小麦高代新品系鉴定的聚类分析

采用系统聚类分析方法对小麦育种高代出圃品系进行了鉴定,依据小区产量、抽穗期、株高、穗长、公顷穗数、穗粒数、单穗重、千粒重、籽粒饱满度和角质率10个性状,将38个参试品系以离差平方和法在D^2=2．083聚类水平下划分为5个类群,通过聚类分析了解各类群、类内品系之间以及与对照种的关系。初步评选出9个综合性状优良的新品系,描述了各个类群中品系的特性,为小麦高代品系鉴定提供了较为精确的定量鉴定方法。     

不同地区啤酒大麦品种农艺性状鉴定与分类研究

为筛选可用于云南啤酒大麦改良的优良种质材料,对107份不同来源啤酒大麦品种的农艺性状进行鉴定与分类研究.结果表明,云南啤酒大麦的主要特点是成熟期长,分蘖较强,植株高,旗叶面积大,穗长、穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重、秸秆干重中等,穗草比较高;国外引进品种株型中等紧凑,叶片细长,穗粒重和千粒重较大,穗草比适中.从中筛选出19份性状优良的材料.通过聚类分析,可将供试材料划分成4个性状不同的类群,各类群的农艺性状差异明显,有利于育种目标材料的选择.     

小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位染色体对小麦农艺性状的影响

利用3类试验材料,即由不同生态类型的推广品种与小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系经过杂交回交选育的高代品系(种),3份涉及6VS/6AL的高代分离品系以及5个以小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系作杂交亲本的F2群体,对含有与不含有6VS/6AL易位染色体材料的产量、株高、穗长、德粒数、穗粒重和千粒重等农艺性状进行方差分析.结果表明,6VS/6AL易位染色体对后代的小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重和产量等农艺性状没有表现出明显的影响,对穗长和千粒重表现出一定的正向效应.多数6VS/6AL衍生品系的株高与亲本相比有所增加,但在同一组合的不同品系之间表现出一定的差异,在育种过程中通过选择可改变增高趋势.6VS/6AL易位系对白粉病免疫,并且遗传稳定,对小麦的抗病育种是很有潜力的抗源亲本.     

叶用芥菜种质表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为有效利用叶用芥菜种质资源,对筛选出的24份叶用芥菜品系资源的11个表型性状,应用相关系数、聚类分析和主成分分析等多元统计方法进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:叶用芥菜种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性;11个表型性状平均变异系数为44.74%,叶片数的变异系数最大,为150.80%;净菜率变异系数最小,仅为9.54%。通过系统聚类,将参试的24份品系分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类群有14份材料,第Ⅱ类群有5份材料,第Ⅲ类群有5份材料,各类群性状之间的差异较明显,明确了品系类群间存在的亲缘关系。在主成分分析中,可选取方差累计贡献率为86.62%的前5个主成分来评价24份叶用芥菜品系资源。本研究揭示了叶用芥菜不同品系的表型特异性和遗传多样性,筛选出一些特异品系资源,为高产优质叶用芥菜新品种(系)的选育提供重要的科学依据。     

燕麦种质资源主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

燕麦种质资源是燕麦育种的重要基础,对燕麦遗传多样性的研究不仅有助于种质资源的搜集、管理和利用,也有利于进行核心种质的研究。为了解不同地区燕麦种质资源在农艺性状上的遗传多样性,对74份皮、裸燕麦种质资源13个性状的遗传多样性进行了聚类分析与主成分分析。结果表明:各性状的遗传多样性指数较大,多样性指数最高的是主穗粒重,其次是千粒重和穗长;性状变异系数最大的是单株分蘖数,其后依次为单株粒重和主穗粒重,最小的为株高;根据品种间各性状的遗传差异,通过聚类分析将74份资源材料划分为5类,其中36份皮燕麦资源被分为2类,26份裸燕麦资源被分为2类,7份皮燕麦和5份裸燕麦被分为一类,其中,类群Ⅰ可作为高产育种目标的亲本,类群Ⅲ可作为粒型育种目标的亲本,类群Ⅳ、Ⅴ可作为株高和小穗等育种目标的亲本;8个数量性状主成分分析的结果表明,前4个主成分对变异的累计贡献率达86.27%,第一主成分反应产量,第二主成分反应粒型,第三、第四主成分分别反应分蘖数和株高。     

基于表型性状的陆地棉种质资源遗传多样性分析

通过田间性状观测、室内考种分析及纤维品质检测,对来自我国各棉区及国外各类型的429份陆地棉优异种质进行连续2年2点15个表型性状的鉴定及综合评价。结果表明:15个表型性状中始节高、单株铃数和果枝始节位的变异系数最大;各性状的平均遗传多样性指数较高为2.02;主成分分析确立了3类影响因子,表明陆地棉品种选育应集中在纤维品质优良(尤其纤维长度和比强度要高)、高衣分和株铃数多的品种;聚类分析将所有材料分为10个类群,其中第Ⅰ类群占供试材料总数的76.9%,各类群间性状差异明显,聚类结果与材料的地理来源之间没有直接的关系。     

