中国首次分离的辛德毕斯病毒XJ-160病毒株感染性全基因组cDNA克隆的构建与分析

报告了中国首次分离的辛德毕斯病毒XJ-160株的感染性全基因组cDNA克隆的构建与鉴定。利用RT—PCR方法获得覆盖病毒全长基因组的cDNA片段,以低拷贝质粒pBR322作为骨架,将基因组cDNA置于SP6RNA聚合酶启动子之后,基因组3’末端带有35个连续的A,通过DNA重组技术组装成病毒基因组全长cDNA克隆。该克隆可在大肠杆菌DH5a中稳定扩增。经体外转录,RNA转录体转染BHK-21细胞,细胞发生病变,恢复病毒滴度达到10^7～10^8PFU／ml。全基因组cDNA克隆构建过程中引入的沉默突变(8453位核苷酸由C变为T)产生XbaⅠ酶切位点作为遗传标记,在子代恢复病毒的基因组中稳定存在。从细胞病变的特征、BHK-21细胞的空斑形态、病毒的抗原性、病毒在细胞中的生长动力学特征以及对乳鼠的致病性等方面比较,恢复病毒和亲本病毒XJ-160没有显著区别,提示获得了具有感染性的XJ-160病毒全长cDNA克隆。该病毒感染性全基因组cDNA克隆可以作为反向遗传学系统,为进一步研究病毒复制和致病机制,以及开发相应的载体表达系统提供分子生物学工具。     

XJ-160病毒单方向血清学反应分子基础研究

本研究通过基因替换和重组等技术构建重组病毒解释XJ-160病毒单方向血清学反应的分子基础。以实验室构建的XJ-160病毒全感染性克隆为基础获得XJ-160病毒和辛德毕斯病毒(SINV)糖蛋白基因单独和同时相互替换的重组病毒。首先研究重组病毒对细胞及动物感染性和致病性,同时利用微量细胞中和试验方法鉴定引起XJ-160病毒单方向血清学反应的基因区段。研究结果显示XJ-160病毒E2糖蛋白是影响病毒在细胞中的生长速率,空斑形态及对乳鼠致病性的主要因素。中和试验结果显示SIN病毒E2糖蛋白对决定引起XJ-160病毒单方向血清学反应起着重要作用。本研究确定了引起XJ-160病毒单方向血清学反应的基因区段,并为进一步研究XJ-160病毒基因组结构与功能打下了基础。     

XJ-160病毒复制子型表达载体的构建

XJ-160病毒是我国首次分离的辛德毕斯病毒,全基因组测序已经完成.本文利用该病毒全基因序列首先构建了全基因组cDNA克隆质粒,在此基础上,利用基因重组技术将病毒结构基因序列替换为含有多个单酶切位点的序列,得到复制子表达载体质粒pRepxj160.为验证载体的功能,将报告基因绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)和β-半乳糖苷酶基因(lacZ)分别插入到载体的多克隆位点,得到两个表达质粒;经体外转录获得的转录体RNA转染BHK-21细胞后14h,可检测到报告基因的表达.结果表明我们构建的XJ-160病毒复制子型表达载体具有自主复制功能,可以表达异源基因.本研究为进一步开发具有我国自主知识产权的甲病毒载体奠定了基础.     

XJ—160病毒复制子型表达载体的构建

D-160病毒是我国首次分离的辛德毕斯病毒,全基因组测序已经完成。本文利用该病毒全基因序列首先构建了全基因组cDNA克隆质粒,在此基础上,利用基因重组技术将病毒结构基因序列替换为含有多个单酶切位点的序列,得到复制子表达载体质粒pRepxjl60。为验证载体的功能,将报告基因绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)和β-半乳糖苷酶基因(lacZ)分别插入到载体的多克隆位点,得到两个表达质粒;经体外转录获得的转录体RNA转染BHK-21细胞后14h,可检测到报告基因的表达。结果表明我们构建的XJ-160病毒复制子型表达载体具有自主复制功能,可以表达异源基因。本研究为进一步开发具有我国自主知识产权的甲病毒载体奠定了基础。     

一株辛德毕斯病毒的基因组序列测定及分析

目的：对引进的一株辛德毕斯病毒的基因组序列进行测定,阐明其与已报道毒株序列的关系。方法：对辛德毕斯病毒基因组编码区进行分段RT-PCR扩增,对非编码区采用RACE法进行扩增,将扩增产物直接进行测序,应用DNAStar软件将测序结果拼接得到基因组序列,采用MEGA3.1软件对9株辛德毕斯病毒基因组序列进行系统进化发生树的构建。结果与结论：此株辛德毕斯病毒基因组共11663nt,编码3745个氨基酸残基,其中5＇端的2/3基因组编码4种非结构蛋白NSp1、NSp2、NSp3和NSp4,3＇端的1/3基因组编码5种结构蛋白E1、E2、E3、6K和C;结构基因和非结构基因之间有48nt的连接区为非翻译区;病毒基因组5＇末端和3＇末端分别有59、318nt的非编码区;序列同源性分析结果表明,此株病毒与S.A.AR86株的同源性最高,两者核苷酸序列的同源性为99.7%,氨基酸序列的同源性为99.6%,而与本室保存的另一辛德毕斯病毒MEI株的遗传进化关系稍远,系统进化发生树处于不同分支上。     

