三七素检测方法研究进展

三七素是中药三七的止血活性成分,也存在于山黧豆等植物中,称山黧豆神经毒素,其化学成分为β-N-草酰-L-α,β-二氨基丙酸,属非蛋白游离氨基酸。本文从传统氨基酸分析、气相、液相色谱及其色谱-质谱联用、毛细管区带电泳、流动注射等方面综述了三七素的分析检测方法,并对相关技术进行了评述,为合理选择三七素检测手段提供参考。     

山黧豆活性成分β-ODAP的检测方法研究进展北大核心CSCD

β-N-草酰-L-α,β-二氨基丙酸(β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid,β-ODAP)是山黧豆中的一种重要非蛋白氨基酸,与三七中的三七素为同一种次生代谢物,具有止血、兴奋神经、抗菌等多种生物活性。自20世纪60年代和80年代在山黧豆等豆类和三七等植物中分别发现β-ODAP以来,科研工作者建立了多种检测方法。该文对近年来国内外有关检测β-ODAP的传统分析法、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、色谱-质谱法(GC/LC-MS)、毛细管电泳法及酶学分析法等的基本原理及应用研究进展进行了综述,这些检测方法各有所长,具体选择依实验条件和实验目的而定。其中,柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法是目前应用最广泛的方法,高成本同位素内标的LC-MS则被誉为“金标准”。但特异、快速和低成本的检测方法一直是人们的追求目标,因而进一步完善酶传感器技术是β-ODAP检测领域在将来的主要研究方向。     

山黧豆AAE超家族基因的鉴定及LsAAE3的酶活检测

【目的】为研究山黧豆（Lathyrus sativus L.）草酰辅酶A合成酶在三七素（β-N-草酰-L-α,β-二氨基丙酸,β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid,β-ODAP）生物合成途径中的作用。【方法】研究利用AMP结合结构域隐马尔科夫模型在山黧豆基因组中鉴定了酰基激活酶超家族（acyl-activating enzyme superfamily,AAE）基因,在此基础上,克隆了山黧豆草酰辅酶A合成酶基因LsAAE3,采用多序列比对、原核表达及酶活检测等方法分析LsAAE3基因功能。【结果】结果表明：山黧豆中至少存在22条AAE家族基因;系统发育分析表明,LsAAE3与拟南芥AtAAE3等聚为一支,隶属于酰基辅酶A合成酶家族。基因克隆及序列分析表明,LsAAE3基因cDNA全长为1 566 bp;LsAAE3和AtAAE3的保守结构域类似,均含有AMP结合位点、CoA结合位点、AAE保守结构域。SDS-PAGE检测表明,所获融合蛋白条带单一,大小在56 KD左右;利用His标签抗体进行Western blot分析发现,诱导后和纯化的融合蛋白均能检测到特征条带,说明所获融合蛋白为LsAAE3。体外酶活检测表明,LsAAE3具有草酰辅酶A合成酶活性,其活性发挥依赖于ATP、镁离子。【结论】研究在全基因组水平鉴定了山黧豆AAE超家族基因,并验证了LsAAE3具有草酰辅酶A合成酶活性,为进一步分析山黧豆LsAAE3在β-ODAP生物合成过程中的功能奠定基础。     

6个山黧豆品种的β-ODAP含量与蛋白酶抑制剂活性及其关系分析北大核心CSCD

山黧豆(Lathyrus spp.)种质资源评价与筛选长期聚焦于获得低β-N-草酰-L-α,β-二氨基丙酸(β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionicacid,β-ODAP)含量或低蛋白酶抑制剂活性的品种。为了研究β-ODAP含量与蛋白酶抑制剂活性之间的潜在关系,该研究利用SDS-PAGE、酶活检测和相关性分析等方法对家山黧豆(L.sativus)、扁荚山黧豆(L.cicera)等6个山黧豆品种的蛋白酶抑制剂活性、β-ODAP含量及二者之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)不同山黧豆品种的醇溶蛋白和可溶蛋白电泳图谱呈现出显著的差异。(2)不同山黧豆种子的胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性介于100~190 TIU之间,胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂活性介于5~9 CIU之间。(3)β-ODAP含量与丝氨酸乙酰基转移酶活性的皮尔逊相关系数可达0.76,呈显著正相关关系。(4)山黧豆转录组数据(SRP145030)中的β-ODAP生物合成关键基因与Bowman-Birk蛋白酶抑制剂(Bowman-Birk inhibitor, BBi)基因表达水平呈显著负相关关系。该研究结果为进一步探讨分析山黧豆β-ODAP和BBi生物合成的调控与平衡,改善山黧豆的含硫氨基酸水平等奠定了基础。     