73份亚洲水稻恢复系农艺性状的主成分与聚类分析

选取来自亚洲主要产稻国家的73份恢复系资源,种植在四川省德阳市和泸州市2个环境下,根据株高、单株有效穗、千粒重、单株生物量、单株稻谷产量、每穗实粒数、每穗颖花数、每日稻谷产量、每日生物量、结实率、收获指数等11个性状进行主成分与聚类分析。结果表明:通过主成分分析,将11个性状简化为4个主成分,即稻谷产量因子、生物产量因子、穗数因子和粒重因子,以上因子提供的信息量占总信息量的87.640%(德阳)和88.861%(泸州)。利用4个主成分因子进行系统聚类,在2个环境下,73份资源均聚为4大类,其中来自中国60.71%的资源聚在Ⅰ类群,主要特点是千粒重大,株高偏高,产量较高。来自印度45.45%的资源聚在Ⅱ类群,主要特点是千粒重偏小,产量、收获指数等性状均较高。4类群间差异明显,分类结果与地理来源基本一致。     

高粱地方种质资源表型多样性分析及综合评价

以“第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动”为依托,采用遗传多样性分析、相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析等方法,对2020-2021年在河北省内普查收集的136份高粱种质资源进行研究及综合评价。结果表明：河北省高粱地方种质资源具有丰富的表型变异,15个表型性状的多样性指数在0.0844～1.9926之间,变异系数在4.69%～68.00%之间,千粒重的遗传多样性最高,穗形的变异系数最大;株高与穗部性状之间存在极显著正相关关系;聚类分析将136份高粱种质资源分为3个类群,3个类群无明显地域聚类特点。第Ⅰ类群在穗部性状方面表现最好,可进行工艺用高粱资源选育;第Ⅱ类群株高较低,可筛选矮秆高粱资源进行种质创新;第Ⅲ类群在产量性状方面表现最好,可作为粒用高粱育种材料加以利用。主成分分析将表型性状简化为5个主成分,累计贡献率为60.182%,株高、穗部与籽粒性状是高粱表型变异的主要因素;136份高粱的综合得分范围在0.107～1.147之间,以综合得分排序,筛选出肃宁高粱、长穗高粱、笤帚高粱、落黍等排名前10的综合性状表现较好的种质资源。本研究从多方面、多角度对新征集的河北省高粱种质资源进行了分析...     

小麦体细胞无性系矮秆变异体AS34株高构成和育种潜力探讨

创制和利用矮秆资源对于小麦品种改良具有重要意义。到目前为止,在小麦属中虽然已鉴定了多个矮秆资源,但多数矮秆资源在小麦中的利用价值有限。本研究对利用无性系变异途径获得的小麦矮秆材料AS34及其与模式小麦品种中国春杂交F1、F2材料进行了株高构成和主要农艺性状分析。结果发现,AS34共有4个节间,比其野生型豫麦66少了1个节间,各个节间长度按相似比例缩短,穗下节长度短于第2节长度;F1株高、节间长度指数介于2个亲本之间,节数与AS34相同,穗长、小穗数、穗粒数超过2个亲本;F2株高、穗长、穗粒数、小穗数变异范围广泛,约70%植株株高为60~89 cm,穗长6.0~9.9 cm、穗粒数50~79粒、小穗数20~24个。结果表明,AS34的矮秆变异由多基因控制,表现为数量性状,其矮秆性状对杂交后代穗长、小穗数、穗粒数等主要农艺性状有正向遗传效应,F2选择穗大、粒多、株高适中优良单株的机率较大,具有很好的育种利用价值。     

河北省冬小麦丰产抗旱性表型鉴定指标分析

以河北省审定的85个冬小麦品种为材料,采用防雨棚春季干旱和露地灌溉2个处理,分别于开花期、成熟期调查株高等27个表型性状,分析了各表型性状与单株子粒产量的相关性。结果表明,单株成穗数等12个性状与单株子粒产量抗旱系数或抗旱指数呈显著或极显著相关;结合表型性状变异系数,明确了提高单株成穗数、穗粒数、灌溉条件下较长的旗叶长度和干旱条件下较短的旗叶长度是培育丰产抗旱小麦新品种的主攻方向;子粒比重、子粒长度及干旱条件下的结实率和每穗小穗数可作为河北省小麦种质资源丰产抗旱性的鉴定依据;河北省小麦品种丰产性高,而抗旱性尚需进一步改善。     

