遍在蛋白调节NF-κB信号转导通路的研究进展

NF-κB信号通路参与了多种基因的转录调控和很多重要的生理和病理过程.遍在蛋白在其中的不同的阶段发挥了不同的作用.一方面通过遍在蛋白化IκB,促使其被26S蛋白酶体识别而降解,从而释放出NF-κB进入核内,调控相应基因的表达;另一方面通过遍在蛋白化TRAF6来激活TAK1,然后进一步活化IKK.后一种途径为了解NF-κB信号通路的调控提供了新的线索,并为遍在蛋白功能的研究开辟了新的方向.     

遍在蛋白调节NF-кB信号转导通路的研究进展

NF-κB信号通路参与了多种基因的转录调控和很多重要的生理和病理过程。遍在蛋白在其中的不同的阶段发挥了不同的作用。一方面通过遍在蛋白化IκB,促使其被26S蛋白酶体识别而降解,从而释放出NF-κB进入核内,调控相应基因的表达;另一方面通过遍在蛋白化TRAF6来激活TAKI,然后进一步活化IKK。后一种途径为了解NF-κB信号通路的调控提供了新的线索,并为遍在蛋白功能的研究开辟了新的方向。     

MyD88抑制乙型肝炎病毒复制依赖活化NF-κB信号通路

目的 研究髓样细胞分化蛋白(MyD88)抗乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)效应的作用机制。方法 构建MyD88的截短突变体,获得核因子kappa B(NF-κB)超抑制剂IkBa-SR或者NF-κB信号通路激活剂IKKα/IKKβ的表达质粒,分别与HBV复制型质粒瞬时转染Huh7细胞,检测细胞上清液中HBeAg,HBsAg的表达以及胞质中HBV复制中间体DNA的含量,并以NF-κB依赖的荧光素酶报道系统检测它们活化NF-κB的程度。结果 MyD88全长蛋白和2个截短突变体M(1-151)、M(151-296)活化NF-κB的程度与其抑制HBV蛋白以及复制中间体DNA合成的能力相一致。与空载相比,表达NF-κB信号通路激活剂IKKα/IKKβ的质粒共同瞬转细胞后,转染MyD88和HBV表达质粒的细胞中NF-κB的通路明显活化,同时HBV core蛋白的合成显著降低;而NF-κB的超抑制剂IκBα-SR共同瞬转的细胞中core蛋白的表达量显著增加,检测细胞培养上清液中HBeAg和HBsAg及胞质中HBV复制中间体DNA的合成,得到相似结果。结论 NF-κB信号通路的活化在MyD88抑制HBV复制中发挥了关键作用     

NF-κB抑制剂通过逆转LPS诱导的BMPRⅡ下调改善肺血管重构

动脉性肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAH)的发生、发展与骨形态发生蛋白受体II型(bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II, BMPRII)编码基因的遗传突变和核因子κB (nuclear factorκB, NF-κB)通路介导的炎症反应密切相关。本文旨在研究NF-κB通路抑制剂对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的肺动脉内皮细胞损伤的作用。用1μg/mL的LPS处理人肺动脉内皮细胞,用免疫印迹和qPCR检测BMPRII和白介素8 (interleukin-8, IL-8)的表达水平。腹腔注射野百合碱(monocrotaline, MCT)建立大鼠PAH模型,用免疫荧光染色法检测肺动脉内皮细胞BMPRII和IL-8的表达情况,检测模型大鼠心脏血流动力学变化和肺血管重构情况。结果显示,LPS可引起人肺动脉内皮细胞BMPRII的表达下调和IL-8的表达上调,NF-κB抑制剂BAY11-7082 (10μmol/L)可逆转LPS的作用。在MCT-PAH大鼠模型中,肺动脉内皮细胞BMPRII表达下调,IL-8表达上调,右心室/(左心室+室间隔)重量比值[weight ratio of right ventricle to left ventricle plus septum, RV/(LV+S)]和右心室收缩压(right ventricular systolic pressure, RVSP)显著升高,心输出量(cardiac output, CO)和三尖瓣环收缩期位移(tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, TAPSE)明显降低,肺血管壁明显增厚,连续21天腹腔注射BAY11-7082 (5 mg/kg)可逆转上述变化。以上结果提示,LPS通过NF-κB信号通路下调BMPRII的表达水平,促进PAH的发生、发展,因此NF-κB信号通路可作为PAH潜在治疗靶点。     

昆虫的NF-κB信号通路

昆虫NF-κB信号通路由toll和imd两条通路组成,通过转录因子NF-κB作用于靶标基因κB位点,而调节抗菌活性物质的表达。大量实验表明它能够被细菌、真菌和病毒的侵染所激活,在昆虫体液免疫中发挥着主要作用。现就昆虫的NF-κB信号通路的主要信号元件等进行综述。     

IKKα通过不同机制介导生长促进和生长抑制信号诱导的c-Fos表达和AP-1活化

目的:探讨IKK激酶催化亚基IKKα在分别介导生长促进信号(血清)和生长抑制信号(紫外线UVB)诱导的反应中,调控转录因子AP-1关键组成亚基c-Fos实现诱导表达的信号传递机制。方法:分别采用Western印迹、RT-PCR和萤光素酶报道分析系统检测血清和紫外线刺激反应状态下IKKα对c-Fos诱导表达和AP-1诱导活化的调控作用;通过转染I-κBα功能抑制型突变体I-κBα-AA,观察NF-κB诱导活化受抑时,c-Fos诱导表达和AP-1诱导活化水平的改变情况。结果:IKKα在生长促进和生长抑制信号诱导的反应中,都能够实现对转录因子AP-1及其关键组成亚基c-Fos诱导表达的调控作用。其中,在血清反应中IKKα可通过NF-κB依赖方式在转录水平调控c-Fos的诱导表达,而在UVB反应中IKKα通过转录非依赖方式调控c-Fos的诱导表达。结论:IKKα能分别以NF-κB依赖和非依赖方式参与调控生长促进和生长抑制信号诱导的反应。     