登革病毒2型全长cDNA感染性转录体的构建和鉴定

为构建登革病毒感染性克隆, 针对登革病毒2型基因组全长cDNA的体外转录方法及感染性转录体进行研究。采用长链RT-PCR技术, 扩增DEN2 NGC株全长基因组cDNA, 以之为模板, 用SP6 RNA聚合酶系统制备体外转录RNA转录体, 分别经乳鼠脑内接种及电穿孔转染BHK-21细胞, 观察其感染效应。并从受染鼠脑和病变细胞中提取总RNA, 进行RT-PCR扩增、克隆测序以及电镜观察。结果发现, 从感染鼠脑和细胞中经RT-PCR均可扩增出病毒特异的基因片段, 大小与预期一致; 并从乳鼠脑组织和BHK-21细胞中观察到恢复病毒颗粒。上述结果表明本文成功构建的DEN2 NGC株病毒全长cDNA的体外转录体具有感染性, 乳鼠脑内接种途径与电穿孔转染细胞一样可成为体外转录体感染宿主细胞、获得恢复病毒的方法。     

乙脑/登革2型嵌合病毒的构建

在乙脑病毒SA14-14-2株复制子载体pPartial△prM/E中克隆入DV2(Dengue virus serotype 2)的prM/E基因,构建乙脑/登革2型嵌合体克隆。将嵌合体克隆线性化后体外转录,获得的RNA转染BHK-21细胞,5～7d可观察到CPE。收获病毒上清液分别感染BHK-21细胞及C6/36细胞。接种于C6/36细胞中的嵌合病毒可使细胞出现CPE,RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光和Western blot检测显示:获得的嵌合病毒具有预期嵌合性核酸并能表达DV2的包膜蛋白,但不能在BHK-21细胞中传代培养。成功构建的乙脑/登革2型感染性克隆为进一步研究登革病毒疫苗奠定了基础。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒HuN4-F112弱毒株NSP2区表达猪瘟病毒E2基因表位的研究

建立共表达猪瘟病毒(Classic swine fever virus,CSFV)E2蛋白主要中和性抗原表位基因的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)反向遗传操作平台,为进一步研究PRRSV作为病毒载体提供实验数据。本研究在PRRSVHuN4-F112疫苗株感染性分子克隆的基础上,采用突变PCR技术将CSFV E2蛋白的主要中和性抗原表位基因插入HuN4-F112弱毒株PRRSV已鉴定出的两个NSP2蛋白的复制非必需区,经基因片段的克隆、拼接,构建了两株含有CSFV E2蛋白的主要中和性抗原表位基因的感染性PRRSV cDNA克隆psk-HuN4-F112-Δ508-532+E2和psk-HuN4-F112-Δ480-532+E2。用限制性内切酶SwaΙ分别将两株共表达的感染性克隆线性化,之后通过细胞外转录获得病毒RNA,用脂质体法分别将病毒RNA转染BHK-21细胞包装出病毒粒子,再分别将其转接到MARC-145细胞传代拯救出两株病毒。分别对两株拯救病毒进行RT-PCR扩增、酶切和序列分析鉴定。结果表明,两株拯救病毒含有不同于亲本病毒的分子标记(拯救病毒基因组的14 667位因同义突变产生的MluⅠ酶切位点)和插入基因序列。间接免疫荧光试验表明,CSFV E2蛋白主要中和性抗原表位基因均能在两株拯救的PRRSV中表达,且能够在其传代过程中稳定遗传。病毒生长特性结果比较显示两株拯救病毒与亲本病毒在MARC-145细胞上具有相似的增殖特性。本研究构建了两株共表达CSFV E2蛋白主要中和性抗原表位基因的PRRSV感染性克隆并获得了拯救病毒,且外源基因能在拯救病毒中稳定表达,为进一步开发新型PRRSV二联疫苗提供了有效的反向遗传操作平台。     

