小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位染色体对小麦农艺性状的影响

利用3类试验材料,即由不同生态类型的推广品种与小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系经过杂交回交选育的高代品系(种),3份涉及6VS/6AL的高代分离品系以及5个以小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系作杂交亲本的F2群体,对含有与不含有6VS/6AL易位染色体材料的产量、株高、穗长、德粒数、穗粒重和千粒重等农艺性状进行方差分析.结果表明,6VS/6AL易位染色体对后代的小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重和产量等农艺性状没有表现出明显的影响,对穗长和千粒重表现出一定的正向效应.多数6VS/6AL衍生品系的株高与亲本相比有所增加,但在同一组合的不同品系之间表现出一定的差异,在育种过程中通过选择可改变增高趋势.6VS/6AL易位系对白粉病免疫,并且遗传稳定,对小麦的抗病育种是很有潜力的抗源亲本.     

普通小麦-冰草6P染色体中间插入易位系的鉴定

远缘杂交技术是将小麦野生近缘植物的染色体片段导入小麦的有效途径。通过这种方法可以拓宽小麦的遗传基础,导入携带控制优异性状的基因从而达到改良小麦的目的。为了获得在小麦遗传及育种中具有较高研究利用价值的纯合的小麦-冰草小片段异源染色体易位系,我们利用细胞学手段对普通小麦-冰草的远缘杂交后代进行鉴定。本研究以小麦-冰草二体代换系4844-8、二体附加系4844-12与普通小麦杂交后辐照产生的易位系为材料,利用基因组原位杂交（GISH）技术从中鉴定出了2个具有冰草染色体小片段的纯合中间插入易位系。其中1个纯合中间插入易位系（104-3）具有高抗小麦白粉病和高千粒重的特性。另1个纯合中间插入易位系（19-2）具有较高的穗粒数和较高的千粒重的特性。本研究鉴定出的2个小麦-冰草6P小片段纯合中间插入易位系的优异农艺性状表明,它们是丰富小麦基因资源的优异的遗传材料,具有很高的研究利用价值。     

小麦—冰草T7PL·7AL罗伯逊易位系的分子细胞学鉴定

冰草是小麦遗传改良的重要野生近缘植物之一,有目标的导入冰草外源优异基因是拓宽小麦遗传基础的有效途径。前期研究表明:小麦-冰草衍生系II-23(2n=38W+6P)由19对小麦染色体(缺少4B和7A)和3对冰草染色体(2P、4P和7P)组成。本研究报道从II-23的回交后代中分离鉴定出1个自发易位系7-20。基因组原位杂交(GISH)鉴定表明7-20是一个整臂易位系;经非变性荧光原位杂交(ND-FISH)检测发现,小麦的7A染色体发生易位;进一步利用小麦7A染色体特异SSR标记以及冰草7P染色体特异STS标记对7-20易位系中的外源易位片段大小以及易位染色体的组成进行鉴定,确定7-20为T7PL·7AL罗伯逊易位系(Robertsonian translocation line)。对该易位系与小麦品种Fukuhokomugi构建的BC1F2和BC2F1世代分离群体进行田间农艺性状考察,发现该易位系阳性株系和阴性株系在有效分蘖数和千粒重性状上无显著差异,在株高上表现为阳性材料显著低于阴性材料,但同时出现穗粒数下降的现象。总之,本研究表明易位系7-20为T7PL·7AL罗伯逊易位,该创新材料不仅为后续利用断裂—融合机制创制出更多的补偿易位材料提供了理论依据,而且也为今后向小麦中转移冰草优异基因提供了重要的中间桥梁材料。     

小麦中国春-Synthetic 6x代换系的光合速率与产量性状研究

以中国春(Chinese Spring-Synthetic 6x)代换系及其亲本为材料,通过测定旗叶光合速率在各生育时期的变化,研究外源染色体对光合作用的效应;通过观测产量性状,分析外源染色体对小麦产量性状的调控效应.结果表明,从孕穗到灌浆期,5A、5B代换系叶片的光合速率显著高于中国春,说明来自Synthetic 6x的5A、5B染色体上可能携有改良光合特征的相关有利基因;5A、5B代换系的每穗粒数、单穗粒重、千粒重均显著或极显著高于中国春,说明来自Synthetic 6x的5A、5B染色体上可能携有改良每穗粒数、单穗粒重、千粒重有关的有利基因,研究结果可以为小麦的遗传育种提供理论依据.     

