小麦品种抗旱性评价指标研究

以抗旱性不同的冬小麦品种为材料,在正常降雨年型的干旱处理（DT）和正常灌溉（CK）条件下,对于不同类型抗旱品种的产量形成能力、抗旱性评价指标以及相关抗旱生理参数进行了较全面的研究。结果表明,可采用抗旱指数（DRI）和产量降低指数（YDI）作为评价小麦品种抗旱性强弱的指标。供试品种成熟期单株干物重具有较大的差异,表现为随着品种抗旱性的增强而不断增加,表明干旱条件下单株干物重的大小与小麦品种的抗旱性具有密切联系。研究发现,单位面积穗数与产量降低指数的相关达到极显著水平,表明在干旱条件下单位面积具有较多的穗数形成能力,对于干旱条件下小麦获得相对较高的产量具有重要作用。旗叶全展、中期和生长后期的净光合速率（Pn）和脯氨酸含量均与抗旱指数和产量降低指数、叶绿素含量与产量降低指数分别呈显著或极显著相关,表明可用植株旗叶的Pn、叶绿素含量和脯氨酸含量作为评价小麦品种抗旱性强弱的参考生理指标。     

冀中北小麦品种抗旱性筛选研究

干旱是华北地区小麦生产的重要限制因素,从推广小麦品种中鉴定和筛选抗旱品种,对稳定小麦产量、降低区域水分消耗具有重要意义。本研究以近年来在河北省中北部审定、推广的13个小麦品种为材料,设置冬后浇2水(D2处理)、浇1水(D1处理)和不浇水(D0处理)3种处理方式,进行了大田条件下的抗旱品种筛选试验。结果表明,在D0处理时,各供试品种的株高、千粒重、穗粒数、亩穗数等农艺性状以及叶绿素含量、叶片离体失水速率等生理性状均显著下降,籽粒产量也极显著下降。在D1处理时,各小麦品种的农艺、生理和产量性状也发生不同程度下降。当分别以抗旱指数、加权抗旱指数和抗旱性综合度量值等指标度量品种抗旱性时,品种之间的抗旱性排序虽有差异,但仍能看出中麦1062、河农825等品种抗旱性较好。以节水指数对品种进行节水性评价时,发现河农130等3个品种节水性较好。在所测定的农艺、生理性状中,叶绿素含量、小穗数、株高、叶片离体失水速率、旗叶长和穗粒数等与抗旱性存在较高程度的相关性,本研究初步认为叶绿素含量、小穗数可作为抗旱性评价指标。     

糜子育成品种成株期抗旱性鉴定与评价

在年降雨量不足40 mm的甘肃省敦煌市,采用大田干旱胁迫法对我国不同地区育成的56份糜子品种成株期抗旱性进行了鉴定。结果表明,成株期干旱胁迫对糜子主茎节数、单株有效穗数、单株草重、主穗长、千粒重、比叶重影响不显著,而对株高、单株穗重、单株粒重、小区产量、旗叶面积、叶面积指数、生育期影响达到了极显著水平,干旱胁迫处理后株高降低了14.08 cm,单株穗重、单株粒重和小区产量分别下降2.65 g、2.19 g和86.18 g,旗叶面积和叶面积指数分别减少9.36 cm2和1.21,生育期延长了11.68 d;以抗旱指数和抗旱性综合评价值D的聚类结果为依据,筛选出成株期1级抗旱品种2份:陇糜2号、陇糜10号;经灰色关联度分析,旗叶面积、千粒重、单株有效穗数、小区产量均与抗旱指数、抗旱性综合评价值D的关联度较大,可作为成株期抗旱评价指标。     

不同陆地棉基因型抗旱性评价与抗旱丰产种质筛选

为了鉴定陆地棉的抗旱性与丰产性,在年降雨量不足40 mm的敦煌市,设干旱胁迫和正常灌溉两个处理,通过测定102份棉花品种的15个形态与产量指标,应用相关分析的方法确定抗旱指标,采用直接抗旱鉴定评价法与综合抗旱鉴定法对其进行抗旱性评价,结果显示,棉花抗旱性综合评价应选择年际间变异较小的单铃重、株高、主茎节间长度、果枝数、单株铃数、单株产量和茎干重7个指标,基于这7个单项指标计算的综合抗旱性评价指标之间相关性较高,都能评价棉花品种的抗旱性,抗旱丰产棉花种质的筛选需要综合考虑多种因素的影响,在综合评价品种抗旱性的基础上,结合单株籽棉产量计算的改进抗旱指数和抗旱系数,可筛选出抗旱丰产品种金垦1号和金垦108,不抗旱丰产品种中21371、巴西012、石远321、冀丰1056和新陆早33号,两年鉴定结果一致,品种抗旱丰产性表现稳定,适合西北内陆棉区种植,可作为抗旱鉴定标准品种。     

