桃果实不同发育时期细胞内糖酸分布对甜酸风味的影响

为了解桃果实发育过程中细胞内糖酸的分布、变化规律对果实甜酸风味的影响,采用区室分析方法研究了‘白凤’桃(Prunus persica‘Hakuho’)果实不同发育时期细胞内糖酸组分、含量及其分布对甜酸风味的影响。结果表明,成熟果实中(花后100 d)可溶性糖(蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇)在液泡、细胞质和细胞间隙中的含量分别为27.3、11.6、9.0 mg/g,有机酸(苹果酸、柠檬酸、奎宁酸和莽草酸)含量为2.09、0.94、0.35 mg/g;未成熟果实中(花后60 d)可溶性糖在液泡、细胞质和细胞间隙中的含量分别为0.97、2.2、2.3 mg/g,有机酸含量为0.25、0.44、0.82 mg/g。‘白凤’桃果肉细胞内不同的糖酸分布对成熟果实的甜酸风味具有显著影响,而对未成熟果实影响较小。成熟果实中糖酸在液泡、细胞质和细胞间隙三者之间的分布差异可能是导致果实甜度变化的主要原因。     

八个贵州地方桃品种果实甜酸风味品质分析

为了评价贵州地方桃品种果实的甜酸风味品质,以主栽桃品种‘燕红’作对照,采用高效液相色谱法测定了贵州8个地方桃品种的果肉糖酸组分及含量。结果表明:(1)8个地方桃品种果肉中糖主要由蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇组成,其中蔗糖的平均含量最高(55.62 mg/g),约占总糖的71.30%,但变异系数仅为17.92%;8个地方桃品种中,‘米桃’的葡萄糖与果糖含量差异较大,其果糖/葡萄糖的比值为1.21,而其它7个品种的葡萄糖与果糖含量相近。(2)8个地方桃品种果肉中有机酸主要由苹果酸、柠檬酸、奎宁酸和莽草酸组成,其中苹果酸含量最高,约占总酸的60.61%,但在‘白花桃’果实中有机酸含量以奎宁酸为主。(3)对8个地方桃品种果实的糖酸组分进行主成分分析发现,苹果酸含量和山梨醇含量的载荷系数分别为0.910和0.897,说明它们是影响果实甜酸风味的主导因素,且对改善果实的甜酸风味品质具有重要作用。8个贵州地方桃果实的甜酸风味分别为:‘黄腊桃’为甜,‘血桃’、‘青桃’、‘镇远桃’、‘红枫桃’为酸甜,‘白花桃’、‘西桃’和‘米桃’为酸。     

欧李果实发育期糖和酸组分及其含量的动态变化特性

以农大3号、农大4号、农大5号3个欧李品种为材料,测定果实发育过程中各组分糖、酸及总糖、总酸的含量,以明确欧李果实糖酸积累的动态变化特性.结果显示:(1)3个欧李品种果实成熟期糖含量、酸含量及糖酸比存在明显差异,其中农大3号品种的总糖含量最高,总酸含量最低,糖酸比值最高.(2)成熟期3品种各糖组分中均以果糖含量较高,葡萄糖和蔗糖含量较低,山梨醇含量微量;酸组分中均以苹果酸为主,柠檬酸少量.(3)3个品种果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇含量在整个果实发育期均呈持续增加态势,并以果糖积累为主;农大3号果糖含量在8周后增幅明显高于另2个品种,且一直保持到果实成熟;3个品种蔗糖含量的变化趋势相近,在前期和中期增加缓慢,接近成熟的2～3周则迅速增加并占整个发育期积累量的70%以上.(4)3个品种酸含量的变化趋势较为相似,苹果酸和柠檬酸在果实发育的前期和中期含量均较低,在果实发育后期迅速增加,但接近果实成熟时又大幅下降.研究表明,果糖与苹果酸的含量及其动态变化是影响欧李果实糖酸比、决定果实风味的主要因素.     