乙脑病毒全长cDNA的扩增克隆及体外转录制备感染性RNA的研究

本研究根据已知的乙脑病毒(JEV)SA14株基因序列设计一套引物 ,利用长模板RT-PCR 技术,一次扩增出了JEV的全长cDNA,并采用大片段克隆技术将其克隆于载体的RNA聚合酶启动子下游.阳性克隆转录的RNA转染HBK细胞后细胞产生病变,经乳鼠脑内接种及特异性免疫荧光染色证明为JEV,这一结果表明JEV感染性克隆的构建获得了成功.其次,合成一条含有 RNA聚合酶启动子序列的5′引物,利用长模板RT-PCR方法扩增出带有启动子的JEV全长cDNA ,以此cDNA为模板作体外转录.转录产物转染BHK细胞后观察到了典型的JEV病变.收获的病毒经乳鼠脑内接种及免疫荧光染色证明为JEV,从而建立了制备JEV感染性RNA的快捷方法.本研究构建的JEV感染性克隆与建立的长模板RT-PCR快速制备JEV感染性RNA的方法,将为JEV 分子生物学研究的后续工作提供有力的工具和奠定坚实的基础.     

嵌合中国分离株基因的丙型肝炎病毒（1b／2a）细胞培养模型的建立

目的：建立嵌合中国分离株基因的丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）细胞培养模型。方法：利用3片段融合PCR的方法将中国HCV河北分离株（1b）的全长包膜蛋白基因引入JFH1（2a）株基因骨架,构建包膜蛋白基因区相互置换的嵌合HCV（1b／2a）全长基因组,经线性化后体外转录获得全长RNA,转染Huh7．5．1细胞系,用免疫荧光及蛋白印迹实验检测。结果：该RNA可以产生具有体外感染活性的嵌合HCV,且感染性可在共同培养的细胞间传播。结论：首次在国内建立了嵌合中国HCV分离株基因的HCV细胞培养体系。     

Polypeptide composition of flacherie viruses of the silkworm

The purified flacherie viruses of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, (FVS I, FVS II, FVS III, and FVS IV) were iodinated by using chloramine-T. The iodinated FVSes were purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation or 2.4% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. FVS IV was found in the sedimentation analysis of FVS I, FVS II, and FVS IV. Electrophoretic patterns of FVS IV showed that it was a mixture of components having identical mobilities with FVS I, EVS IIa, and FVS IIb. FVS IV was a decomposed particle of FVS I, FVS II, and/or FVS III. All of these particles contained three polypeptides with molecular weights of about 51,000, 31,000, and 12,000 daltons. FVS I composed of six polypeptides with molecular weights of 67,000, 51,000, 39,000, 31,000, 14,000, and 12,000 daltons. The maturation process of FVS I was discussed and was suggested as the following process, FVS IIb→FVS IIa→FVS I. It is not clear whether FVS III is an intermediate for FVS IIa to convert into FVS I, or FVS III is a decomposed particle of FVS I.     

Early onset of virus infection and up-regulation of cytokines in mice treated with cadmium and manganese

A substantial database indicates that a large number of environmental pollutants, chemicals and therapeutic agents to which organisms are exposed cause immunotoxicity. The suppression of immune functions may cause increased susceptibility of the host to a variety of microbial pathogens potentially resulting in a life-threatening state. Evaluation of the immunotoxic potential of chemical xenobiotics is of great concern and, therefore, we have investigated the impact of exposure of inorganic metals, specifically cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn) on Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus (VEEV) infection. Pretreatment with a single, oral dose of Cd or Mn increased the susceptibility of mice to a sub-lethal infection of these viruses as observed by increased severity of symptoms and mortality compared to untreated controls. An early onset of virus infection was found in brains of Cd and Mn treated animals. Histopathological observations of the brain indicate evidence of inflammation and greater tissue pathology in Cd-or Mn-exposed mice compared to control animals. Meningitis and vascular congestion was seen in virus infected mice in all the metal treated groups, and further, the perivascular inflammation appeared earlier in treated mice compared to control. Encephalitis was maximum in Cd pretreated mice. Widespread environmental contamination of metals and the potential for their exposure and subsequent infection of humans or animals is indicative that further studies of these and all other metals are important to understand the effect of environmental pollution on human health.     

应用斑点法检测植物病毒的研究

应用斑点法检测了病叶粗汁液中的芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)、大豆花叶病毒(sMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV),病叶粗汁液可被检测的最大稀释度分别为1:5120、1:2560和1:1280。提纯的大豆花叶病毒和黄瓜花叶病毒可检测的最低限量分别为1.7ng和1.2ng。以牛血清白蛋白、吐温和聚乙烯吡咯啉酮作封闭液,均可获得满意的结果。应用斑点法检测芜菁花叶病毒和大豆花叶病毒时,其抗血清稀释1:500倍可获得满意效果,稀释2000倍仍可用于检测。     

