甘肃浆水传统发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量动态变化分析

以甘肃浆水传统酿造工艺为依托,分析了浆水中亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、硝酸还原酶、p H、还原糖和总酸等理化指标的动态变化,以及乳酸菌菌群的变化规律,并探讨了乳酸菌对亚硝酸盐的降解作用。结果表明:该浆水产品发酵72 h后亚硝酸盐含量为2.76 mg/kg,低于国家标准(GB 2714-2003)规定的亚硝酸盐要求;明确了浆水发酵过程中还原糖、p H、总酸及乳酸菌总数的变化规律;证明了乳酸菌在浆水发酵过程中可以降低亚硝酸盐的含量。     

短乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌的发酵特性

【背景】目前对于酸菜发酵的研究主要关注点是植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum),有关短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)在酸菜方面的研究报道很少。【目的】为了挖掘短乳杆菌的发酵性能并开发酸菜发酵剂,将2株短乳杆菌分别与1株植物乳杆菌进行组合并发酵酸菜,分析短乳杆菌对酸菜发酵品质的影响。【方法】分别测定短乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌的单菌株生长产酸性能、耐酸性及亚硝酸盐降解力,并将两菌种组合后发酵酸菜,分析1-7d内酸度、乳酸菌活菌数、亚硝酸盐含量及酸菜质构特性的变化趋势。【结果】相较于短乳杆菌Lb-9-2,短乳杆菌Lb-5-3的生长和产酸速率较慢、酸耐受力较弱,但其亚硝酸盐降解力较强。两株短乳杆菌分别与植物乳杆菌Lp-9-1组合后产酸力显著增强,并在3 d时达到最低pH值(约3.10);植物乳杆菌Lp-9-1的添加使酸菜中总体乳酸菌生长延迟,在5 d时达到最高活菌数;组合菌种的样品中亚硝酸盐含量在1-7 d内变化较为平缓,前5天内两个组合之间差异不显著;接种乳酸菌会降低酸菜硬度和弹性,发酵3d时Lb-5-3/Lp-9-1组合的硬度最大,感官评价得分最高。【...     

减压处理对泡菜乳酸菌及风味物质的影响

以市售苦瓜为原料,研究了减压处理对泡菜自然发酵过程中乳酸菌的数量、总酸、乳酸、多糖及亚硝酸盐含量影响的变化规律。研究表明:减压处理可以促进泡菜发酵过程乳酸菌的增殖及乳酸含量的快速积累,并可以有效地降低泡菜中亚硝酸盐的含量,对泡菜多糖的保留有一定的作用。在0.04MPa(真空度)下,发酵终止时,乳酸菌活菌数仍可达到4.1×10~7个/mL,此时泡菜中的总酸含量为24.79mg/mL,其中乳酸含量为2.33%。     

亚硝酸盐影响Lactobacillus brevis 4903发酵的研究

通过研究可知,亚硝酸盐对Lactobacillusbrevis4903发酵有抑制作用,环境中亚硝酸盐一旦分解掉,这种抑制作用就会被解除。分析其原因:①亚硝酸盐抑制了乳酸菌生长,从而抑制了乳酸发酵;②在发酵初期可能因亚硝酸盐还原酶的作用,使亚硝酸盐酶解生成NH3,NH3中和了乳酸菌生成的酸(H ),从而使环境pH值的下降和酸的积累变得缓慢。     

一株能降解胆固醇的乳酸菌的选育

利用选择性培养基从成年人的粪便中分离出1株能降解胆固醇的乳酸菌,该菌能以胆固醇作为生长的唯一能源。在10％牛奶的发酵试验中,该菌能使牛奶发酵并凝固。在液体发酵中,胆固醇的降解率为34．6％。经初步鉴定,该菌为双歧杆菌（Bifidoacterium sp.)。     

菌株CICC 6287发酵特性研究及其在辣椒发酵中的应用

旨在对从新疆乳制品中分离菌株CICC 6287的发酵特性进行研究,并通过辣椒发酵试验评价菌株CICC 6287作为发酵菌株的优势。采用多相分类技术确定该菌株的分类学地位,通过测定耐酸耐盐特性、产酸能力、降解亚硝酸盐能力、氨基酸脱羧酶活性和抑菌能力表征其发酵特性。在此基础上,将菌株CICC 6287应用于新疆特色辣椒发酵中,评价其在辣椒发酵过程中的作用。菌株CICC 6287鉴定为产马乳酒乳杆菌,能够降解亚硝酸盐,耐受8%Na Cl和p H3,抑制大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特菌和沙门氏菌,产生生物胺的四种氨基酸脱羧酶活性为阴性。接种菌株CICC 6287的发酵辣椒亚硝酸盐的含量1.06 mg/kg,生物胺的含量为5.62 mg/kg,总酸含量达到2.54%。研究结果表明,菌株CICC 6287具有良好的发酵特性,能够应用于辣椒发酵,提高发酵辣椒的安全性。     

