胃炎的针灸治疗近况及作用机理探讨

本文阐述了关于针灸治疗胃炎的研究概况,从治疗方法和机制两方面进行归纳总结,为今后的进一步研究提供参考依据。针灸治疗胃炎的方法比较多,如毫针刺法、艾灸、温针法、穴位注射等;研究认为针灸治疗胃炎是通过调节神经通路,提高免疫功能,调节胃肠激素和胃分泌功能,调节运动功能和保护胃黏膜等方面来实现的。目前针灸治疗胃炎的疗效确切,值得推广。     

基于脑-肠轴理论探讨针灸治疗认知障碍的机制

认知障碍是一种主要影响认知能力（包括学习、记忆、感知和问题解决等）的心理健康障碍。认知障碍常见于阿尔茨海默病、血管性痴呆、轻度认知障碍等患者。与药物治疗相比，针灸治疗具有低成本、可耐受性和安全等特点，已成为改善认知功能的潜在工具。许多研究表明，在认知障碍的患者中，针灸治疗具有明显改善认知功能的作用。但针灸改善认知功能的机制仍不清楚。基于中医从肠治脑的理论基础以及目前实验研究，脑-肠轴与针灸改善大脑认知功能关系密切。对于针灸改善认知的脑-肠轴机制的理解能促进肠道微生物微观机制研究，但肠道微生物存在个体差异、动态变化、种类繁多等特征，以肠道稳态为调控目标的新针灸方案有待研究完善与规范。本文综述了针灸干预脑-肠轴治疗认知障碍，针灸通过维持肠道生态平衡、保持肠道菌群多样性、调整有益菌群丰度、调节代谢、促进生成脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、抑制小胶质细胞激活、降低神经炎症反应、减少Aβ蛋白沉积等机制，实现对认知障碍的治疗。     

针灸治疗失眠的临床研究

近些年,随着失眠病症呈现出的多发趋势,有关临床研究也在不断加大力度并向前推进。其中,针灸治疗作为一项治疗效果好,且副作用不明显的失眠治疗方法,使其具有更为广阔的发展前景。根据实际调查发现,中医针灸不但具有驱寒祛邪、调和阴阳以及疏通经络等作用,而且具有增强机体免疫力、调节神经系统等功能,对治疗失眠具有很好的功效。     

针灸治疗癫痫后脑损伤的研究

癫痫是一种严重危害人类健康的常见中枢系统病,其反复发作会对脑组织造成损伤,以致产生认知功能障碍.针灸很早即被应用于癫痫的临床治疗,但近年来其改善癫痫后脑损伤实验机制及临床治疗效果的研究才逐渐被加以重视.针灸的优势在于可以通过激发机体自身调节达到治疗目的,从而避免使用抗癫痫药物产生不良反应.针灸改善癫痫后脑损伤的机制以抑制海马区神经元凋亡为主,同时伴有抑制胶质细胞增生、抑制齿状回颗粒层苔藓纤维发芽等.针灸临床效果证实任督二脉取穴配合辨证取穴及头部局部取穴是有效的.本文即是关于针灸治疗癫痫后脑损伤的机制研究及针刺临床疗效的进展综述.     

针刺调节免疫功能的研究——电针大鼠血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的发现、生化特性鉴定和作用机制分析

针刺是传统中医学中有效的治疗手段之一。长期以来.人们利用针刺来止痛、调节血压、治疗神经性耳聋、小儿麻痹,并用于调节免疫功能、抗炎、抗过敏及缓解自身免疫性疾病如风湿性关节炎等。20多年来,对针刺的镇痛作用和调节血压的功能进行了大量的研究,成果累累。关于针刺调节免疫功能的研究也在逐步开展。     

外周输入中枢神经系统的信使：神经营养因子和细胞因子在介导针灸效应中的作用

中国针灸医术的机理是一个千古之谜。现代神经科学近年来有了很大的进展。本综述结合现代神经科学最前沿的研究,探讨神经营养因子和细胞因子在介导针灸效应中的作用。神经营养因子和细胞因子属于两个较大的蛋白调节因子家族。它与在细胞膜上的受体结合后,通过激活细胞内第二信使传导系统起到调节细胞功能的作用。神经营养因子和细胞因子与疼痛、神经退行性疾病和精神疾病等密切相关。在此综述中,作者将系统地介绍神经营养因子和细胞因子在调节细胞的生长与凋亡、突触可塑性及神经细胞髓鞘形成中的作用,以及它们的信息的逆向运输,受电刺激掌控的释放和信息转导机制。并根据这些原理提出了作为针灸机理的可能性之一的针灸机理的神经营养因子假说。     

RhoA/ROCK信号通路对血管平滑肌收缩的调节作用及研究进展

血管平滑肌的异常收缩是引起许多疾病的重要因素,如高血压,脑血管痉挛等,对于平滑肌收缩调节机制的研究为治疗这些疾病带来新的思路和方向.研究表明小GTP结合蛋白RhoA及其下游信号分子ROCK在平滑肌收缩调节,尤其是钙敏化调节机制中起到关键作用.RhoA/ROCK通路通过抑制MLCP活性而增强MLC的磷酸化水平,从而调节平滑肌收缩,此外,它还参与调节其它细胞的多种细胞功能,如应力纤维的生成,细胞分裂及迁移等.本综述主要介绍RhoA/ROCK通路在血管平滑肌收缩功能的调节机制及研究进展.     