小麦叶片气孔性状与产量和抗旱性的关系

以小麦旱选10号/鲁麦14 DH群体为试材,对干旱胁迫和正常灌溉条件下花后10 d和20d旗叶中部气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率与产量和抗旱系数的关系进行相关和通径分析.结果表明:在两种水分条件下,花后10 d气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率与产量和抗旱系数的相关性大多不显著;但花后20 d与千粒重呈极显著正相关,与穗粒数、单株产量和抗旱系数的相关性仍大多不显著.气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率是影响单株产量和抗旱系数的主要因素,不仅对单株产量和抗旱系数的直接作用较大,间接作用也较大;气孔密度与气孔大小对单株产量和抗旱系数的直接作用和间接作用均较小.在两种水分条件下,花后10 d和20 d,气孔密度与气孔长度之间,气孔长度与气孔宽度、气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率之间的相关性均显著或极显著,但气孔密度、气孔长度与气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率间的相关性在不同水分条件和不同生育阶段存在差异,表明水分条件、生长发育阶段对这些性状之间的相关性影响较大.通过育种手段以叶片气孔密度和气孔大小为选择目标,来改善小麦气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率,进而提高产量并不总是一种有效手段.     

北方冬麦区小麦抗旱种质资源遗传多样性分析

遗传多样性分析对于作物资源评价和利用具有重要的意义。本研究以我国北方冬麦区136份小麦抗旱种质资源为材料,分析10个农艺性状及其耐旱指数的相关性,以及抗旱种质的遗传多样性。结果表明:在雨养和灌溉条件下,穗叶距的变异系数最高,分别为42.1%和37.2%,单穗总小穗数的变异系数最低,为6.4%和5.7%;不同水分条件下,植株稳产性主要受单株穗数、有效小穗数及穗下节长的影响;性状耐旱指数的多样性指数在1.95到2.07之间变化,平均值为2.02;根据性状耐旱指数将供试材料分为7个类群,其中第I、第III类群材料表现为对水分条件不敏感,而第II类群材料更适于在干旱条件下种植。材料之间的抗旱性差异可以作为抗旱育种中亲本选配的依据。     

干旱胁迫对大豆生长的影响及抗旱性评价方法与指标筛选

2014-2015年在年降雨量不足40 mm的敦煌市,设干旱和正常灌水两个处理,通过测定12份大豆品种的8个形态指标(株高、主茎节数、有效分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重、单株生物量和百粒重)及小区产量,采用改进抗旱指数法及权重隶属函数值D对其进行抗旱性评价,并筛选出3份不同抗旱类型的大豆品种进行生理指标测定,验证该方法和指标。结果显示,与灌水处理(CK)相比较,干旱胁迫下的8个形态指标及产量,2014年除有效分枝数及百粒重差异不显著外,其余考察性状均达到了极显著差异,2015年所有考察表型性状均达到极显著差异;两年权重隶属函数法评价结果显著相关,小区产量与两年两种评价方法极显著相关;两种处理下,中度抗旱(中黄24)、弱抗旱品种(WDD00172)的SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量差异极显著,且与权重隶属函数值D显著相关,而强抗旱品种(晋豆21号)中SOD活性、POD活性、脯氨酸含量差异不显著,且6个生理指标与权重隶属函数值D均不相关。因此,权重隶属函数法和小区产量可作为大豆抗旱性评价单一可靠的方法与指标。     