不同生态品种群桃果实糖酸及其组分含量分析

以涵盖我国6个生态品种群的118份桃地方品种为试验材料,对其糖酸组分进行全面分析,以明确不同桃区果实糖酸组分分布特性,为优异糖酸种质筛选提供依据。应用斐林试剂测定果实可溶性糖含量;应用Na OH测定果实可滴定酸含量;应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术测定果实糖组分,离子色谱技术测定果实酸组分。结果表明:西北高旱桃区的品种,主要以可滴定酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、总酸表现出较高的分布水平,蔗糖、总糖、糖酸比、固酸比表现出较低的分布水平;华北平原及长江流域桃区的品种,主要以糖酸比、固酸比表现出较高的分布水平,可滴定酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、总酸表现出较低的分布水平;云贵高原桃区的品种,主要以可溶性糖、蔗糖、总糖表现出较高的分布水平,糖酸比、固酸比表现出较低的分布水平;华南亚热带桃区的品种,主要以蔗糖、总糖、糖酸比、固酸比表现出较高的分布水平,可滴定酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸表现出较低的分布水平;东北高寒桃区的品种,主要以果糖表现出较高的分布水平,糖酸比、固酸比表现出较低的分布水平。6个生态品种群的品种,果糖所占比例以长江流域桃区最高,葡萄糖以西北高旱桃区最高,山梨醇以华南亚热带桃区最高,而东北高寒桃区最低,蔗糖所占比例在不同生态区无明显差别。柠檬酸所占比例以长江流域桃区最高,而华南亚热带桃区最低,奎宁酸所占比例以华南亚热带桃区最高,琥珀酸、苹果酸所占比例在不同生态品种群间无明显差异。     

11个产地纽荷尔脐橙果实风味物质含量差异

2011年、2012年从11个脐橙产地收集到22份纽荷尔脐橙果实样品,采用气相色谱法对果实汁胞中的可溶性糖和有机酸进行检测,并采用高效液相色谱法检测2012年果实中的主要苦味物质。结果表明:(1)果实中的可溶性糖主要为果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖,其中蔗糖含量最高(占可溶性总糖含量的51.01%~60.19%),肌醇含量最低;丹江口、桂林和衢州等不同产地的果实中可溶性糖含量在不同年份间有显著差异;(2)果实中的有机酸主要是苹果酸、柠檬酸和奎宁酸,其中柠檬酸含量最高(占总酸含量的73.74%~90.04%),奎宁酸含量最低;丹江口等产地的果实中有机酸含量在不同年份间有显著差异;(3)果实中的主要苦味物质为柠檬苦素和诺米林,吉首和雅安果实中的柠檬苦素含量(分别为670.0±293.2μg/g和652.1±217.0μg/g)显著高于其他产地;衢州果实中的诺米林含量最高(789.7±38.9μg/g),并显著高于其他产地。对11个产地纽荷尔脐橙果实中的糖、酸与苦味物质进行偏相关分析,结果表明果实中各风味物质具有一定的相关性,其中果糖和葡萄糖、苹果酸和奎宁酸、诺米林和肌醇各含量之间均呈显著正相关,蔗糖与奎宁酸含量呈显著负相关。纽荷尔脐橙果实风味物质在不同产地间有一定差异,气候因素可能是造成成熟果实酸和苦味物质含量差异的主要原因。     

果树果实的风味物质及其研究

果树果实风味和芳香物质是果实的主要组成成分,对于果实品质具有重要影响。有关果实风味和芳香物质的研究一直是果树研究领域的重点。为更好地了解果实风味和芳香物质及相关研究进展,本文对果树不同树种与品种的芳香物质、特征效应化合物、糖和酸含量、糖酸比、多酚物质以及栽培、采收、贮藏条件等果实风味物质含量与组分的影响因素进行了较全面的介绍。     

