性的下降。结论：IL-2处理糖尿病大鼠5周后,能显著改善糖尿病大鼠主动脉对ACh诱导的内皮依赖性舒张反应,这可能与其改善内皮功能有关,但与改变抗氧化能力无关。     

磁共振波谱评价脑缺血大鼠海马神经元损伤的实验研究

目的：应用磁共振波谱（MRS）观察大鼠大脑中动脉缺血（MCAO）再灌流后海马的迟发性神经元死亡,评价N-乙酰天门冬氨酸（NAA）能否准确反映神经元的损伤程度。方法：Wistar大鼠16只MCAO1h后再灌流及假手术对照组10只,6周后分别进行MRS和病理学的对比观察,根据海马的形态、及免疫组化结果对比分析磁共振波谱中NAA的对应性变化。结果：MCAO再灌流组大鼠缺血同侧海马的NAA、Cr及NAA／Cr的比值显著低于对侧和对照组,平均为2．05±0．33、2．42±0.41和0．86±0．10（对侧3．45±0．58、3．10±0．93、1．18±0．32;对照组3．42±0．43、3．57±0．47、0．98±0．14）。NAA下降的水平不能与病理显示海马叫区神经元的脱失完全对应。结论：通过磁共振波谱的NAA显示MCAO再灌流后海马的迟发性神经元死亡。但神经元的丢失程度与NAA存在不完全对应性,这种变化可能与反应性星形胶质细胞增生密切相关.     

蝎毒耐热蛋白对大鼠海马神经元钠通道的抑制作用

应用全细胞膜片钳技术观察蝎毒耐热蛋白（scorpion venom heat resistant protein,SVHRP）对急性分离大鼠海马神经元电压依赖性钠通道的影响。结果表明,急性分离大鼠海马神经元产生的河豚毒素（tetrodotoxin,TTX）敏感的电压依赖性钠电流被SVHRP浓度依赖性地抑制,半数抑制浓度为（0．0034±0．0004）μg／mL,Hill常数为0．4361±0．0318;SVHRP可使钠通道稳态激活曲线向电压的正方向移动,正常TTX敏感的钠通道的半数激活电压（V1/2）为（-34．38±0．62）mV（n=16）,给予0．1μg／mL的SVHRP后V1/2为（-23．96±0．41）mV（n=8,P〈0．05）,斜坡因子（κ）由正常的4．52±0．52变为3．73±0．08（n=8,P〈0．05）。SVHRP亦能改变电压依赖性钠通道的稳态失活曲线,使其向电位的负方向移动,SVHRP处理前钠通道半数失活电压（V1/2）为（-32．60±1．52）mV,κ为6．73±0．51（n=16）;0．1μg／mL的SVHRP处理后V1/2变为（-50．69±2．55）mV（n=8,P〈0．01）,κ为5．49±0．72（n=8,P〈0．05）。结果提示,SVHRP能抑制电压依赖性钠电流,改变钠通道的动力学特性,抑制其激活,促进其失活,从而影响神经元的兴奋性,这可能是其抗癫痫的机制之一。     

甲状腺素对大鼠心肌细胞收缩功能及钙瞬变的影响

目的：研究甲状腺素对单个心肌细胞收缩功能及钙瞬变的影响。方法：SD大鼠60只随机分为对照组（30只）、甲状腺素组（30只）。通过给予甲状腺素喂养后,测量血流动力学指标,随后分离单个心室细胞,采用可视化动缘探测系统同步检测大鼠心肌细胞收缩和钙瞬变的变化并与对照组比较。结果：（1）甲状腺素治疗组左室收缩压（LVSP）和最大缩短和复长速率（±dp／dtmax）较对照组明显提高（P〈0．05）,左室舒张末压（LVEDP）较对照组明显下降（P〈0．05）。（2）甲状腺素治疗组单个心肌细胞收缩功能指标最大收缩幅度（PTA）、最大缩短和复长速率（±dL／dtmax）较对照组明显增加（P〈0．05）,钙瞬变指标fura-2荧光强度变化（△FFI）明显增强、Ca2＋离子达峰值时程（TTPCa）、舒张期Ca2＋减少50％时程（T50DCa）较对照组明显缩短（P〈0．05）。结论：甲状腺素可改善大鼠心脏功能并增强单个心肌细胞的收缩功能及钙瞬变幅度,在单细胞水平上为探讨甲状腺素治疗慢性心衰的发生机制提供了实验依据。     