NF-κB信号通路在鱼类先天性免疫中的作用

NF-κB(nuclear factorκB)是一种广泛存在的核转录因子。经不同刺激信号激活后,参与多种免疫反应相关基因的表达调控,对鱼类先天性免疫调节起着十分重要的作用。对鱼类NF-κB的结构、功能及其信号传导途径进行概述,并对NF-κB信号通路在鱼类先天性免疫调节中的作用进行综述。     

茧蜂病毒调控寄主细胞的NF-κB信号通路

多分DNA病毒(Polydnaviruses,PDVs)是寄生蜂的共生病毒。已有研究报道PDVs能感染寄主血细胞并有特异性表达,但是,哪些病毒的DNA片段能进入寄主细胞,并参与调控NF-κB信号通路仍然还不清楚。本研究结果初步表明,在双斑侧沟茧蜂病毒(Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus,MbBV)感染细胞后24 h能导致细胞凋亡,vank86、vank92、ptp109病毒基因片段均能在被感染后的Spli221(斜纹夜蛾)、Sf9(草地贪夜蛾)、High Five(粉纹夜蛾)细胞的DNA中检测到,但转录水平有差异。进一步对这3个基因与NF-κB调控的下游抗菌肽基因(attacin、defensin)和免疫基因酚氧化酶原激活酶(ppA3)的相互关系研究发现:在病毒感染Spli221、Sf9、High Five细胞24 h后,检测到Spli221细胞中attacin、defensin、ppA3的转录本,attacin基因显著下调;过表达Vank86、Vank92、PTP109的Spli221细胞,由LPS刺激后检测到只表达单个病毒蛋白的Spli221细胞中的attacin、defensin、ppA3的m RNA表达水平无显著变化。研究初步揭示了MbBV病毒感染Spli221细胞后抑制NF-κB信号通路,但单个病毒蛋白不能抑制NF-κB信号通路,实验结果为进一步深入研究多个病毒基因的共同作用及其在害虫生物防治中的应用打下了基础。     

烟曲霉孢子侵染小鼠骨髓源巨噬细胞的转录组研究CSCD

目的揭示小鼠骨髓源巨噬细胞(bone marrow-derived macrophages,BMMs)被烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)A1160c孢子侵染之后与未处理对照组BMMs相比表达出现差异的免疫信号通路及孢子吞噬和清除等相关基因。方法提取小鼠原代骨髓细胞并将其诱导分化成巨噬细胞。烟曲霉孢子感染并分别提取感染组和对照组BMMs的总RNA,进行RNA测序和分析比较。结果提取小鼠原代骨髓细胞并成功将其诱导分化成BMMs。BMMs在感染烟曲霉孢子后,表面受体Tlr2和C型凝集素受体Clec4e和Clec5a的转录被激活。NF-κB信号传导通路也被激活,如Il1b、Tnf、Nfkb1等炎症因子基因和Jun、Gsk3b、Tec、Cd83等相关基因转录上调。同时,Cxcl1、Cxcl2、Ccl4等多种趋化因子基因转录水平也上调。另外,活性氧产生相关基因Bax、Nos2、Glul、Nlrp3的转录水平明显升高。结论在感染烟曲霉A1160^(c)孢子过程中,BMMs通过上调Toll样受体和C型凝集素受体基因转录水平激活NF-κB等免疫信号传导通路,促进趋化因子及活性氧产生相关基因的表达,引发对烟曲霉孢子的免疫响应和清除。     

NF-κB信号通路与骨骼肌萎缩

骨骼肌萎缩发生于多种生理和疾病状态下,如废用、衰老和慢性病。核因子-κB(NFκB)信号通路包括NF-κB、抑制蛋白-κB(IκB)和IκB激酶(IKK),它们在肌萎缩中起着重要作用,能够引起肌肉蛋白质降解、诱导炎症、阻断损伤/萎缩后肌纤维的再生。NF-κB转录靶包括MuRF-1、YY1和MMP-9,还可通过转录后机制调节MyoD。而且,应用遗传操作小鼠模型已证明NF-κB还是防止骨骼肌萎缩的重要分子靶标。该文将综述NF-κB在骨骼肌萎缩中的作用,为开发新的方法治疗肌萎缩提供参考。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.     

下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨配子体发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察了叉蕨属(Tectaria)下延叉蕨(Tectaria decurrens)和芽胞叉蕨(T.fauriei)的配子体发育过程,记录了配子体各发育阶段的特征。结果表明:(1)下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨的孢子均为单裂缝,具周壁,由周壁形成纹饰,孢子极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或肾形。(2)孢子萌发方式为向心型。(3)原叶体发育方式为三叉蕨型。(4)成熟原叶体心脏形,两翼向斜上方扩展。(5)均具单细胞和多细胞毛状体,在丝状体或片状体阶段出现。研究认为,从配子体发育角度看,叉蕨属是较进化的陆生真蕨类;毛状体的类型、位置和出现时间等特征在叉蕨属种间存在差异,可作为该属种间分类的特征。     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.