小麦中国春-Synthetic 6x代换系的光合速率与产量性状研究

以中国春（Chinese Spring-Synthetic 6x）代换系及其亲本为材料,通过测定旗叶光合速率在各生育时期的变化,研究外源染色体对光合作用的效应;通过观测产量性状,分析外源染色体对小麦产量性状的调控效应。结果表明,从孕穗到灌浆期,5A、5B代换系叶片的光合速率显著高于中国春,说明来自Synthetic 6x的5A、5B染色体上可能携有改良光合特征的相关有利基因;5A、5B代换系的每穗粒数、单穗粒重、千粒重均显著或极显著高于中国春,说明来自Synthetic 6x的5A、5B染色体上可能携有改良每穗粒数、单穗粒重、千粒重有关的有利基因,研究结果可以为小麦的遗传育种提供理论依据。     

用染色体工程法培育小麦新品种

染色体工程是培育小麦新品种的有效方法。利用5B染色体效应及定向选择,将黑麦抗条锈基因导入普通小麦,选育出的M8003品系,对条中22—29号等7个生理小种完全免疫,农艺性状良好。核型鉴定,2n=42,含4条随体染色体;Giemsa C-带和N-带分析,以及杂种F_1染色体配对分析,初步判断属于2BS/2RS端部易位和5AL/5RL部分易位。它不同于洛夫林10、13号等1B/1R类型的抗条锈基因,为一新的小麦-黑麦类型条锈抗源,而且是可供生产直接利用的优良品系。     

蓝粒小麦易位系的荧光原位杂交鉴定

普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L.)和长穗偃麦草（Agropyron elongatum (Host)Beauv=Elytriga elongatum(Host)Nevski=Thinopyrum ponticum (Host)Barkworth and Dewey,2n=10x=70)杂交后选育出的蓝粒小麦异代换系（蓝５８）,２n=42其中９９０６中被易位蓝粒片段的相对长度约占易位小麦染色体短臂的１／３,而９９０２中被易位蓝粒片段的相对长度约占易位小麦染色体长臂的１／２,并将９９０２的蓝粒易位片段定位在小麦Ｄ组染色体上;（２）９９１５易位附加和９９０４易位－易位附加,其体细胞染色体数均为４４,其中９９１５的体细胞染色体只有一对发生了易位,另外队了两条长穗偃麦草染色体;而９９０４有两对染色体发生了易位,并易位系中控制蓝粒性状的长穗偃麦草染色体片段的定位和蓝粒小麦易位系的应用进行了讨论。     

小麦-黑麦小片段易位系的分子细胞遗传学分析

为选育具有经济价值的带有黑麦R染色体组小片段的小麦-黑麦育种基础材料,对小麦-黑麦5R/5A×6R/6A代换系杂交后代的8份高代材料6-30、6-31、7-1、7-9、7-13、7-21、7-22和7-28进行形态学、细胞学观察,及SSR分析和GISH检测。结果表明,8个品系田间生长整齐、育性正常,具有大穗、多小穗,抗白粉病、叶锈病等优良性状;对其中2个品系7-1和7-9进行花粉母细胞减数分裂观察,发现大多数细胞染色体构型为2n=21Ⅱ,具有良好的遗传稳定性;选择黑麦R染色体通用引物及5R、6R染色体上的微卫星引物共8对,对8个品系进行SSR分析,结果表明8个品系都有黑麦5R或6R染色体片段的导入,进一步进行GISH检测,发现5个品系6-31、7-1、7-13、7-21、7-22都存在黑麦杂交信号,为小麦-黑麦小片段易位系。本研究综合多种手段鉴定的8份材料皆为小麦-黑麦小片段易位系,在育种上具有利用价值。     