巴西蕉和粉蕉果实有机酸组分及其含量变化特征

有机酸是影响香蕉果实风味的主要物质之一。本研究以不同基因型的巴西蕉(AAA)和粉蕉(AAB)果实为试材,利用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定了不同发育及成熟时期果实中有机酸组分及其含量变化,结果表明,巴西蕉和粉蕉果实中均检测出8种相同的有机酸组分,此外巴西蕉中还检测到了酒石酸,而粉蕉中未检出。随着果实发育,巴西蕉总有机酸含量呈现"先降-后升-再降"的变化趋势,而粉蕉呈现逐渐上升的趋势。巴西蕉和粉蕉可食期果实各有机酸组分含量及其构成比例也存在明显差异。巴西蕉以积累奎尼酸、苹果酸和富马酸为主,三者占总有机酸的比例分别为23.84%、18.71%和17.09%;粉蕉以柠檬酸、奎尼酸和苹果酸为主,分别占总有机酸的34.10%、27.27%和16.75%。这一结果为深入研究香蕉果实风味形成以及有机酸代谢途径等提供了参考。     

晚熟芽变脐橙在果实成熟阶段与原品种在糖酸代谢的差异

奉节晚橙(Citrus sinensis) (FW)为奉节72-1脐橙(FJ)的一个晚熟芽变品种, 比原品种成熟期推迟1个月以上. 测定了两个品种在成熟阶段果肉和果皮的糖组分(蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖)和酸组分(苹果酸和柠檬酸)的含量, 并分析了相关代谢酶基因的转录情况. 结果表明, FW中的糖分和酸代谢受到芽变的影响. FW果肉组织中的各糖分含量在花后227天前显著低于FJ, 不过在花后263天则显著高于后者. FW果肉中的蔗糖合成酶基因(CitSS1)的表达比原品种延迟, 而酸性转化酶基因(CitAI)的表达水平在花后207和263天高于原品种. 在FW果皮组织中, 仅有蔗糖含量在果实成熟早期(花后165和187天)显著低于FJ, 不过蔗糖相关裂解酶基因与后者相比在成熟时期不同阶段表现出较高的表达水平. 分析两品种酸代谢变化发现, 芽变品种果肉中苹果酸含量在整个果实成熟期都显著低于原品种, 不过在果皮中则显著低于后者; FW 果皮和果肉中柠檬酸的含量在果实成熟前期高于FJ, 但是在果实成熟后期则低于后者. 柠檬酸含量差异部分与柑橘线粒体柠檬酸合成酶基因高量表达及柑橘质体乌头酸酶基因的低水平表达相关. 明确了芽变品种在果实成熟过程中糖酸代谢相关指标的差异变化, 可以认为发生在FW中的突变影响了其糖酸代谢, 这种代谢的变化可能与其他晚熟特征相关.     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对设施番茄果实发育及糖酸品质的影响北大核心CSCD

番茄果实糖酸类物质的含量及比例直接影响其风味品质,前期研究表明,适宜浓度的外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)能够促进果实的成熟并提高其芳香品质。该试验为探究外源ALA对番茄果实发育及其糖酸品质的影响,以番茄‘原味1号’(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Yuanwei No.1)品种为试材,于第4穗果授粉后10 d果实表面喷施0、100和200 mg·L^(-1)的ALA溶液,分析ALA对番茄果实形态、果皮色泽及果实不同部位组织中糖、酸类物质组分及含量的影响。结果表明:(1)外源ALA溶液能显著促进番茄果实横径、纵径的增加,提高果实单果重,还显著降低果实硬度,促进果实软化,提升果实口感,并提高了果实V_(C)和可溶性固形物含量。(2)果实不同部位组织(包括果肉、小柱和隔膜)糖类物质组分含量测定结果显示,外源ALA处理能够显著提高果实可溶性总糖含量(包括果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖),并有利于糖类物质向果肉中积累。(3)在有机酸类物质中,除酒石酸含量增加外,外源ALA处理均能不同程度地降低果实各部位组织中酸类物质含量,从而显著提高番茄果实果肉部位糖酸比,提升果实糖酸品质。研究发现,在番茄果实发育过程中外源施用200 mg·L^(-1) ALA不仅能够促进果实发育及着色,提高单果重,提升果实的外观品质,还有利于果实糖酸品质的形成。     