花后干旱对冬小麦光合、抗氧化特性和C4光合酶活性的影响

干旱是限制小麦增产最主要的非生物胁迫之一。为探究不同抗旱性冬小麦品种对花后干旱的响应,本试验以干旱敏感型品种“京冬18”和抗旱型品种“农大211”为材料,调查了花后干旱及复水后冬小麦的旗叶光合特性、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量以及各器官C4光合酶活性的变化。结果表明：花后干旱显著降低了“京冬18”的千粒重,而对“农大211”的千粒重无显著影响;与“京冬18”相比,“农大211”在干旱胁迫下叶片的SPAD值和净光合速率相对较高,F_v/F_m值相对稳定,丙二醛含量的增幅相对较小,SOD和POD活性及可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的增幅相对较大;穗部(颖壳和籽粒)C4光合酶(PEPC、NADP-ME和PPDK)活性高于旗叶,且在干旱胁迫下被诱导增强;复水后,各项指标得到不同程度的恢复;相关分析表明,花后干旱下穗部C4光合酶活性增幅与旗叶脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性增幅呈显著正相关。综上,花后干旱胁迫降低了小麦旗叶光合能力,加速了膜脂过氧化和叶绿素降解,最终影响到籽粒产量;抗旱性较强的品种在干旱胁迫下通过增强穗部C4光合酶活性、旗叶渗透调节及抗氧化能...     

水分胁迫下冬小麦芽鞘长度与抗旱性的关系及其遗传特性的研究

研究结果表明：抗旱性不同的小麦品种低水势下芽鞘长差异显著,抗旱性强的品种芽鞘长度高二抗旱性弱的品种。分析了低水势下芽鞘长度与大田干旱条件下产量的相关性,发现低水势下芽鞘长度与旱田产量,抗旱系数的相关性达显著或极显著水平。对低水势下牙鞘长度的遗传率进行了测定,证明了该指标的广义遗传率及狭义遗传率都很高,可以用这一指标在抗旱育种早代材料中进行抗旱个体选择。认为,低水势下芽鞘长度是抗旱鉴定与抗旱育种个体     

水分胁迫下冬小麦芽鞘长度与抗旱性的关系及其遗传特性的研究

研究结果表明：抗旱性不同的小麦品种低水势下芽鞘长差异显著,抗旱性强的品种芽鞘长度高于抗旱性弱的品种。分析了低水势下芽鞘长度与大田干旱条件下产量的相关性,发现低水势下芽鞘长度与旱田产量,抗旱系数的相产 达显著或极显著水平。对低水势下芽鞘长度的遗传率进行了测定,证明该指标的广义遗传率及狭义遗传率都很高,可以用这一指标在进育种早代材料中进行抗旱个体选择。认为,低水势下芽鞘长是抗旱鉴定与抗育种个体选择的良     

Exploration of Genetic Pattern of Phenological Traits in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) under Drought Stress

Drought is the major detrimental environmental factor for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. The exploration of genetic patterns underlying drought tolerance is of great significance. Here we report the gene actions controlling the phenological traits using the line × tester model studying 27 crosses and 12 parents under normal irrigation and drought conditions. The results interpreted via multiple analysis (mean performance, correlations, principal component, genetic analysis, heterotic and heterobeltiotic potential) disclosed highly significant differences among germplasm. The phenological waxiness traits (glume, boom, and sheath) were strongly interlinked. Flag leaf area exhibits a positive association with peduncle and spike length under drought. The growing degree days (heat-units) greatly influence spikelets and grains per spike, however, the grain yield/plant was significantly reduced (17.44 g to 13.25 g) under drought. The principal components based on eigenvalue indicated significant PCs (first-seven) accounted for 79.9% and 73.9% of total variability under normal irrigation and drought, respectively. The investigated yield traits showed complex genetic behaviour. The genetic advance confronted a moderate to high heritability for spikelets/spike and grain yield/plant. The traits conditioned by dominant genetic effects in normal irrigation were inversely controlled by additive genetic effects under drought and vice versa. The magnitude of dominance effects for phenological and yield traits, i.e., leaf twist, auricle hairiness, grain yield/plant, spikelets, and grains/spike suggests that selection by the pedigree method is appropriate for improving these traits under normal irrigation conditions and could serve as an indirect selection index for improving yield-oriented traits in wheat populations for drought tolerance. However, the phenotypic selection could be more than effective for traits conditioned by additive genetic effects under drought. We suggest five significant cross combinations based on heterotic and heterobeltiotic potential of wheat genotypes for improved yield and enhanced biological production of wheat in advanced generations under drought.     