小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位染色体对小麦农艺性状的影响

南京农业大学细胞遗传研究所选育的小麦－簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系在6VS上携有Pm21基因,用它作抗源已选育出一批高抗白粉病的新品系和新品种。为了研究6VS/6AL易位染色体对普通小麦农艺性状的影响,本研究选用由不同生态类型的推广品种与6VS/6AL易位系经过杂交回交选育的11个高代品系(种)及其轮回亲本和3份涉及6VS/6AL的高代分离品系以及5个F2群体,对产量、株高、穗长、穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重等农艺性状进行比较分析。结果表明,6VS/6AL易位染色体对后代的小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重和产量等农艺性状没有表现出明显的影响,对穗长和千粒重表现出一定的正向效应。多数6VS/6AL衍生品系的株高与亲本相比有所增加,但在同一组合的不同品系之间表现出一定的差异,在育种过程中通过选择能够改变增高趋势。6VS/6AL易位系对白粉病免疫,并且遗传稳定,对小麦的抗病育种是很有潜力的抗源亲本。     

基于MAS的小麦抗赤霉病育种材料抗性评价

为了提高黄淮海麦区小麦育种材料的赤霉病抗性,采用分子标记辅助选择的方法,将来自望水白的4个抗赤霉病主效QTL 3B-QTL、4B-QTL、5A-QTL和6B-QTL导入不同的感病背景中,在后代BC1F3和BC1F4株系中评价它们的抗病效应和农艺性状回复情况。结果表明:(1)导入4个抗病QTL株系的平均病小穗率和病粒率分别为12.2%和6.3%,而受体亲本则分别达到59.1%和44.2%,抗病性显著提高;(2)病小穗数和病粒率与穗长及株高极显著负相关,但与可育小穗数、百粒重、旗叶长和旗叶宽等农艺性状指标没有显著相关性。因此,通过导入抗病主效QTL可以显著改善感病材料的抗性,为进一步选育高产抗病品种提供基础材料。不良农艺性状的紧密连锁阻碍着抗赤霉病主效QTL的高效利用,需要通过继续回交或与其他品种杂交来打破这种遗传连锁关系。     

Molecular detection of genomic regions associated with grain yield and yield-related components in an elite bread wheat cross evaluated under irrigated and rainfed conditions

Grain yield and grain weight of wheat are often decreased by water-limitation in the north-eastern cropping belt of Australia. Based on knowledge that CIMMYT lines are well-adapted in this region, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population between two elite CIMMYT bread wheats (Seri M82 and Babax) was evaluated under water-limited environments. Fourteen productivity traits were evaluated in 192 progeny in up to eight trials. For three aggregations of the environments (all, high yield or low yield), multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected, each explaining <15% of variation. Co-location of multiple trait QTL was greatest on linkage groups 1B-a, 1D-b, 4A-a, 4D-a, 6A-a, 6B-a, 7A-a and an unassigned linkage group. Two putative QTL (LOD > 3) from Seri (6D-b and UA-d) increased grain yield and co-located with a suggestive (2 < LOD < 3) and a putative QTL for increased stem carbohydrate content (WSC), respectively; the latter QTL also co-located with a putative anthesis QTL for earlier flowering. Both QTL were detected only in high yield (>4t ha⁻¹) environments. A third increased grain yield QTL (7A-a) from Babax co-located with QTL for increased grain number. Six putative QTL increased grain weight and co-located with QTL for harvest index, grains per spike and spike number. Three putative QTL for increased grains per spike co-located with strong QTL for earlier flowering, increased grain weight and fewer spikes. A group of progeny that exceeded the mean grain yield and grain weight of commercial checks had an increased frequency of QTL for high WSC, large grain size, increased harvest index and greater height, but fewer stems, when compared to low yielding (20% less), low grain weight progeny. These findings were consistent with agronomic analyses of the germplasm and demonstrate that there should be opportunities to independently manipulate grain number and grain size which is typically difficult due to strong negative correlations.     

60Co-γ射线诱变连麦2号M3代主要农艺性状的变异及多元分析

用60Co-γ射线诱变小麦连麦2号,对M3代292个穗行进行了主要农艺性状的变异及多元分析.结果表明:各性状的变异幅度是不同的,变异系数从大到小依次为:穗数＞千粒重＞穗长＞小穗数＞株高＞行粒重＞退化小穗数＞穗粒数＞穗粒重;变异率从大到小依次为:穗数＞千粒重＞株高=行粒重＞穗粒数＞穗长＞穗粒重＞小穗数＞退化小穗数.穗数、...     