基于MAS的小麦抗赤霉病育种材料抗性评价

为了提高黄淮海麦区小麦育种材料的赤霉病抗性,采用分子标记辅助选择的方法,将来自望水白的4个抗赤霉病主效QTL 3B-QTL、4B-QTL、5A-QTL和6B-QTL导入不同的感病背景中,在后代BC1F3和BC1F4株系中评价它们的抗病效应和农艺性状回复情况。结果表明:(1)导入4个抗病QTL株系的平均病小穗率和病粒率分别为12.2%和6.3%,而受体亲本则分别达到59.1%和44.2%,抗病性显著提高;(2)病小穗数和病粒率与穗长及株高极显著负相关,但与可育小穗数、百粒重、旗叶长和旗叶宽等农艺性状指标没有显著相关性。因此,通过导入抗病主效QTL可以显著改善感病材料的抗性,为进一步选育高产抗病品种提供基础材料。不良农艺性状的紧密连锁阻碍着抗赤霉病主效QTL的高效利用,需要通过继续回交或与其他品种杂交来打破这种遗传连锁关系。     

利用染色体C-分带和双色荧光原位交杂技术鉴定普通小麦-黑麦-簇毛麦双重易位系1RS·1BL，6VS·6AL

为改进小麦-黑麦1RS·1BL易位系的抗病性,丰富栽培小麦品种的遗传多样性,本文通过1RS·1BL与6VS·6AL易位系杂交,在后代中利用染色体C-分带技术从杂种F     

小麦—簇毛麦染色体代换系、易位系特异蛋白组分的双向电泳比较分析

利用双向电泳技术,对栽培小麦(AABBDD)、染色体代换系(6V/6A)、易位系(6VS/6AL)、(6VS/6DL)和簇毛麦(VV)的叶片全蛋白进行了比较研究。在栽培小麦、代换系和两个易位系中检测到超过350个蛋白组分,它们的分子量范围是10~110 KD,等电点在4.5～8.6之间。栽培小麦、6V/6A、6VS/6AL、与6VS/6DL之间的双向电泳谱型极为相似,但与簇毛麦不同。在代换系、两个易位系和簇毛麦中检测到了特异蛋白组分16 KD/pI5.0,而在栽培小麦中未检测到该组分,这些结果表明16 KD/pI5.0蛋白可能定位于簇毛麦V染色体短臂上。     

Efficient Induction of Wheat-Agropyron cristatum 6P Translocation Lines and GISH Detection

The narrow genetic background restricts wheat yield and quality improvement. The wild relatives of wheat are the huge gene pools for wheat improvement and can broaden its genetic basis. Production of wheat-alien translocation lines can transfer alien genes to wheat. So it is important to develop an efficient method to induce wheat-alien chromosome translocation. Agropyron cristatum (P genome) carries many potential genes beneficial to disease resistance, stress tolerance and high yield. Chromosome 6P possesses the desirable genes exhibiting good agronomic traits, such as high grain number per spike, powdery mildew resistance and stress tolerance. In this study, the wheat- A . cristatum disomic addition was used as bridge material to produce wheat- A . cristatum translocation lines induced by ⁶⁰Co-γirradiation. The results of genomic in situ hybridization showed that 216 plants contained alien chromosome translocation among 571 self-pollinated progenies. The frequency of translocation was 37.83%, much higher than previous reports. Moreover, various alien translocation types were identified. The analysis of M₂ showed that 62.5% of intergeneric translocation lines grew normally without losing the translocated chromosomes. The paper reported a high efficient technical method for inducing alien translocation between wheat and Agropyron cristatum . Additionally, these translocation lines will be valuable for not only basic research on genetic balance, interaction and expression of different chromosome segments of wheat and alien species, but also wheat breeding programs to utilize superior agronomic traits and good compensation effect from alien chromosomes.     