山黧豆160年研究历程及进展

在全球范围内曾多次发生因过量食用山黧豆导致神经中毒事件,使得国内外对于山黧豆的种植和利用存在一定的误解和偏见,山黧豆的优良农艺价值和潜在功能食品利用价值也受到一定限制。但山黧豆适应性强、分布范围广,是全球气候变化条件下农业可持续发展和地力维持的优选作物,在食品安全、生态文明建设和乡村振兴新形势下,进一步研究和挖掘利用这一古老的优良作物具有重要的战略意义。山黧豆相关研究报道可追溯到1861年,距今已有160年的历史。在同行学者的不懈努力下,山黧豆基础研究及种质资源利用等方面均取得了显著的阶段性成果。该文系统回顾了山黧豆研究160年以来的发展历程,依托历史文献进行了梳理和分析。首先,基于山黧豆神经活性物质β ODAP的分离和鉴定、神经山黧豆中毒机制的探索、β ODAP生物合成途径解析等重要研究节点将整个山黧豆研究进程划分为山黧豆中毒因素的探索、神经山黧豆中毒机理解析和神经山黧豆中毒及β ODAP生物学功能的再认识等三个阶段。其次,总结了山黧豆在毒理学研究、种质资源利用、品质改良基础研究等方面取得的重要进展。特别是以兰州大学为代表的中国学者在β ODAP的分析检测、生物合成途径、山黧豆生理生态学研究及种质资源利用等方面进行了深入探讨,确立了中国在国际山黧豆研究中的主流地位。最后,针对目前山黧豆分子生物学基础研究相对滞后、种质资源缺乏系统利用等问题进行了展望,提出了未来的重点发展方向,为山黧豆种质资源的进一步深入挖掘和应用提供参考。     

山黧豆毒素β-ODAP的生态学功能及应用

山黧豆是一种具有广谱抗逆性且营养丰富的豆科作物,但其含有β-N-草酰-L-α,β-二氨基丙氨酸(β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid, β-ODAP)神经毒素,人畜长期大量食用会导致神经性中毒,因此限制了山黧豆种质资源的利用.本文综述了干旱胁迫下山黧豆毒素β-ODAP对植株渗透调节和生长调节的影响,以及β-ODAP的分析方法、毒理机理和实用价值方面的研究进展,并对低毒和无毒品种选育策略进行了总结.干旱胁迫下,山黧豆合成大量毒素β-ODAP,其含量随胁迫程度增强而逐渐升高.β-ODAP可为植株生长和种子发育提供氮源,并积极参与清除活性氧过程,作为小分子可溶性氨基酸参与渗透调节,作为锌离子转运体参与根瘤发育.而含硫氨基酸(甲硫氨酸和半胱氨酸)含量升高可使山黧豆毒性显著降低.近年来,在山黧豆种质资源收集、杂交育种,以及通过组织培养和基因操作等技术进行低毒或无毒山黧豆品种选育方面做了大量工作.β-ODAP可通过破坏细胞内Ca²⁺稳态和作为谷氨酸类似物引发兴奋性中毒,但在止血和抗肿瘤等方面有重要的药用价值.     

大田生长的林生山黧豆体内游离氨基酸含量

林生山黧豆（Lathyrussylvestris）是一种耐干旱抗贫瘠的多年生草本植物，含有丰富的游离氨基酸，特别是含有一些非蛋白质游离氨基酸，如2，4-二氨基丁酸，γ-氨基丁酸和高丝氨酸。国外文献报道的均是各种逆境条件下生长的林生山黧豆，本文则是大田生长的林生山黧豆，种子从美国引进。数年的栽培试验，表明它能适应我国北方气候。但其体内游离氨基酸的组成特点如何，尚不清楚。为此我们采用本实验室建立的聚酰胺薄膜层析荧光定量法，结合氨基酸自动分析仪，测定了其体内的游离特殊非蛋白质氨基酸和常规氨基酸。样品采自中国农业大学科学园…     

林生山黧豆谷氨酸脱羧酶的分离纯化及部分性质的研究

以林生山黧豆为材料,利用硫酸按分段盐析,丙酮沉淀,DEAE-SepharoseFF离子交换柱层析,SephacrylS300凝胶过滤柱层析及FPLC-MonoQ柱层析技术,以聚酰胺薄膜层析荧光定量法为酶活力检测手段,分离纯化了谷氨酸脱羧酶,达到电泳银染纯．纯化后的林生山黧豆谷氨酸脱羧酶活力达375．09U·mp-1,纯化倍数38．2倍,经SDS-PAGE测定,其亚基分子量为70kD,经梯度PAGE确定,天然分子量为140kD,表明该酶是由两个亚基组成的二聚体．酶学研究表明,纯化的林生山黧豆谷氨酸脱羧酶的最适pH值为5．4,对谷氨酸的Km值为1．62×10-3mol·L-1,酶的最适温度为40℃,酶特异性地使谷氨酸脱羧,不能使天门冬氨酸等其它氨基酸脱羧．     