‘鸭梨’ב京白梨’杂交后代果实有机酸积累差异及相关酶活性的研究

该研究以‘鸭梨’ב京白梨’杂交后代高酸个体(GS-Y14)和低酸个体(DS-Y182)为试材,系统分析了果实发育过程中有机酸积累动态及相关酶活性的变化特征。结果表明:(1)GS-Y14属于苹果酸优势型果实,DS-Y182属于柠檬酸优势型果实,且成熟时两者在总酸含量上表现出的差异主要是由于苹果酸含量的差异所致。(2)苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)是苹果酸形成的关键酶,在梨果实发育过程中NADP-ME起分解作用,且该酶活性在两类个体果实发育后期差异显著,即NADP-ME是引起GS-Y14和DS-Y182中苹果酸含量不同的主要原因,进而导致成熟时两类个体果实酸积累的差异。(3)梨果实磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性的升高有利于其柠檬酸的合成,而柠檬酸合酶(CS)是影响其柠檬酸含量变化的关键酶;细胞质乌头酸酶(Cyt-ACO)和线粒体乌头酸酶(Mit-ACO)早期对果实柠檬酸的含量变化影响较小,后期异柠檬酸脱氢酶(NAD-IDH)活性对柠檬酸在后代个体中的积累有一定影响。     

脱氮除硫菌株的分离鉴定和功能确认

从长期稳定运行的脱氮除硫反应器污泥中,分离获得两株具有脱氮除硫功能的芽孢杆菌。经形态观察、生理试验和16SrDNA序列比对,将两菌株归入芽孢杆菌属,菌株CB归类于Bacillus pseudofirmus,菌株CS则与Bacillus hemicellulosilytus和Bacillus halodurans最为接近。以Biolog板检测,菌株CB的基质多样性不明显,菌株CS则可利用Biolog板中多种碳源。菌株CB和菌株CS都能以硝酸盐氧化硫化物,其中菌株CB对硝酸盐、硫化物的转化能力大于CS,菌株CB对硝酸盐的亲和力也大于菌株CS。     

光学量,光子量和单位在激光生物学中的应用

激光生物学是光子学和生物学相结合的交叉边缘学科,根据《光及有关电磁辐射的量和单位》国际标准（ＩＳＯ／ＤＩＳ３１－６,１９９０）和我国国家标准（ＧＢ３１０２．６,１９９３）,本文讨论了在激光生物学中常用的光学量、光子量和单位。     

Effects of acute and chronic administration of secretin and caerulein on rat duodenal and gastric growth

We studied the effects of acute and chronic administration of secretin and caerulein, alone and in combination, on RNA and protein synthesis in the duodenum and oxyntic gland area as well as content of DNA, RNA and protein in rats. Secretin, 100 micrograms . kg-1, three times a day for 5 days, was associated with duodenal hypertrophy after the first 24 h of treatment and hyperplasia at the end of days 2 and 4; hypertrophy of the oxyntic gland area was observed only at 4 h after the first injection. Caerulein, 1 microgram . kg-1, also promoted duodenal hyperplasia after 2 and 4 days of treatment. The oxyntic gland area showed hypertrophy only at 4 h after the second injection of caerulein. These data indicate that both hormones can induce duodenal hyperplasia, probably by an amplification of the normal renewal cycle of the epithelial cells. They also demonstrated that growth of the oxyntic gland area is not promoted by these two peptides at the doses studied.     