Evidence for plant viruses in the region of Argentina Islands, Antarctica

This work focused on the assessment of plant virus occurrence among primitive and higher plants in the Antarctic region. Sampling occurred during two seasons (2004/5 and 2005/6) at the Ukrainian Antarctic Station 'Academician Vernadskiy' positioned on Argentina Islands. Collected plant samples of four moss genera (Polytrichum, Plagiatecium, Sanionia and Barbilophozia) and one higher monocot plant species, Deschampsia antarctica, were further subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test for the presence of common plant viruses. Surprisingly, samples of Barbilophozia and Polytrichum mosses were found to contain antigens of viruses from the genus Tobamovirus, Tobacco mosaic virus and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, which normally parasitize angiosperms. By contrast, samples of the monocot Deschampsia antarctica were positive for viruses typically infecting dicots: Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus and Tomato spotted wilt virus. Serological data for Deschampsia antarctica were supported in part by transmission electron microscopy observations and bioassay results. The results demonstrate comparatively high diversity of plant viruses detected in Antarctica; the results also raise questions of virus specificity and host susceptibility, as the detected viruses normally infect dicotyledonous plants. However, the means of plant virus emergence in the region remain elusive and are discussed.     

肝炎病毒与EB病毒重叠感染

为探讨肝炎病毒（ＨＶ）与ＥＢ病毒（ＥＢＶ）重叠感染的状况和后果,我们用免疫酶法对１５４例各型病毒性肝炎患者作了ＥＢＶＩｇＡ抗体检测。结果发现,急性肝炎、慢性轻度肝炎、慢性中度肝炎、肝炎肝硬化、慢性重型肝炎和原发性肝癌ＶＧＡ－ＩｇＡ抗体的阳性率分别为２４．０％、３０．０％、５３．３％、６３．３％、４０．０％和７２．７％,与健康人（５．３％）比较,有非常显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）;原发性肝癌又较急性肝炎和慢性轻度肝炎高,并有非常显著意义差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＨＢＶ和ＨＡＶ＋ＨＢＶ感染者比较,前者又较后者低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。重叠感染者的临床表现均为“肝炎型”,未见咽炎、腺热、胃肠、肺炎、肾炎、神经等类型。重叠感染者的ＣＤ＋３及ＣＤ＋４Ｔ细胞下降,ＣＤ＋８Ｔ细胞及ＩｇＧ,ＩｇＭ升高,与健康人比较差异非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示：ＨＶ感染,不仅因免疫失调易感ＥＢＶ,又可因重叠感染而进一步使免疫功能失调;对病毒性肝炎的处理应强调免疫调节治疗。     

Expression and detection of endogenous mouse C-type RNA viruses

Summary Many naturally occurring C-type RNA viruses are of endogenous origin. The genetic information for synthesizing these RNA viruses is present in the DNA of normal mouse cells, probably as part of their chromosomal DNA. Some C-type viruses infect mouse cells (homotropic virus), while others infect certain tissue culture cells from other species but not mouse fibroblasts (xenotropic virus). All mouse strains studied appear to contain endogenous xenotropic viral genomes. However, based on the regularity with which homotropic virus is detected, inbred mice can be divided into high, low, and nonvirus-yielding strains. Nucleic acid hybridization studies have shown that DNA from high virus strains contains several copies of the homotropic virus genome, while that from low virus strains contains fewer copies, and DNA from nonvirus strains lacks a significant portion of the homotropic virus genome. In vivo and in vitro genetic studies support the nucleic acid hybridization results. In addition, high virus mouse strains are more likely than low virus strains to release virus that will replicate efficiently in their own cells. Methods for the activation and detection of endogenous C-type virus in tissue culture are discussed. Presented at the Session in Depth on Endogenous Viruses in Cell Culture at the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Tissue Culture Association, June 1974.     

Qualification of a novel inline spiking method for virus filter validation

Virus filters are widely used in bioprocessing to reduce the risk of virus contamination in therapeutics. The small pores required to retain viruses are sensitive to plugging by trace contaminants and frequently require inline adsorptive prefiltration. Virus spiking studies are required to demonstrate virus removal capabilities of the virus filter using scale down filters. If prefiltration removes viruses and interferes with the measurement of virus filter LRV, the standard approach is to batch prefilter the protein solution, spike with virus, and then virus filter. For a number of proteins, batch prefiltration leads to increased plugging and significantly lower throughputs than inline prefiltration. A novel inline spiking method was developed to overcome this problem. This method allows the use of inline prefiltration with direct measurement of virus filter removal capabilities. The equipment and its operation are described. The method was tested with three different protein feeds, two different parvovirus filters, two virus injection rates; a salt spike, a bacteriophage spike, and two mammalian virus spikes: MMV and xMuLV. The novel inline method can reliably measure LRV at throughputs representative of the manufacturing process. It is recommended for applications where prefiltration is needed to improve throughput, prefiltration significantly reduces virus titer, and virus filter throughput is significantly reduced using batch vs. inline prefiltration. It can even help for the case where the virus preparation causes premature plugging.