用121MB型氨基酸分析仪测定山黧豆中的毒素

山黧豆(Lathyrus sativusl)适应性强,含蛋白质25％,高于小麦。近年来在世界一些干旱地区种植面积不断扩大。因山黧豆中含有毒素β-草酰氨基丙酸(βOAA),所以国内外对选育低毒山黧豆品种、去毒及βOAA的测定方法做了不少研究;测定βOAA多采用纸层析比色法。本文介绍用121 MB型氨基酸分析仪测定βOAA,其优点是测定小肽化合物不会污染层析柱。 1.原理βOAA属双肽化合物,溶于水、酒精、柠檬酸缓冲液中,水溶液呈酸性,可用阳离子交换     

山黧豆属作物在土耳其的栽培与利用状况北大核心CSCD

众所周知,山黧豆起源于巴尔干半岛并传播到世界各地。在土耳其,山黧豆属作物有73个分类群(约1/3为地方特有种),在全国各地均有分布种植,但主要集中在黑海中部、东南部和安纳托利亚东部地区。该文介绍了山黧豆属作物在土耳其全国的分布和在局部地区的食用、观赏等资源利用和保存情况。通常,不同国家人民会因为文化差异形成不同的饮食习惯,但山黧豆大多被用于制作汤、面包或其他咸点。山黧豆的栽培技术则因地制宜,土耳其在边缘土地上进行旱作种植,中国和印度部分地区多采用轮作种植方法等。作为一种极“小众”的作物,山黧豆研究工作的从业人员极少,而且缺乏大型联合研究项目。因此,需要联合化学、表型和分子分析等方法,以保护世界各地包括土耳其在内的地方种质资源,尤其是培育适合土耳其、中国等世界各国的食饲兼用型低β-ODAP品种。总之,选育低β-ODAP或不含β-ODAP的山黧豆品种将有助于丰富人类在食用、饲用和观赏等方面的物种资源利用。     

蛋白质层析用离子交换和疏水作用层析介质的发展概况

层析是蛋白质纯化的关键技术之一 ,作为层析技术的核心———层析介质一直以来是层析技术研究的一个热点。近年来 ,越来越多的新型层析介质被开发出来 ,如粒度均匀的交联多糖、人工合成的大孔聚合物、触角型吸附剂、软胶包裹在硬胶表面等介质。主要介绍应用较为广泛的IEC和HIC介质的组成、特性及其在蛋白质纯化中的应用 ,还研究了与HIC技术相关的两种新技术 :亲硫层析和疏水电荷诱导层析 (HCIC) ,重点介绍了HCIC的介质及其应用 ,同时也讨论了在蛋白质纯化中应用的三相纯化策略 (富集、中间纯化和精制 )。结合我国的实际情况 ,就当前蛋白质纯化的离子交换和疏水层析介质面临的挑战和未来的发展进行讨论并提出了建议     

厌氧菌代谢产物的气相色谱和离子色谱分析方法比较

我们使用气相色谱和离子色谱分析方法对120株(包括9株标准菌株)厌氧菌的PYG培养物进行分析和比较,发现两种方法的分析结果类似,操作上各有优缺点。当然,相对来说离子色谱分析法更适于临床检验室和基层单位使用,因为离子色谱法基线稳定的时间短,水溶物标本不需预处理,也不用载气,操作简便,易于推广。     

Affinity chromatography of neoglycoproteins

Glycoproteins, as a class of biomolecules, exhibit much more heterogeneous structures than non-glycosylated proteins. They present a challenging area of research. Model glycoproteins with well-defined protein and carbohydrate structures are helpful in the search for high-resolution methods for the separation of glycoproteins. Neoglycoproteins, maltose-modified chymotrypsin and lactose-modified chymotrypsin, were synthesised by modifying chymotrypsin with maltose and lactose, respectively, using the reductive amination method. Boronate chromatography was applied to isolate the neoglycoproteins from non-glycosylated substances. The use of Tris–HCl as a shielding reagent during the boronate chromatography proved to be efficient in eliminating unwanted interactions between the boronate ligand and the peptide backbone of chymotrypsin. The retention time of neoglycoproteins on the boronate column was increased with increasing the degree of modification.     