不同倍性冬小麦种内竞争能力的比较研究

通过3个不同倍性冬小麦材料(两倍体栽培一粒、四倍体栽培两粒、六倍体现代品种长武134),在不同水分条件下进行密度实验,研究了不同材料的株高、生物量累积和分蘖动态的变化,以及产量对密度变化的反应。结果表明随着群体的增大,不同倍性材料个体间竞争明显加剧,相互抑制作用增强,种群内部个体大小等级差异增大;在不同群体下各倍性材料的个体生长存在差异,表现为四倍体栽培两粒竞争能力两倍体栽培一粒六倍体现代品种长武134,且长武134受种群大小影响最为显著,但长武134产量累积的投入比例最高,产量最高,低竞争能力的个体更适合生产上的需求,是群体高产的基础。研究结果为旱地小麦的高产栽培和育种提供了理论基础。     

Identification and validation of QTL for grain yield and plant water status under contrasting water treatments in fall-sown spring wheats

Key message

Chromosome regions affecting grain yield, grain yield components and plant water status were identified and validated in fall-sown spring wheats grown under full and limited irrigation.

Abstract

Increases in wheat production are required to feed a growing human population. To understand the genetic basis of grain yield in fall-sown spring wheats, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 262 photoperiod-insensitive spring wheat accessions grown under full and limited irrigation treatments. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 4.1% of the total variation in the panel was partitioned among accessions originally developed under fall-sowing or spring-sowing conditions, 11.7% among breeding programs within sowing times and 84.2% among accessions within breeding programs. We first identified QTL for grain yield, yield components and plant water status that were significant in at least three environments in the GWAS, and then selected those that were also significant in at least two environments in a panel of eight biparental mapping populations. We identified and validated 14 QTL for grain yield, 15 for number of spikelets per spike, one for kernel number per spike, 11 for kernel weight and 9 for water status, which were not associated with differences in plant height or heading date. We detected significant correlations among traits and colocated QTL that were consistent with those correlations. Among those, grain yield and plant water status were negatively correlated in all environments, and six QTL for these traits were colocated or tightly linked (<?1 cM). QTL identified and validated in this study provide useful information for the improvement of fall-sown spring wheats under full and limited irrigation.

     

Association analysis of some drought related characters in hexaploid spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

The association among yield components and their direct and indirect influence on the grain yield of wheat were investigated. 24 breeding lines were tested in a randomized complete block experiment design with three replications. According to the results the phenotypic correlation among the traits and their path coefficient were estimated. Positive significant correlation coefficients were obtained for association between survival rate treatment I, III, leaf venation, stomatal frequency, osmotic pressure, flag leaf area and number of tillers per plant with grain yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Negatively significant correlation between hygrophilic colloids and epidermal cell size with grain yield per plant was obtained at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path coefficient was also computed to estimate the contribution of character to the yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that flag leaf area, root/shoot ratio and survival rate II had the highest positive direct effects on grain yield, while hygrophilic colloids and osmotic pressure had negative direct effect on grain yield. These results thus obtained suggested that flag leaf area is an important component of yield and hence needs special attention in selection strategies.     

Breeding Enrichment of Genetic Variation of Grain Yield and Its Attributes in Bread Wheat under Drought Stress and Well Irrigation

Drought stress (DS) is one of the most critical environmental abiotic stresses for wheat production in the arid environments. Selection of high-yielding genotypes tolerant to DS can play a significant role in mitigation the negative impacts associated with DS. In the present study, generation means analysis (GMA) was used to study the performance of two crosses under well irrigation (WI) and deficit irrigation [cross I (Line 44 × Shandweel-1) and cross II (Line 20 × Sakha 93)]. Significant differences were observed for days to heading (DH), days to maturity (DM), plant height (PH), spike length (SL), number of spikes per plant (NS/P), number of grains per spike (NG/S), thousand-grain weight (TGW), grain yield per plant (GY/P), and proline content (PC) in the six populations of the two crosses within each irrigation level. Cross II had early maturity and the highest PC, NS/P, TGW, and GY/P regardless of the irrigation level. Cross I showed positive significant relative heterosis and heterobeltiosis for GY/P under the two irrigation levels. The inheritance of characters of cross I revealed additive, dominant, and epistatic effects, which varied with trait and stress. Additive genetic effects predominated in DH, SL, and PC, while non- additive were found in DM, NS/P, NG/S, and GY/P. Narrow-sense heritability estimates (h²_n) were high for DH and PC, moderate to high for PH and SL, moderate for DM, NG/S, NS/P, and TGW, and low for GY/P. Based on different drought indices the populations BC₁, BC₂, F₁, and P₁ of cross II and BC1 of cross I were more tolerant to drought stress. Therefore, PC, TGW and DH can be used as selection indicators to improve wheat for drought tolerance in early generations and other yield components traits in late generations. The second cross (Line 20 × Sakha 93) shows promise and is of interest to a drought tolerance breeding program, where wheat breeders can use recombinant breeding strategies to construct desirable drought stress genes. Correlation and path coefficient revealed that TGW and PC were the main contributor in grain yield in both environments.     