Development and molecular cytogenetic analysis of wheat-Haynaldia villosa 6VS/6AL translocation lines specifying resistance to powdery mildew

Several Triticum aestivum L.-Haynaldia villosa disomic 6VS/6AL translocation lines with powdery mildew resistance were developed from the hybridization between common wheat cultivar Yangmai 5 and alien substitution line 6V(6A). Mitotic and meiotic C-banding analysis, aneuploid analysis with double ditelosomic stocks, in situ hybridization, as well as the phenotypic assessment of powdery mildew resistance, were used to characterize these lines. The same translocated chromosome, with breakpoints near the centromere, appears to be present in all the lines, despite variation among the lines in their morphology and agronomic characteristics. The resistance gene, conferred by H. villosa and designated as Pm21, is a new and promising source of powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding.This research was supported by grants from the National High-Tech R and D Program and the National Science and Technology Commission     

小麦高代新品系鉴定的聚类分析

采用系统聚类分析方法对小麦育种高代出圃品系进行了鉴定,依据小区产量、抽穗期、株高、穗长、公顷穗数、穗粒数、单穗重、千粒重、籽粒饱满度和角质率10个性状,将38个参试品系以离差平方和法在D2=2.083聚类水平下划分为5个类群,通过聚类分析了解各类群、类内品系之间以及与对照种的关系.初步评选出9个综合性状优良的新品系,描述了各个类群中品系的特性,为小麦高代品系鉴定提供了较为精确的定量鉴定方法.     

Production and identification of wheat-Agropyron cristatum 6P translocation lines

The narrow genetic background of wheat is the primary factor that has restricted the improvement of crop yield in recent years. The kernel number per spike is the most important factor of the many potential characteristics that determine wheat yield. Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., a wild relative of wheat, has the characteristics of superior numbers of florets and kernels per spike, which are controlled by chromosome 6P. In this study, the wheat-A. cristatum disomic addition and substitution lines were used as bridge materials to produce wheat-A. cristatum 6P translocation lines induced by gametocidal chromosomes and irradiation. The results of genomic in situ hybridization showed that the frequency of translocation induced by gametocidal chromosomes was 5.08%, which was higher than the frequency of irradiated hybrids (2.78%) and irradiated pollen (2.12%). The fluorescence in situ hybridization results of the translocation lines showed that A. cristatum chromosome 6P could be translocated to wheat ABD genome, and the recombination frequency was A genome > B genome > D genome. The alien A. cristatum chromosome 6P was translocated to wheat homoeologous groups 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6. We obtained abundant translocation lines that possessed whole-arm, terminal, segmental and intercalary translocations. Three 6PS-specific and four 6PL-specific markers will be useful to rapidly identify and trace the translocated fragments. The different wheat-A. cristatum 6P translocation lines obtained in this study can provide basic materials for analyzing the alien genes carried by chromosome 6P. The translocation line WAT33-1-3 and introgression lines WAI37-2 and WAI41-1, which had significant characteristics of multikernel (high numbers of kernels per spike), could be utilized as novel germplasms for high-yield wheat breeding.     

Development of a set of compensating Triticum aestivum-Dasypyrum villosum Robertsonian translocation lines

Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy, a wild relative of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), is the source of many agronomically important genes for wheat improvement. Production of compensating Robertsonian translocations (cRobTs), consisting of D. villosum chromosome arms translocated to homoeologous wheat chromosome arms, is one of the initial steps in exploiting this variation. The cRobTs for D. villosum chromosomes 1V, 4V, and 6V have been reported previously. Here we report attempted cRobTs for wheat - D. villosum chromosome combinations 2D/2V, 3D/3V, 5D/5V, and 7D/7V. The cRobTs for all D. villosum chromosomes were recovered except for the 2VS and 5VL arms. As was the case with the 6D/6V combination, no cRobTs involving 2D/2V chromosomes were recovered; instead, cRobT T2BS·2VL involving a nontargeted chromosome was recovered. All cRobTs are fertile, although the level of spike fertility and hundred kernel weight (HKW) varied among the lines. The set of cRobTs involving 12 of the 14 D. villosum chromosomes will be useful in wheat improvement programs. In fact, among the already reported cRobTs, T6AL·6VS carrying the Pm21 gene is deployed in agriculture and many useful genes have been reported on other cRobTs including resistance to stem rust race UG99 on T6AS·6VL.