喉鳞癌患者血清中内皮抑素水平对喉鳞癌诊断价值的研究

目的：探讨喉鳞癌患者血清中内皮抑素水平的变化,及其与肿瘤临床分期及预后的关系。方法：（1）对50例喉鳞癌患者、30例喉息肉患者和30例健康人用ELISA方法检测血清中内皮抑素水平;（2）对喉鳞癌组不同临床分期的血清中内皮抑素的水平进行比较。结果：（1）喉鳞癌组血清中内皮抑素水平（51．45±19．83ng／mL）,显著高于喉息肉组（34．56±12．4ng／mL）和正常对照组（33．12±13．04ng／mL）,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。喉息肉组与正常对照组之间差别无显著性（P〉0．05）。（2）Ⅱ期喉鳞癌患者血清内皮抑素的水平（66．22±10．89ng／mL）高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者内皮抑素水平（39．31±14．42ng／mL,47．98±22．01ng／mL）,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期之间内皮抑素水平差别无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：内皮抑素含量水平可以作为喉鳞癌的诊断及顸后判断的重要指标之一。     

三氧化二砷脂质体透过载瘤大鼠血脑屏障的实验研究

目的：观察三氧化二砷（As2O3）脂质体通过载瘤大鼠血脑屏障（BBB）的效果。方法：超声薄膜分散法制备三氧化二砷脂质体,建立药物标准曲线,检测包封率;立体定向技术建立C6／Wistar大鼠脑胶质瘤模型;取Wistar雄性载瘤大鼠84只,随机分为三氧化二砷脂质体组和三氧化二砷组,分别经静脉注射三氧化二砷脂质体和三氧化二砷注射液,给药后0．5h、1h、2h、4h、8h、16h、24h取大鼠脑组织冻存,应用双道原子荧光法检测载瘤大鼠脑组织中的砷含量。结果：制备稳定的三氧化二砷脂质体,包封率分别为92、2％,92．2％,92．3％;As2O3脂质体组及As2O3给药后7个时间点鼠脑组织中砷含量（μg／L）分别为：341．09±18．18,523、98±27．36,475．19±15、52,467.02±22．46,471．52±24．38,382.30±13．26,282．47±19．71;99.93±17.10,148.07±26、21,101.78±17．54,89．09±19．41,74.39±13．85,50．44±15.31,51．52±19．23。比较给三氧化二砷组及给三氧化二砷脂质体组载瘤大鼠脑组织中砷含量有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：三氧化二砷脂质体对血脑屏障的透过性明显优于单纯砷剂。     

过氧化氢加重铁对心肌的损伤作用及其机制

采用Langendorff灌流心脏和酶解分离的心肌细胞为实验模型,研究铁对心肌的损伤作用,以及过氧化氢对铁的心肌作用的影响及其可能机制.结果显示(1)羟基喹啉铁复合物(Fe-HQ)引起分离心肌细胞舒张期缩短,心肌细胞的收缩幅度和速度降低,离体灌流心脏左室发展压(LVDP)、±dp/dtmax、心率、冠脉流量呈现双相变化;冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)释放量和心肌丙二醛(MDA)增高.(2)H2O2可加重Fe-HQ对心脏的损伤,冠脉流出液中LDH、CK释放量和心肌MDA增高,而LVDP、±dp/dtmax和心率明显降低.(3)还原型谷胱甘肽可对抗Fe-HQ+H2O2对心肌的损伤作用,DMSO对Fe-HQ+H2O2致离体心脏损伤无明显作用.结果提示,心肌细胞内铁增加可引起心肌功能受损,H2O2可加重铁对心肌的损伤作用,其主要机制可能与@OH无关,而主要与含巯基的蛋白质受损有关.     