From Gel Filtration to Adsorptive Size Exclusion

Adsorption and size exclusion in starch and cross-linked dextran were phenomena discovered in Uppsala in the 1950s [Porath (1979), Biochem. Soc. Trans. 7, 1197; Porath (1981), Current Content 19, 21; Porath (1981), J. Chromatogr. 218, 241; Janson (1987), Chromatographia 23, 361; Laurent (1993), J. Chromatogr. 633, 1]. These discoveries were the background to the development of a variety of affinity chromatographic methods. At present attempts are being made to combine size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with adsorption into a single operation that we call adsorptive SEC (AdSEC).     

Chiral counter-current chromatography: A survey of its instrument,mechanism, procedure,and applications

The chiral separation by counter-current chromatography has made great progress in the past three decades. It has become increasingly popular in the field of chiral separation, and many applications have been introduced during the last years. This review mainly focuses on the current topics, applications, and trends in chiral separation by counter-current chromatography. It contains the development of modern counter-current chromatography apparatus, theory of counter-current chromatography, overview of applications of chiral counter-current chromatography enantioseparation, its current situation, and challenges. At last, some conclusions and perspectives also have been discussed in this review.     

两种水溶性抗菌活性物质的分离提取

对水溶性、不解离的极性物质分离时,一般采用吸附层析和凝胶层析等途径。实验通过硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶柱层析以及硅胶ＧＦ２５４制备型薄板层析,从发酵液样品中分离出两种有抗菌活性的纯物质。薄层层析的展开剂为二氯甲烷－四氢呋喃－甲醇－水（２５：３０：２）,分离出的组分中Ｒｆ＝０．７和Ｒｆ＝０．８两种物质有抗菌活性。硅胶柱层析洗脱过程为梯度洗脱,先用１５０ｍｌ上述展开剂洗脱,再用二氯甲烷－甲醇（２０：８０）     

Purification of transforming growth factor type e

Transforming growth factor type e (TGFe) is a heat- and acid-stable polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 22,000, which stimulates the proliferation of certain epithelial and mesenchymal cells in monolayer and soft agar. TGFe has been purified to homogeneity. Initial acid-ethanol extraction of bovine kidney was followed by batch ion-exchange chromatography utilizing Bio Rex 70 resin. The activity eluted from the Bio Rex 70 resin was concentrated and diafiltered using an Amicon concentrator equipped with an S1Y10 spiral membrane, then was further purified by Bio-Gel P-60 molecular sieve chromatography. Active fractions from molecular sieve chromatography were pooled and purified by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a microbore C-8 column. The final purification step involved electro-elution of TGFe separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Purity of TGFe was assessed to be greater than 90%.     

Optimized operating parameters for the displacement separation of biomolecules in immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography

The ideal immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) model was employed to investigate the effect of operating parameters change on the displacement separation of biomolecules. By combining a lower initial mobile phase modifier (MPM) concentration and a higher final MPM concentration, the displacement chromatographic separation produced both higher concentration of feeds and better throughput in IMAC displacement separating systems.     

Purification of glutathione reductase from gerbil liver in two steps

A new method for the isolation of glutathione reductase which successively utilizes chromatography on 2'-5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B and DEAE-Sepharose CL 6B, is described. With these two steps, it was possible to purify to homogeneity the glutathione reductase from gerbil liver. Some molecular properties of the purified enzyme are reported.     

A high-throughput approach to developing and optimizing mixed-mode membrane chromatography for protein purification

Membrane chromatography has been established as a viable alternative to packed-bed column chromatography for the purification of therapeutic proteins. Purification via membrane chromatography offers key advantages, including higher productivity and reduced buffer usage. Unlike column chromatography purification, the utilization of high-throughput screening in order to reduce development times and material requirements has been a challenge for membrane chromatography. This research focused on the development of a new, high-throughput screening technique for use in screening membrane chromatography conditions for monoclonal antibody purification. The developed screen utilizes a 96-well plate format, thereby allowing for the screening of multiple different membrane conditions at once. For this study, four mixed-mode cation exchange membranes and one cation exchange membrane were evaluated on the plate. The screen is performed in a similar manner to that of a resin slurry plate screen, however, instead of a single loading step, the antibody feed was loaded in 50 mg/ml increments up to a maximum loading of 450 mg/ml. Performing a similar, incremental loading on a resin plate would be impractical, as mixing times are substantially longer due to pore diffusion limitations. However, due to the significantly faster rate of mass transfer for membranes relative to resin, mixing times could be reduced by up to a factor of sixty on the membrane plate. Additional optimization showed that higher hydrophobicity can potentially lead to slower kinetics and mixing times that may need to be adjusted accordingly. The end result is a screen that has been proven to provide results comparable to those obtained on larger-scale membrane purification runs while also enabling exploration of a much greater operating space and significantly reducing the feed materials required.