Raising yield potential of wheat. III. Optimizing partitioning to grain while maintaining lodging resistance

A substantial increase in grain yield potential is required, along with better use of water and fertilizer, to ensure food security and environmental protection in future decades. For improvements in photosynthetic capacity to result in additional wheat yield, extra assimilates must be partitioned to developing spikes and grains and/or potential grain weight increased to accommodate the extra assimilates. At the same time, improvement in dry matter partitioning to spikes should ensure that it does not increase stem or root lodging. It is therefore crucial that improvements in structural and reproductive aspects of growth accompany increases in photosynthesis to enhance the net agronomic benefits of genetic modifications. In this article, six complementary approaches are proposed, namely: (i) optimizing developmental pattern to maximize spike fertility and grain number, (ii) optimizing spike growth to maximize grain number and dry matter harvest index, (iii) improving spike fertility through desensitizing floret abortion to environmental cues, (iv) improving potential grain size and grain filling, and (v) improving lodging resistance. Since many of the traits tackled in these approaches interact strongly, an integrative modelling approach is also proposed, to (vi) identify any trade-offs between key traits, hence to define target ideotypes in quantitative terms. The potential for genetic dissection of key traits via quantitative trait loci analysis is discussed for the efficient deployment of existing variation in breeding programmes. These proposals should maximize returns in food production from investments in increased crop biomass by increasing spike fertility, grain number per unit area and harvest index whilst optimizing the trade-offs with potential grain weight and lodging resistance.     

Association of Agronomic Traits with SNP Markers in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. durum (Desf.))

Association mapping is a powerful approach to detect associations between traits of interest and genetic markers based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) in molecular plant breeding. In this study, 150 accessions of worldwide originated durum wheat germplasm (Triticum turgidum spp. durum) were genotyped using 1,366 SNP markers. The extent of LD on each chromosome was evaluated. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers with ten agronomic traits measured in four consecutive years was analyzed under a mix linear model (MLM). Two hundred and one significant association pairs were detected in the four years. Several markers were associated with one trait, and also some markers were associated with multiple traits. Some of the associated markers were in agreement with previous quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses. The function and homology analyses of the corresponding ESTs of some SNP markers could explain many of the associations for plant height, length of main spike, number of spikelets on main spike, grain number per plant, and 1000-grain weight, etc. The SNP associations for the observed traits are generally clustered in specific chromosome regions of the wheat genome, mainly in 2A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 1B, and 6B chromosomes. This study demonstrates that association mapping can complement and enhance previous QTL analyses and provide additional information for marker-assisted selection.     

Agronomic performance of lines derived from anther culture, maize pollination and single-seed descent in a spring wheat cross

Anther culture and maize hybridization are two frequently used techniques for doubled haploid production in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Information on the field performance of lines derived from these techniques is limited. This study was conducted to compare the performance of F_4:6 lines obtained by single-seed descent with lines obtained by anther culture and maize (Zea mays L.) pollination from the same cross of spring wheat, ’Chris’/MN 7529. Thirty-three lines derived from each of those techniques were evaluated in six environments for grain yield, protein content, test weight, heading date, kernel weight and plant height. Mean performance of the single-seed descent lines exceeded performance of the anther culture lines for grain yield, kernel weight and plant height with no apparent differences for grain protein content, test weight and heading date. No differences between trait means for the single-seed descent and maize pollination lines were found except for plant height. The best 5 lines from each method for grain yield, protein content and test weight were similar in performance except that the protein content was higher for the maize pollination lines than for the single-seed descent lines. Acceptable levels of agronomic performance could be found among lines from each method. Wide acceptance of the doubled haploid technique for pure line production in breeding programs may, however, be limited by the often poor efficiency of doubled haploid line production, resulting in smaller population sizes for selection of desirable traits in comparison to the single-seed descent method. Received: 31 July 1998 / Accepted: 28 November 1998     

Deciphering the environmental impact on spike architectural traits for grain yield consolidation in bread wheat (T. aestivum L.)

The realization of grain yield in wheat is decided by source-sink balance under prevailing environmental conditions. Management conditions like changing the sowing time influence the source-sink capacity through modification in agronomic traits. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to decipher the influence of spike architectural traits (SATs) on grain yield and to open avenues for further grain yield enhancement. Comparatively early sowing over timely sowing gives the advantage of realizing higher grain yield with a positive relationship with SATs namely spike length, spikelets per spike, individual spike weight, individual grain weight, number of grains per spikelet, grain length, and grain width of upper and lower spike portion. Confirmatory factorial analysis revealed that spike length, spikelets per spike, individual spike weight, grains per spikelet were having a significant effect in deciding grain yield in early sown. The presence of a significant effect of genotype by environment interaction over grain yield and SATs allows the exploitation of available genotypic and environmental variability for further yield enhancement. GGE analysis on transformed and standardized grain yield-trait (GY-trait) combinations was used in the selection of genotypes having high GY-trait combinations for both sowing times. In early sowing, WG 11 was the best for high GY with high individual spike weight; grain length and grain width at lower and upper parts of the spike; and shorter days to 50% flowering. Genotypes exclusively having the high GY-trait combination along with low values of remaining GY-trait combinations were also selected with genotype focused GGE approach.