冷冻对山羊精子转染外源DNA和体外制备转基因胚胎的影响

本实验将鲜精和冻精分别与地高锌标记的线形化的pEGFP-N,质粒孵育转染,用原位杂交方法检测转染效率;PCR和Southern Blotting检测精子与外源DNA的整合效率;与成熟卵母细胞体外受精,PCR检测阳性胚胎比率,用透射电镜技术、碘化丙锭和羟化荧光素双探针技术和单细胞电泳（Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis,SCGE）技术,观察精子冷冻前后的超微结构、精子质膜完整性和精子核DNA损伤的变化,研究冷冻对山羊（Caprahircus）精子转染内化外源DNA和体外制备转基因胚胎的影响及机理。结果表明,冻精显著提高了转染外源DNA的效率（81．60％±16．59％VS32．95％±2．93％,t=4．873,P=0．003;41．80％±6．26％vs27．89％±8．64％,t=2．634,P=0．039）。PCR和Southern Blotting检测表明外源DNA已经整合到精子基因组上。用冻精与成熟卵母细胞体外受精,体外受精穿透率和卵裂率显著低于鲜精组（24．19％±3．15％vs58．86％±3．73％,t=7．131,P〈0．001;11．83％±2．37％vs29．71±3．47％,t=4．302,P〈0．001）,但体外生产的胚胎PCR阳性率比鲜精组显著提高（45．45％±10．87％VS24．44％±6．06％,t=1．750,P=0．013）。超微结构观察和双荧光探针检测都发现冷冻-解冻精子质膜完整性降低（8．34％±4．21％VS65．67％±6．46％,t=12．492,P〈0．001）,SCGE显示冷冻极显著增加了精子彗尾长度和彗星细胞比例（42．67μm±4．56μmvs21．14／Lm±2．36μm,t=5．644,P=0．005;60．00％±4．00％vs17．37％±2．57％;t=15．787,P〈0．001）。冷冻-解冻可以提高山羊精子转染外源DNA的效率,冷冻破坏精子质膜完整性,解除质膜的阻碍作用,是提高外源DNA转染效率的一个主要原因[动物学报54（6）：1089-1097,2008]。     

H_2O_2对人心房肌细胞I_(Kur)和I_(Ca,L)的浓度依赖性双向影响

本实验旨在观察活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）对人心房肌细胞电生理活动特性的影响。取有心房颤动（atrial fibrillation,AF）和非AF心脏手术患者（各12例）右心耳组织,用酶消化法得到单个心房肌细胞。两组细胞（每组n=75）分别随机分为三个亚组：对照组（n=12）、H2O2组（0．1、0．2、0．5、0．75、1、2、5、10μmol／LH2O2,每个浓度n=7）和维生素C（ROS清除30）组（1gmol／L维生素C,n=7）。实验采用全细胞膜片钳方法记录电生理活动。与非AF对照组相比,AF对照组超快速延迟整流钾电流（ultrarapid delayed rectifier K^＋current,KKw）和L-型钙电流（L—type calcium current,ICaL）电流密度（pA／pF）均明显降低（6．27±0．67VS3．77±0．56,P〈0．05;6．31±0．60 vs 3．34±0．32,P〈0．05）,动作电位时程（action potential duration,APD）（ms）也明显缩短（405±13 vs 354±12,P〈0．05）。在非AF和AF组中,H2O2对心房肌细胞,IKw和,ICa,L的电流密度均有浓度依赖性双向影响——高抑低促。非AF组中,H2O2浓度为0．2gmol／L时有最大增强作用,而0．75Bmol／L为分界浓度,人于0．75Bmol／L时,随H2O2浓度增加IKw和,ICa,L的电流密度逐渐降低;在另一方面,0．2、1、2、5和10μmol／LH2O2孵育的心房肌细胞APD90与同组对照组相比均明显缩短（P〈0．05）,而与AF对照组相比无明显差异。在AF组中,H2O2的最大效应浓度为0．5Bmol／L,而1gmol／L为分界浓度。维生素C可以逆转H2O2的上述作用,但单独给予维生素C并不改变通道特性。H2O2诱导正常人心房肌细胞发生电生理活动特性改变与AF时心肌电重构（atrial electrical remodeling,AER）相似,显示ROS可能诱发AF;同时,H2O2又能加重AF时AER,对AF有维持作用。以上结果提示ROS清除剂可能对预防和治疗AF有重要意义。     