耐高温亚硝酸盐降解菌的分离、鉴定及降低雪茄烟叶亚硝胺的应用

【背景】烟草特有亚硝胺(tobacco-specific nitrosamines, TSNAs)是烟草于调制和发酵阶段产生的一类致癌物质,由烟草生物碱与氮氧化物发生亚硝化反应生成,生物碱和亚硝酸盐是TSNAs的直接前体物质。【目的】发掘适用雪茄高温发酵且显著降低TSNAs形成与积累的微生物。【方法】以TSNAs前体物质亚硝酸盐的高效降解为目标,对从雪茄烟叶分离得到的烟草源微生物菌株进行高温培养、亚硝酸盐降解及亚硝酸盐耐受能力研究,得到可于50℃高效降解亚硝酸盐及耐受高浓度亚硝酸盐的微生物菌株,将菌株应用于雪茄烟叶高温发酵35 d,对发酵前后亚硝酸盐、TSNAs、常规化学成分和中性香味成分含量进行测定,分析菌株在雪茄烟叶发酵中对TSNAs含量及烟叶品质的影响。【结果】获得了3株于50℃高效降解亚硝酸盐的菌株NY7、NY8和NY9,分别鉴定为莫海威芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mojavensis) NY7、耐盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans) NY8和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) NY9,其中B. halotolerans NY8亚硝酸盐降解能...     

笼养成年蛋鸡空肠中乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

目的 从笼养蛋鸡空肠内容物中分离乳酸菌.方法 采用MRS平板分离乳酸菌,经过革兰染色,菌落形态观察,糖发酵生化管鉴定乳酸菌种属.结果 分离出革兰阳性的菌株24株,经发酵生化鉴定为7个乳酸菌属,分别为瑞士乳杆菌、分支乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、食淀粉乳杆菌、弯曲乳杆菌、微小乳杆菌和假肠膜明串珠菌.结论 本研究为微生态制剂菌的筛选提供来源.     

乳酸菌蛋白酶与发酵乳制品质量相关性研究进展

摘要:乳酸菌可合成蛋白酶,尽管乳酸菌蛋白酶活性较弱,但可作用于酪蛋白,不仅对乳酸菌在乳中的生长至关重要,也对发酵乳制品风味质地的形成和品质具有重要的影响。本文综述了乳酸菌蛋白水解系统、酪蛋白的降解产物、乳酸菌蛋白酶的水解性质、乳酸菌蛋白酶对发酵乳制品质量影响的研究现状和进展。     

芝麻香型白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌多样性及其演替规律

【背景】乳酸菌是白酒发酵过程中一类非常重要的微生物,其种类及动态变化对于白酒品质具有重要影响。然而,目前对于芝麻香型白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌群落结构及其演替规律的认识并不全面。【目的】揭示芝麻香型白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌的多样性及菌群的演替规律,为更好地探索白酒酿造机理和控制白酒品质提供生物学依据。【方法】利用高通量测序技术对芝麻香型白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌菌群演替进行跟踪分析,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR对发酵过程中乳酸菌的生物量进行定量分析。【结果】高通量测序结果显示,芝麻香型白酒发酵过程涉及5个属的乳酸菌:魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)、片球菌属(Pediococcus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)和乳球菌属(Lactococcus),共计43种乳酸菌。其中,在发酵过程中平均相对丰度大于0.5%的乳酸菌有10种,分别是类肠膜魏斯氏菌(Weissella paramesenteroides)、食窦魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria)、融合魏斯氏菌(Weissella confusa)、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)、假肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides)、发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)、耐酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acetotolerans)和Lactobacillus sp.。在堆积发酵过程中,Weissella属占细菌总量的50%以上,其次是Pediococcus属和Lactobacillus属,而Leuconostoc属和Lactococcus属相对较少。在窖池发酵过程中Lactobacillus属的乳酸菌逐渐成为优势细菌,尤其是Lactobacillus sp.在窖池发酵中后期相对丰度达到80%以上。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,在堆积发酵和窖池发酵前期乳酸菌总量变化不大;从窖池发酵5 d开始,乳酸菌总量迅速上升,30 d时达到最大值。【结论】对白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌种类及动态变化的研究有助于探究白酒酿造过程中乳酸菌功能,进而解析白酒酿造机理,最终达到控制白酒品质的目的。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.