一株石油烃降解菌新种Marinobacter sp. PY97S的鉴定

【目的】为了对1株从黄海沉积物中分离到的石油烃降解菌新种PY97S进行分类学鉴定。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析、生理生化指标测定、抗生素抗性实验、DNA G+C含量测定、全细胞脂肪酸组成测定、碳源利用实验、呼吸醌测定以及DNA杂交实验等多种方法对该菌株进行鉴定,并通过降解实验测定其对烷烃的利用情况。【结果】菌株PY97S为海杆菌(Marinobacter),革兰氏阴性,接触酶阳性,氧化酶阳性,主要呼吸醌为Q-9。在GenBank中与其16S rRNA基因序列相似度最高的模式株为Marinobacter koreensisDD-M3T(96.93%),两者DNA-DNA同源性仅为46.7%。菌株PY97S的温度生长范围为15℃-35℃(最适为30℃),NaCl浓度生长范围是0%-10%(最适为0%),初始pH生长范围为pH 6.0-9.0(最适为初始pH7.0)。该菌株可以利用多种糖类和有机酸类的碳源,并对氨苄青霉素、氧哌嗪青霉素等多种抗生素敏感。其DNA G+C含量为48.2 mol%。其主要脂肪酸组成为2-methyl C15∶0(29.97%)、C16∶1ω7c(27.22%)、C12∶0(22.22%)和C16∶1ω9c(5.73%)。【结论】菌株PY97S是1株能够降解多种多环芳烃和烷烃的海洋石油烃降解菌新种,具有应用到溢油污染海洋环境生物修复的潜力。     

大连湾原油降解菌的分离和多样性分析

[目的]研究大连湾原油污染海域可培养原油降解菌的多样性,并获得新的原油降解菌.[方法]通过大连湾海水、海泥和海绵样品采集,以原油作为唯一碳源,培养、富集、分离筛选原油降解菌,根据16S rRNA基因序列确定其系统进化地位.[结果]通过形态观察和16S rRNA基因分析,共获得22个属的50株菌.其中,有6株菌的16S rRNA序列与最相近的菌株序列一致性仅为95％-97％,可能是潜在的新菌.单菌实验表明,45株菌具有石油降解能力.[结论]揭示了大连湾可培养原油降解菌的多样性,并获得了新的原油降解菌,为海洋石油污染的生物治理提供新资源.     

高浓度氯苯优势降解菌的筛选及其降解酶的纯化

[目的]分离纯化出一株高浓度氯苯优势降解菌株,对其所产氯苯降解酶进行分离与纯化,为该菌株及其氯苯降解酶的研究提供理论参考.[方法]利用梯度富集培养技术和无菌滤纸片平板法分离菌株,通过形态特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析初步鉴定菌株,用气相色谱法测定培养液中氯苯浓度,以单位细胞氯苯降解率评价菌株对氯苯的降解能力,以氯苯降解率表示氯苯降解酶的活性.取纯化菌株的发酵酶液制备粗酶液,经硫酸铵梯度盐析、透析脱盐、DE-52离子交换层析、G-100凝胶层析和透析浓缩后,进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳检验酶的纯度并测定酶的分子量.[结果]从氯苯长期驯化的成熟期活性污泥中筛选到一株以氯苯为唯一碳源和能源的氯苯优势降解细菌LW13,该菌株在以2000 mg/L氯苯为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中仍能正常生长,其单位细胞氯苯降解率可达1.37 ×10-10.扫描电镜观察到该菌株细胞大小约为2.3 ×0.8μm,长有数根端生鞭毛.16S rRNA基因序列相似性比较表明该菌株与Lysinibacillus fusiformis(溶藻菌)的相似性达95.5％.所纯化的氯苯降解酶为胞外酶,带正电荷,其分子大小约为57 kDa.整个纯化过程中酶纯化倍数化达8.0倍,酶活回收率达52.51％,酶量回收率达6.57％.纯化后的氯苯降解酶在30℃-55℃和pH在6.0-8.0之间都保持较高的酶活性,其最适反应温度和pH分别在40℃和pH8.0左右.[结论]所分离的氯苯优势降解菌属于Lysinibacillus属菌株,该菌株能有效降解高浓度(500-2000 mg/L)氯苯废水,通过逐级分离纯化,可获得氯苯降解酶纯酶,纯化指标符合分离纯化基本规律,纯化效果较为理想.     