Studies on some genetic parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary In order to utilize the available useful variation in breeding rice to improve yield and quality of grain, the performance of a wide range of rice germ plasm comprising 30 varieties was evaluated in northern India, a major rice growing belt. Plant performance revealed high genetic divergence and phenotypic variability in the crop, with the maximum range of variation being for grain number per panicle and the minimum for grain dimensions. There were also significant differences among varietal means for ten phenotypic traits. Genotypic and phenotypic variance contributed profoundly to the variance of the phenotypic traits studied, but, since genetic variability in the traits related to yield was considerable, there is scope for further improvement in yielding ability. Grain number per panicle, number of effective tillers per plant and culm length exhibit high heritability, and genotypic coefficient of variation and therefore a high genetic advance. Thus, selection for these traits would be effective in crop improvement. Moreover, grain number per panicle shows a significant positive correlation with yield, and this trait could profitably form a reliable index for the yielding capacity of this crop.     

Grain number determination in durum wheat as affected by drought stress: An analysis at spike and spikelet level

Yield studies show that increases in grain yield are always accompanied by an increase in grain number and, hence, further increases in yield potential may require additional improvements in grain number. The improvement of modern durum wheat was mainly based on the introduction of semidwarf genes. A 2‐year field drought stress experiment, concerning two different genotype groups (landraces vs modern cultivars), was carried out under a rainout shelter in order (a) to assess the effect of water deficit on floret dynamics and grain number determination, (b) to explore the relationship between plant water status with grain number per spike and its components (i.e., spikelets per spike, fertile florets per spikelet and grain set) and (c) to quantify the importance of several plant traits in determining the final number of grains per spike and fertile florets per spike when the main source of variation is water availability. Compared to control (well irrigated), grain number per spike was reduced, depending on year, genotype and water availability level, by 12.4–58.7% and this reduction was evident almost in all spikelet positions along the spike. Although there were some doubts in the past about the increased sensitivity of semidwarf cultivars to drought stress, they were not confirmed from our results. In most of the cases, the variation in plant water status (by means of water potential index [WPI]) during floret primordia phase (FPP) explained most of the variance in grain number per spike, fertile florets per spikelet, grain set and fertile spikelets per spike. In general, increasing water stress intensity decreased grain number per spike by an average rate of 13.5 and 9.4 grains per 0.2 MPa decrease in WPI, in modern cultivars and landraces, respectively. However, seasonal and genotypic effects were evident by modifying the slopes of the linear regressions between WPI and the studied plant traits. Commonality analysis revealed that the number of fertile florets per spikelet was the best predictor of grain number per spike, indicating that there is still much space for further improvement for this trait in landraces. However, this trait has been clearly improved in modern cultivars, especially at the basal and central spikelets. Although the number of spikelets per spike was the best unique predictor of the number of grains per spike in modern cultivars, grain set presented the highest total effect.     

Grain yield and correlated traits of bread wheat lines: Implications for yield improvement

Global wheat yields are suffering due to differences in regional climatic conditions and soil fertility. Plant breeders are continuously working to improve the yield per unit area of wheat crop through selecting superior lines as parents. The screening and field evaluation of available lines allow the selection of superior ones and subsequently improved varieties. Therefore, heritable distinctions among 33 bread wheat lines for yield and related attributes were assessed under field conditions. The experiment included thirty lines and three check varieties. Data relating to different plant characteristics was collected at maturity. Significant differences were recorded for yield and related traits of tested wheat lines and check varieties. Wheat lines V₆, V₁₂ and V₂₀ proved better with reduced number of days to reach anthesis and other desirable traits compared to check varieties. Days to start heading had strong correlation with spike length and number of spikelets spike^-1. Flag leaf area had positive relationship with peduncle length and yield related traits. The 1000-garin weight and grain yield were also correlated with each other. It is concluded that V₆, V₁₀ and V₂₀ proved better for all studied traits than the rest of the lines. Therefore, these lines could be used in wheat breeding program as parents to improve yield.