Inhibition of p38 MAPK alpha/beta reduces ischemic injury and does not block protective effects of preconditioning

We examined the effect of inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) alpha/beta during ischemia and preconditioning by using the inhibitor SB-202190. Isolated rat hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer, while left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were acquired continuously. After 20 min of ischemia and 25 min of reperfusion, recovery of LVDP in untreated hearts was 32 +/- 4%, whereas hearts treated with SB-202190 5 min before ischemia recovered 59 +/- 7% of their pretreatment LVDP. Preconditioning improved functional recovery to 65 +/- 5%, which was unaffected by SB-202190 treatment, added either throughout the preconditioning protocol (56 +/- 5% recovery) or during the final reperfusion period of preconditioning (71 +/- 11% recovery). Necrosis was assessed after 40 min of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and creatine kinase release. The untreated group had 54 +/- 8% necrotic myocardium, whereas the SB-202190-treated group had 32 +/- 7% and the preconditioned group had 21 +/- 4% necrotic tissue by TTC staining.     

Cardioprotective effects of stretch are mediated by activation of sarcolemmal, not mitochondrial, ATP-sensitive potassium channels

To determine whether sarcolemmal and/or mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels (sarcK(ATP), mitoK(ATP)) are involved in stretch-induced protection, isolated isovolumic rat hearts were assigned to the following protocols: nonstretched hearts were subjected to 20 min of global ischemia (Is) and 30 min of reperfusion, and before Is stretched hearts received 5 min of stretch + 10 min of no intervention. Stretch was induced by a transient increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from 10 to 40 mmHg. Other hearts received 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD; 100 microM), a selective inhibitor of mitoK(ATP), or HMR-1098 (20 microM), a selective inhibitor of sarcK(ATP), before the stretch protocol. Systolic function was assessed through left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and maximal rise in velocity of left ventricular pressure (+dP/dt(max)) and diastolic function through maximal decrease in velocity of left ventricular pressure (-dP/dt(max)) and LVEDP. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and ATP content were also measured. Stretch resulted in a significant increase of postischemic recovery and attenuation of diastolic stiffness. At 30 min of reperfusion LVDP and +dP/dt(max) were 87 +/- 4% and 92 +/- 6% and -dP/dt(max) and LVEDP were 95 +/- 9% and 10 +/- 4 mmHg vs. 57 +/- 6%, 53 +/- 6%, 57 +/- 10%, and 28 +/- 5 mmHg, respectively, in nonstretched hearts. Stretch increased ATP content and did not produce LDH release. 5-HD did not modify and HMR-1098 prevented the protection achieved by stretch. Our results show that the beneficial effects of stretch on postischemic myocardial dysfunction, cellular damage, and energetic state involve the participation of sarcK(ATP) but not mitoK(ATP).     