一个降解染料的希瓦氏菌新种——中国希瓦氏菌

从细胞形态、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因和gyrB基因序列同源性分析等方面对一株广谱高效染料降解菌D14进行了鉴定.菌株D14的细胞壁革兰氏染色为阴性,细胞为杆状,大小为0.6μm～1.0μm×1.0μm～4.0μm,周身纤毛,极生单鞭毛,其生长pH范围为pH 7.0～10.0,最适生长pH为8.0,生长温度范围为4℃～40℃,最适生长温度为20℃～30℃.该菌株具有还原三价铁,液化明胶、Tween40和Tween 80,产生H2S的能力.在乳酸钠存在的条件下,能还原硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铁氧化物和硫代硫酸钠.可利用D-半乳糖、D-葡萄糖、蔗糖、丙酸钠、L-亮氨酸等多种有机物为碳源.BIOLOG细菌自动鉴定系统鉴定结果表明该菌株应归属于希瓦菌属.16S rDNA和gyrB基因序列分析结果表明,菌株D14与其亲缘关系最近的菌株Shewanella putrefacien ATCC8071T的16S rDNA序列相似值为97%(小于97.7%),gyrB基因序列相似值为87%(小于90%).菌体所含有的主要脂肪酸为iso-15:0,16:1ω7c,15:0和16:0,DNA中(G C)mol%含量为49.3.结合菌株D14的生理生化特征和分子生物学特性,将菌株定为希瓦氏菌属的一个新种,命名为中国希瓦氏菌(Shewanella cinica)D14T.     

氯氰菊酯降解菌株L12的分离鉴定及降解特性

[目的]通过分离纯化氯氰菊酯降解菌,研究降解特性为实际应用提供理论依据.[方法]利用富集驯化培养技术分离菌株,通过形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定菌株.测定培养液中氯氰菊酯的浓度和代谢产物以及菌体细胞的密度和细胞表面疏水性,研究菌株的降解特性.[结果]从生产氯氰菊酯的农药厂污水曝气池中,分离到1株能...     

一株蒽降解细菌的分离及降解特性研究

【目的】从盐碱土壤中筛选蒽降解菌株并分析其降解特性。【方法】采用极度稀释结果流式细胞检测法筛选分离纯化菌株,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行初步鉴定,采用气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析蒽的降解特性。【结果】从盐碱土壤中筛选出一株高效蒽降解菌株。经过16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定该菌株为Demequina salsinemorus BJ1。菌株可以利用蒽作为唯一碳源生长,降解率可达92%。在一定浓度范围内,随着蒽浓度的降低,细菌生长速率变快,降解率升高。添加外加碳源后,细菌生长速率明显变快,而对蒽降解率变低。对萃取中间代谢产物的质谱分析表明,降解蒽的中间代谢产物主要有9,10-anthracenedione (9,10-蒽醌)和Phthalic acid (邻苯二甲酸)等,说明它可能通过邻苯二甲酸途径降解蒽。【结论】筛选得到一株新的耐盐碱蒽降解菌,该菌降解效率高,对修复石油污染的土壤有一定的现实意义。     

一株降解牛血液蛋白菌株的分离鉴定及其降解条件优化

为了解决屠宰场废弃血液造成的环境污染及其有效利用问题,取样自日喀则地区屠宰场的废弃血液堆积土壤,梯度稀释涂布于血琼脂平板上进行分离,挑选有较大溶血环的菌落纯化,继而保藏菌种。对保藏菌株进行形态学、生理生化、16S rRNA基因序列鉴定并进行药敏试验、菌株生长条件的探究。用福林酚法测定保藏菌株的蛋白酶活力,初步优化血液培养基条件,提升保藏菌株血液降解效率。结果表明,得到了一株高效降解血液蛋白的菌株,编号为NWMCC0047,经过形态学鉴定、生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,表明该菌株为乙酰微小杆菌（Exiguobacterium acetylicum）。其蛋白酶活力可达19.00 U/mL。最适生长条件：碳源为葡萄糖、氮源为牛肉膏、无机盐为磷酸氢二钠、pH值为7、温度为20 ℃。通过菌株对牛血液蛋白降解条件的初步优化,当血液添加量为10%（体积分数）、麦麸添加20 g/L、不添加无机盐、37 ℃培养85 h时,其降解率可达21.97%。实验为降解废弃血污提供了简单可参考的操作方法且为生产氨基酸肥料提供候选菌株。     