重庆市近郊大气无机氮、硫沉降特征及其来源分析

以重庆市近郊中梁山槽谷为研究区,利用气象站和沉降仪获取2017年5月-2018年4月的大气无机氮、硫沉降数据和降水δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-、δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-和δ³⁴S-SO₄^2-、δ¹⁸O-SO₄^2-数据,通过离子浓度比值、同位素值和气团后向轨迹探讨了研究区大气中氮、硫沉降变化特征及其来源。结果表明：（1）大气DIN总沉降量为19.99 kg/hm²,干、湿沉降量分别占11%和89%;大气S总沉降量为32.62 kg/hm²,干、湿沉降量分别占13%和87%。大气氮、硫湿沉降量与降水量均呈正相关（n=12,P < 0.01）,氮、硫干湿沉降量具有明显的季节差异。（2）降水NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N比值介于0.45-2.2之间,雨季（5-10月）NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N>1,旱季（11-次年4月）NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N<1,表明雨季氮主要来源于农业源,旱季来源于工业和交通源;降水NO₃^-/SO₄^2-比值介于0.1-1.25之间,平均值为0.63,表明硫来源以固定污染源（燃煤）为主。（3）大气降水δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-、δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-值分别为-3.8‰-3.9‰（平均值为0.4‰±2.6‰）和58.7‰-98.7‰（平均值为76.1‰±14.3‰）,夏季偏负,冬季偏正;降水δ³⁴S-SO₄^2-和δ¹⁸O-SO₄^2-变化范围分别为1.3‰-3.2‰（平均值为2.3‰±1‰）和5.3‰-8.5‰（平均值为7.1‰±1.6‰）,大气降水中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-主要来源于当地的化石燃料燃烧,同时受到周边污染物的远距离传输影响。（4）气团后向轨迹表明影响研究区氮、硫干湿沉降来源的主要因素是东亚季风,北东-南西走向的川东平行岭谷大地貌格局加剧了季风的影响。     

Different effects of dark treatment on pigment composition and photosystem I and II activities in intact cotyledons and primary leaves of Cucurbita pepo (zucchini)

Darkness mediates different senescence-related responses depending on the targeting of dark treatment (whole plants or individual leaves) and the organs that perceive the signal (leaves or cotyledons). In this study, we presented data on the differential effects of 2-day dark treatment on progression of senescence in cotyledons and primary leaves of 14-day-old plants of Cucurbita pepo L. (zucchini). The lack of changes in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents as well as in the PSI activity measured by the far-red induced alterations in the P₇₀₀ oxidation levels and the quantum yield of electron transport from Q _A ⁻ to PSI end acceptors () indicated higher resistance of cotyledons to the applied dark stress compared to the primary leaves. In contrast to cotyledons, PSI activity in the primary leaves was significantly inhibited. Concerning the activity of PSII analyzed by the changes in the JIP-test parameters (the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry, ; the performance index, PI_ABS; the efficiency of Q _A ⁻ reoxidation, ψ ₀ and the effective dissipation per reaction center, DI₀/RC), no differences were observed between cotyledons and primary leaves, thus suggesting that PSI activity in the true leaves was more susceptible to the applied dark stress. The transfer of the darkened plants to normal light regime resulted in delayed senescence in cotyledons which was in contrast to results on Arabidopsis, thus implying the existence of specific mechanisms of cotyledon senescence in different monocarpic plants.     

Free and ester-bound triterpene alcohols and sterols in cellular subfractions of Calendula officinalis flowers

In the chromoplast fraction and in the chromoplast-free fraction, obtained from Calendula officinalis ligulate flowers, the contents of individual free and ester-bound triterpene alcohols and sterols as well as the fatty acid components of the ester form were determined. It was shown that all sterols and triterpene monols in both forms occur in the two subtractions investigated, whereas all diols are localized only in the chromoplast fraction. The compositions of the fatty acids esterifying monols and sterols were similar to those esterifying diols in the chromoplasts. However, the fatty acids esterifying extra-chromoplast monols and sterols were different. This result indicates that triterpene monol esters are substrates for the biosynthesis of 3-monoesters of diols.     