The role of NO in ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of myocardial function and vascular tone under physiological conditions. However, its role in the pathological situations, such as myocardial ischemia is not unequivocal, and both positive and negative effects have been demonstrated in different experimental settings including human pathology. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of NO in the rat hearts adapted and non-adapted to ischemia. Isolated Langendorff-perfused hearts were subjected to test ischemic (TI) challenge induced by 25 min global ischemia followed by 35 min reperfusion. Short-term adaptation to ischemia (ischemic preconditioning, IP) was evoked by 2 cycles of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion, before TI. Recovery of function at the end of reperfusion and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias served as the end-points of injury. Coronary flow (CF), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and dP/dt(max) (index of contraction) were measured at the end of stabilization and throughout the remainder of the protocol until the end of reperfusion. The role of NO was investigated by subjecting the hearts to 15 min perfusion with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME (100 mmol/l), prior to sustained ischemia. At the end of reperfusion, LVDP in the controls recovered to 29.0 +/- 3.9 % of baseline value, whereas preconditioned hearts showed a significantly increased recovery (LVDP 66.4 +/- 5.7 %, p < 0.05). Recovery of both CF and dP/dt(max) after TI was also significantly higher in the adapted hearts (101.5 +/- 5.8 % and 83.64 +/- 3.92 % ) as compared with the controls (71.9 +/- 6.3 % and 35.7 +/- 4.87 %, respectively, p < 0.05). NOS inhibition improved contractile recovery in the non-adapted group (LVDP 53.8 +/- 3.1 %; dP/dt(max) 67.5 +/- 5.92 %) and increased CF to 82.4 +/- 5.2 %. In contrast, in the adapted group, it abolished the protective effect of IP (LVDP 31.8 +/- 3.1 %; CF 70.3 +/- 3.4 % and dP/dt(max) 43.25 +/- 2.19 %). Control group exhibited 100 % occurrence of ventricular tachycardia (VT), 57 % incidence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) - 21 % of them was sustained VF (SVF); application of L-NAME attenuated reperfusion arrhythmias (VT 70 %, VF 20 %, SVF 0 %). Adaptation by IP also reduced arrhythmias, however, L-NAME in the preconditioned hearts increased the incidence of arrhythmias (VT 100 %, VF 58 %, SVF 17 %). In conclusion: our results indicate that administration of L-NAME might be cardioprotective in the normal hearts exposed to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) alone, suggesting that NO contributes to low ischemic tolerance in the non-adapted hearts. On the other hand, blockade of cardioprotective effect of IP by L-NAME points out to a dual role of NO in the heart: a negative role in the non-adapted myocardium subjected to I/R, and a positive one, due to its involvement in the mechanisms of protection triggered by short-term cardiac adaptation by preconditioning.     

COX-2-derived prostacyclin mediates opioid-induced late phase of preconditioning in isolated rat hearts

Opioids confer biphasic (early and late) cardioprotection against myocardial infarction by opening mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channels. It is unknown whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which mediates ischemia-induced late preconditioning, also mediates opioid-induced cardioprotection. Isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to 20 min of global ischemia followed by 20 min of reperfusion. BW-373U86 (BW), a delta-opioid receptor agonist, was administered 1, 12, or 24 h before death. Recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) after ischemia-reperfusion improved when BW was administered 1 or 24 h before ischemia (control: 57 +/- 8, BW 1 h: 75 +/- 5, BW 24 h: 85 +/- 6%) but not when it was administered 12 h before (60 +/- 5%). Levels of 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) (a stable metabolite of PGI(2)) in coronary effluent after 20 min of reperfusion were higher with 24-h BW pretreatment than in controls (1,053 +/- 92 vs. 724 +/- 81 pg/ml), whereas 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) levels at baseline did not differ. Administration of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, abolished the late phase of cardioprotection (recovery of LVDP, 53 +/- 8%) and attenuated the increase in PGI(2) (706 +/- 138 pg/ml) but did not block the early phase of cardioprotection. The selective COX-1 inhibitor SC-560 did not affect either phase of protection. Western immunoblotting revealed upregulation of PGI(2) synthase protein 24 h after BW administration without changes in COX-1 and COX-2 protein levels. In conclusion, the late (but not the early) phase of delta-opioid receptor-induced preconditioning is mediated by COX-2. A functional coupling between COX-2 and upregulated PGI(2) synthase appears to underlie this cardioprotective phenomenon in the rat.     