一株嗜热聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯降解菌的分离及其降解特性解析北大核心

【目的】大量聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate,PET)塑料作为废弃物被丢弃,严重危害生态健康。针对嗜热PET降解菌缺乏这一情况,本研究旨在获得能够降解PET的嗜热菌,并阐述其降解机制。【方法】采集云南腾冲热泉中的废弃PET瓶,分析其表面生物膜的微生物群落多样性,从中筛选能够以PET为营养源生长的嗜热菌,并基于16S rRNA基因序列加以鉴定;以菌株的定殖能力与生长曲线为指标,优选出降解能力较强的降解菌,并测定其最适pH、温度和NaCl浓度;降解能力较强的降解菌分别作用于PET及PET中间体双(羟乙基)对苯二甲酸酯[bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate,BHET]和对苯二甲酸单(2-羟乙基)酯[mono(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate,MHET],测定产物生成量与降解率;通过观察PET膜表面微观结构、活菌数、酯酶活性等探究降解菌与PET的互作过程。【结果】废弃PET瓶表面生物膜中的微生物群落多样性低;从生物膜中筛选出5株能够以PET为营养源生长的嗜热菌;其中,菌株JQ3以PET为唯一碳源生长最佳,作为降解能力较强的降解菌,被鉴定为嗜热淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thermoamylovorans),其最适生长pH为7.0、最适生长温度为50℃、最适生长NaCl浓度为0.5%;菌株JQ3以0.043 mg PET/d的速率降解PET,对苯二甲酸(terephthalic acid,TPA)产量在第7天达到峰值45.2 mmol/L;菌株JQ3对PET中间体降解效率显著,6 h可降解85.9%的BHET,60 h可降解50.1%的MHET。菌株JQ3能够定殖于PET表面并形成生物膜,侵蚀PET并造成开裂和剥落。【结论】B.thermoamylovorans JQ3作为一株嗜热PET降解菌,能够高温(60℃)降解PET及其中间体,为实现PET的有效降解提供了新策略。     

天山1号冰川底部沉积层产β-半乳糖苷酶低温菌株的系统发育分析及生理多样性

[目的]通过对天山1号冰川底部沉积层冻土中细菌的分离和产β-半乳糖苷酶低温菌株的筛选,了解天山冻土微生物的物种多样性,并对产β-半乳糖苷酶低温菌株的系统发育和生理多样性进行分析.[方法]以乳糖为主要碳源,X-Gal为显色剂,分离筛选出产低温β-半乳糖苷酶菌株.对细菌常规生理生化实验、最适生长温度、耐盐性、药物敏感性进行测定.根据16S rRNA基因序列初步确定产β-半乳糖苷酶低温菌种的系统进化地位,并采用BOX-PCR指纹图谱技术对16S rRNA基因高度同源性的菌株进一步区分.[结果]分离到90株可培养低温菌中25株可产β-半乳糖苷酶,其中76％为革兰氏阳性菌.依据生长温度,产酶菌株80％为嗜冷菌,20％为耐冷菌.在系统发育上,产酶菌株隶属于4个类群,其中肠球菌属(Enterococcus)占26％,短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)占22％,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)占13％.[结论]天山1号冰川底部沉积层冻土中产β-半乳糖苷酶的低温细菌具有比较丰富的物种和生理多样性.     

低温石油降解菌LHB16的筛选及降解特性研究

目的:筛选、鉴定低温石油降解菌并对其降解特性进行研究.方法:富集分离低温石油降解菌;采用形态学、生理生化实验和分子生物学方法进行菌种鉴定;紫外分光光度法和GC-MS检测石油降解特性.结果:自盘锦油田低温环境土样中分离到1株低温菌,命名为LHB16,该菌能以石油烃为惟一碳源和能源.经鉴定为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia).该菌生长温度范围0℃～35℃,最适生长温度15℃.在接种量为2%(V/V),原油浓度为0.5%(W/V),振荡培养10 d时,降解率可达80.16%.石油中长链烷烃C15～C32被完全降解.传代培养数代,降解率为81.06%,降解性能稳定.结论:菌株LHB16在低温地区石油污染的生物治理中有良好的应用前景.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various