Effects of potassium on the anion and cation contents of primary cultures of mouse astrocytes and neurons

Inastrocytes, as [K⁺]_o was increased from 1.2 to 10 mM, [K⁺]_i and [Cl^–]_i were increased, whereas [Na⁺]_i was decreased. As [K⁺]_o was increased from 10 to 60 mM, intracellular concentration of these three ions showed no significant change. When [K⁺]_o was increased from 60 to 122 mM, an increase in [K⁺]_i and [Cl^–]_i and a decrease in [Na⁺]_i were observed.Inneurons, as [K⁺]_o was increased from 1.2 to 2.8 mM, [Na⁺]_i and [Cl^–]_i were decreased, whereas [K⁺]_i was increased. As [K⁺]_o was increased from 2.8 to 30 mM, [K⁺]_i, [Na⁺]_i and [Cl^–]_i showed no significant change. When [K⁺]_o was increased from 30 to 122 mM, [K⁺]_i and [Cl^–]_i were increased, whereas [Na⁺]_i was decreased. Inastrocytes, pH_i increased when [K⁺]_o was increased. Inneurons, there was a biphasic change in pH_i. In lower [K⁺]_o (1.2–2.8 mM) pH_i decreased as [K⁺]_o increased, whereas in higher [K⁺]_o (2.8–122 mM) pH_i was directly related to [K⁺]_o. In bothastrocytes andneurons, changes in [K⁺]_o did not affect the extracellular water content, whereas the intracellular water content increased as the [K⁺]_o increased. Transmembrane potential (E_m) as measured with Tl-204 was inversely related to [K⁺]_o between 1.2 and 90 mM, a ten-fold increase in [K⁺]_o depolarized the astrocytes by about 56 mV and the neurons about 52 mV. The E_m values measured with Tl-204 were close to the potassium equilibrium potential (E_k) except those in neurons at lower [K⁺]_o. However, they were not equal to the chloride equilibrium potential (E_Cl) at [K⁺]_o lower than 30 mM in both astrocytes and neurons. Results of this study demonstrate that alteration of [K⁺]_o produced different changes in [K⁺]_i, [Na⁺]_i, [Cl^–]_i, and pH_i in astrocytes and neurons. The data show that astrocytes can adapt to alterations in [K⁺]_o, in such a way to maintain a more suitable environment for neurons.     

关于苏北地区某三甲医院进口与国产医疗设备和耗材使用情况及反馈的研究．

目的：初步了解了进口与国产医疗设备与耗材的发展状况和使用反馈情况,并对国内医疗设备与耗材行业的发展提供合理化建议。方法：通过对苏北地区某三级甲等医院设备科工作人员、医生、护士长、患者及患者家属进行调研或访谈,并以调研和访谈的统计结果为依据得出结论并提出建议。结果：技术成熟的中小型医疗设备或耗材,从质量、价格等因素综合考虑,国内产品优于进口产品,一定程度上得到了医务人员和消费者的认可。在高端大中型医疗设备与耗材方面,进口产品具有较大的技术优势。结论：国内医疗设备生产企业应当积极开展研发工作,提高产品的技术含量与质量,巩固自身在中小型医疗设备与耗材方面的优势,并努力在高端大中型医疗设备与耗材方面取得突破。     

Mobility, solubility and lability of fluid and granular forms of P fertiliser in calcareous and non-calcareous soils under laboratory conditions

Despite a long history of application of phosphorus fertilisers, P deficiency is still a major limitation to crop production on calcareous soils. Recent field research conducted in highly calcareous soils in southern Australia has demonstrated that both grain yield and P uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is greater when fluid forms of P are used compared to granular forms. To improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this response to P in the field, we compared the lability, solubility and mobility of P applied as either a fluid (3 products) or granular (3 products) form to two calcareous and one alkaline non-calcareous soils in the laboratory. Over a five-week period, between 9.5 and 18 % of the P initially present in the fertiliser granules did not diffuse into the surrounding soil. The degree of granule dissolution was independent of the soil type. In contrast, P solubility, lability and diffusion were significantly greater when fluid products were applied to the calcareous soils, but not to the alkaline non-calcareous soil. These findings are discussed in relation to field trials results where fluid products outperformed granular fertilisers.