Protein kinase C-zeta inhibition exerts cardioprotective effects in ischemia-reperfusion injury

Ischemia followed by reperfusion (I/R) in the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) results in marked cardiac contractile dysfunction. A cell-permeable PKC-zeta peptide inhibitor was used to test the hypothesis that PKC-zeta inhibition could attenuate PMN-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction by suppression of superoxide production from PMNs and increase nitric oxide (NO) release from vascular endothelium. The effects of the PKC-zeta peptide inhibitor were examined in isolated ischemic (20 min) and reperfused (45 min) rat hearts reperfused with PMNs. The PKC-zeta inhibitor (2.5 or 5 microM, n = 6) significantly attenuated PMN-induced cardiac dysfunction compared with I/R hearts (n = 6) receiving PMNs alone in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and the maximal rate of LVDP (+dP/dt(max)) cardiac function indexes (P < 0.01), and these cardioprotective effects were blocked by the NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (50 microM). Furthermore, the PKC-zeta inhibitor significantly increased endothelial NO release 47 +/- 2% (2.5 microM, P < 0.05) and 54 +/- 5% (5 microM, P < 0.01) over basal values from the rat aorta and significantly inhibited superoxide release from phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-stimulated rat PMNs by 33 +/- 12% (2.5 microM) and 40 +/- 8% (5 microM) (P < 0.01). The PKC-zeta inhibitor significantly attenuated PMN infiltration into the myocardium by 46-48 +/- 4% (P < 0.01) at 2.5 and 5 microM, respectively. In conclusion, these results suggest that the PKC-zeta peptide inhibitor attenuates PMN-induced post-I/R cardiac contractile dysfunction by increasing endothelial NO release and by inhibiting superoxide release from PMNs thereby attenuating PMN infiltration into I/R myocardium.     

Cardioprotective effects of novel tetrahydroisoquinoline analogs of nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside in an isolated perfused rat heart model of acute myocardial infarction

We have investigated the cardioprotective effects of novel tetrahydroisoquinoline nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside (NBMPR) analog nucleoside transport (NT) inhibitors, compounds 2 and 4, in isolated perfused rat hearts. Langendorff-perfused heart preparations were subjected to 10 min of treatment with compound 2, compound 4, or vehicle (control) followed by 30 min of global ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. For determination of infarct size, reperfusion time was 180 min. At 1 microM, compounds 2 and 4 provided excellent cardioprotection, with left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) recovery and end-diastolic pressure (EDP) increase of 82.9 +/- 4.0% (P<0.001) and 14.1 +/- 2.0 mmHg (P<0.03) for compound 2-treated hearts and 79.2 +/- 5.9% (P<0.002) and 7.5 +/- 2.7 mmHg (P<0.01) for compound 4-treated hearts compared with 41.6 +/- 5.2% and 42.5 +/- 6.5 mmHg for control hearts. LVDP recovery and EDP increase were 64.1 +/- 4.2% and 29.1 +/- 2.5 mmHg for hearts treated with 1 microM NBMPR. Compound 4 was the best cardioprotective agent, affording significant cardioprotection, even at 0.1 microM, with LVDP recovery and EDP increase of 76.0 +/- 4.9% (P<0.003) and 14.1 +/- 1.0 mmHg (P<0.03). At 1 microM, compound 4 and NBMPR reduced infarct size, with infarct area-to-total risk area ratios of 29.13 +/- 3.17 (P<0.001) for compound 4 and 37.5 +/- 3.42 (P<0.01) for NBMPR vs. 51.08 +/- 5.06% for control hearts. Infarct size was more effectively reduced by compound 4 than by NBMPR (P<0.02). These new tetrahydroisoquinoline NBMPR analogs are not only potent cardioprotective agents but are, also, more effective than NBMPR in this model.     