电针降压作用的证据、机制和临床应用

高血压增加心血管动脉粥样硬化、中风、残疾和死亡的风险,是一个严重的全球健康问题。收缩压和舒张压,尤其是收缩压随年龄增长而增加。药物治疗高血压存在副作用,可以考虑辅助治疗,比如针灸通过调节体内神经-内分泌系统降低血压。用基础研究指导临床实践的结果显示,低频,低强度电针降低约70%的轻中度停服降压药高血压患者的交感神经活动。每周1次、持续8周的电针治疗结束后,收缩压和舒张压(较小幅度)降低能维持2~4周,甚至1个月。至于针灸的长期疗效、耐药患者的治疗以及对服药患者的疗效等问题,有待进一步研究。目前的证据表明针灸对高血压有一定的疗效。     

电针降压作用的证据、机制和临床应用（英文）

高血压增加心血管动脉粥样硬化、中风、残疾和死亡的风险,是一个严重的全球健康问题。收缩压和舒张压,尤其是收缩压随年龄增长而增加。药物治疗高血压存在副作用,可以考虑辅助治疗,比如针灸通过调节体内神经-内分泌系统降低血压。用基础研究指导临床实践的结果显示,低频,低强度电针降低约70%的轻中度停服降压药高血压患者的交感神经活动。每周1次、持续8周的电针治疗结束后,收缩压和舒张压(较小幅度)降低能维持2~4周,甚至1个月。至于针灸的长期疗效、耐药患者的治疗以及对服药患者的疗效等问题,有待进一步研究。目前的证据表明针灸对高血压有一定的疗效。     

转录辅助活化因子PGC-1家族的生物学特性及功能

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅助活化因子1(PGC-1)家族共有PGC-1α,PGC-1β和PRC(PGC-1相关因子)3个成员,该家族在机体诸多代谢过程中发挥重要作用,包括调节机体适应性产热、线粒体的生成、脂质代谢、调节血糖平衡及葡萄糖转运、激活糖异生的关键酶和影响肌纤维类型的转换等.成员间功能也存在差异,PGC-1α的上述功能表现的较为明显,而PGC-1β在调节脂肪细胞分化及脂类代谢中具有独特的功能,PRC则仅发现其在调节线粒体的生物合成及细胞增殖中有作用.研究认为,通过调节PGC-1家族的生理功能,可治疗肥胖及糖尿病等疾病,尤其PGC-1β可作为改善机体胰岛素抵抗的新药物靶点.本文就PGC-1家族的特征、生理功能及相互作用研究进行简要综述.     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

On the Microanatomy of the Brain and the Innervation and Homologues of the Cephalic Appendages of Hesionidae and Syllidae (Polychaeta)

Abstract Earlier papers dealing with the anatomy of the hesionids and syllids were studied. Thereby it was found that information about the structure of the central nervous system was meagre. As a result, the anterior end appendages, especially the large, laterloventral ones of the Syllidae, have been differently interpreted. This prompted a re-investigation. The circum-oesophageal connectives, the brain commissures and the innervation of the alimentary canal and the cephalic appendages of a number of hesionid and syllid species were studied. The results, summarized in schematic diagrams, were compared with corresponding observations in other polychaete families. Among other things, it was concluded that not only the latero-ventral cephalic appendages of the hesionids but also those of the syllids are homologous with the palps of the nereids and of many other “errant” and “sedentary” families.     

Comparison of the Effects of Flexion and Extension of the Thumb and Fingers on the Position and Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve

Objective

To assess the separate effects of thumb and finger extension/flexion on median nerve position and cross-sectional area.

Methods

Ultrasonography was used to assess median nerve transverse position and cross-sectional area within the carpal tunnel at rest and its movement during volitional flexion of the individual digits of the hand. Both wrists of 165 normal subjects (11 men, 4 women, mean age, 28.6, range, 22 to 38) were studied.

Results

Thumb flexion resulted in transverse movement of the median nerve in radial direction (1.2±0.6 mm), whereas flexion of the fingers produced transverse movement in ulnar direction, which was most pronounced during flexion of the index and middle fingers (3.2±0.9 and 3.1±1.0 mm, respectively). Lesser but still statistically significant movements were noted with flexion of the ring finger (2.0±0.8 mm) and little finger (1.2±0.5 mm). Flexion of the thumb or individual fingers did not change median nerve cross-sectional area (8.5±1.1 mm²).

Conclusions

Volitional flexion of the thumb and individual fingers, particularly the index and middle fingers, produced significant transverse movement of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel but did not alter the cross-sectional area of the nerve. The importance of these findings on the understanding of the pathogenesis of the carpal tunnel syndrome and its treatment remains to be investigated.