Effect of thyroid hormone treatment on responses of the isolated working rat heart

Hearts from rats pretreated either with L-triiodothyronine (T3) or with L-thyroxine (T4) exhibited changed function curve characteristics on the working heart apparatus compared with hearts from vehicle-treated rats. There was no supersensitivity of the hyperthyroid myocardium to the inotropic effect of isoproterenol as estimated by pD2 values. There were significant increases in +dP/dt and -dP/dt in hyperthyroid working hearts over the entire range of the function curve. T3 hearts showed much shorter relaxation times and total contraction times throughout the function curve. T4 hearts showed significantly reduced relaxation times and total contraction times as compared with control at all left atrial filling pressures under 15 cm of water. At high filling pressures T4 heart relaxation times and total contraction times were not different from control, but were however, significantly increased from those of T3 hearts. Area under the left ventricular pressure curve was unchanged by thyroid hormone pretreatment. Heart weight increased about 15% following either T3 or T4 treatment while the increases in (+) or (-) dP/dt and the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) were about 20-30%. The increase in cardiac mass certainly played a role in the increased cardiac function. Potency of isoproterenol in hyperthyroid working heart preparations was unchanged from control. The pD2 values, as determined from +dP/dt data, were 8.8 +/- 0.15 for T3-treated hearts, 8.25 +/- 0.40 for T4-treated hearts, and 8.18 +/- 0.12 for euthyroid hearts. While the mechanism(s) for the altered performance of the hyperthyroid working heart are not absolutely known, possible biochemical and physiological changes which may be implicated are discussed.     

Hydrogen sulfide contributes to cardioprotection during ischemia-reperfusion injury by opening K ATP channels

The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of H2S against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and its possible mechanism by using isolated heart perfusion and patch clamp recordings. Rat isolated hearts were Langendorff-perfused and subjected to a 30-minute ischemia insult followed by a 30-minute reperfusion. The heart function was assessed by measuring the LVDP, +/-dP/dt max, and the arrhythmia score. The results showed that the treatment of hearts with a H2S donor (40 micromol/L NaHS) during reperfusion resulted in significant improvement in heart function compared with the I/R group (LVDP recovered to 85.0% +/- 6.4% vs. 35.0% +/- 6.1%, +dP/dt max recovered to 80.9% +/- 4.2% vs. 43.0% +/- 6.4%, and -dP/dt max recovered to 87.4% +/- 7.3% vs. 53.8% +/- 4.9%; p < 0.01). The arrhythmia scores also improved in the NaHS group compared with the I/R group (1.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 4.0 +/- 0.4, respectively; p < 0.001). The cardioprotective effect of NaHS during reperfusion could be blocked by an ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K ATP) blocker (10 micromol/L glibenclamide). In single cardiac myocytes, NaHS increased the open probability of K ATP channels from 0.07 +/- 0.03 to 0.15 +/- 0.08 after application of 40 mumol/L NaHS and from 0.07 +/- 0.03 to 0.36 +/- 0.15 after application of 100 mumol/L NaHS. These findings provide the first evidence that H2S increases the open probability of K ATP in cardiac myocytes, which may be responsible for cardioprotection against I/R injury during reperfusion.     

硫化氢对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用及其对c-Fos蛋白表达的影响

为探讨硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H2S)对大鼠心肌缺血,再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)损伤的保护作用及机制,雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠被随机分为对照组(假手术组)、I/R组、2.8μmol/kg体重NaHS干预组、14 μmol/kg体重NaHS干预组.结扎冠状动脉前降支30 min后,松扎再灌注60 min,心电图Ⅱ导联检测和TTC染色测定心肌梗死面积评价制作的心肌I/R模型:测定血浆中H2S浓度变化;监测血流动力学指标(LVSP,LV±dp/dtmax);HE染色和透射电镜观察心肌形态学改变;免疫组织化学方法测定心肌组织中c-Fos蛋白表达.结果显示:心肌I/R后血浆中H2S浓度明显低于对照组[(30.32±5.26)vs(58.28±7.86)μmol/L,P<0.05]:2.8和14μmol/kg体重NaHS均可显著改善I/R引起的心功能改变,且14μmol/kg体重NaHS较2.8 μmol/kg体重NaHS作用强;14 μmol/kg体重NaHS明显减轻心肌形态学及超微结构损伤,同时降低大鼠I/R心肌组织中c-Fos蛋白表达(0.20±0.06vs0.32±0.10,P<0.05).以上结果提示,H2S对大鼠心肌的I/R损伤有保护作用,这可能与其降低c-Fos蛋白表达有关.