嘌呤生物合成调控研究 V.鼠伤寒沙门氏菌无purJ的核苷酸序列证据

早期的遗传分析表明鼠伤寒沙门氏菌嘌呤核苷酸从头合成途径中AICAI Transformylase、IMP Cyclohydrolase和GAR合成酶分别由三个结构基因purJ、purH和purD编码。这三个结构基因构成一个操纵子,定位于遗传图90分钟”,2J。但最近对大肠杆菌这一操纵子的核苷酸序列测定及其编码产物的研究,发现在大肠杆菌中为上述三个酶编码的结构基因只有purH和purD,并不存在purJ结构基因。新近Chopra报道了鼠伤寒沙门氏菌位于purH内的EcoRI切点下游直至purD终止密码的核苷酸序列,同源性比较分析显示鼠伤寒沙门氏菌这部分序列分别与大肠杆菌的purH和purD有85％和88％的同源性。尽管如此,对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中究竟有无purJ     

枯草芽孢杆菌嘌呤合成途径的修饰对腺苷积累的影响

【目的】研究嘌呤操纵子中purF、purM、purN、purH和purD基因的共同过表达对枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产腺苷的影响。【方法】利用温敏质粒pKS1,以单交换的形式增加了purF基因在基因组上的拷贝数,同时将强启动子P43插入嘌呤操纵子中,使嘌呤合成途径中purF基因及其下游purM、purN、purH和purD基因的表达水平得到加强,通过实时定量PCR(Realtime Quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)测定相关基因(purF、purM、purN、purH和purD)的转录水平;通过酶活性检测分析关键酶基因扩增对PRPP转酰胺酶活性的影响;通过发酵实验考察出发菌株与工程菌株的生长、耗糖和腺苷积累情况。【结果】实时定量PCR结果表明,purF、purM、purN、purH和purD基因的表达水平均有不同程度的提高,嘌呤合成途径中关键酶PRPP转酰胺酶的活性是出发菌株的2.4倍。摇瓶发酵实验发现工程菌腺苷产量较出发菌提高17.5%,糖苷转化率增加26.1%。5 L罐发酵实验表明,虽然工程菌的菌体生长受到一定的影响,但在相同发酵周期内腺苷产量比出发菌提高了9.7%。【结论】嘌呤操纵子中purF、purM、purN、purH和purD基因转录水平的增强能够提高腺苷的产量,为通过代谢工程技术改造腺苷生产菌提供了理论依据和研究思路。     

恶臭假单胞菌丙氨酸消旋酶基因的克隆、序列分析及表达

从恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)200的基因组出发,用PCR方法克隆到两个独立作用的丙氨酸消旋酶基因,称之为dadX和alr。DadX编码357个氨基酸长的多肽,计算分子量为38.82kDa,alr编码409个氨基酸长的多肽,计算分子量为44.182kDa。序列分析显示,DadX的氨基酸序列与Pseudomonas putidaKT2440,铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的DadX比较,相似性分别为96.64%、71.99%、44.88%和47.37%。Alr的氨基酸序列与Pseudomonas putidaKT2440比较,同源性为94.38%,而与铜绿假单胞菌(P.aeruginosa)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(S.typhimurium)和大肠杆菌(E.coli)的Alr比较,同源性均较低,分别为22.89%、25.72%和26.44%。在P.putida200的DadX和Alr氨基酸序列中部发现有对于酶活性至关重要的保守区域,如磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)结合位点。DadX和alr在大肠杆菌中得到表达,DadX丙氨酸消旋酶只对丙氨酸有消旋作用,而Alr丙氨酸消旋酶可以作用于丙氨酸和丝氨酸两种底物,且对丝氨酸特异性更高。Alr的表达不依赖于外源启动子,说明在其结构基因上游存在启动子结构。     

沙门氏菌CRISPR位点的结构特征比较

成簇规律间隔的短回文重复序列(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR),是存在于多数细菌和古菌中的遗传结构,能够有效防御外源DNA的入侵(质粒、噬菌体等),进而防御外源基因的水平转移。【目的】本研究以沙门氏菌属中常见的鸡伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella gallinarum)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、猪霍乱沙门氏菌(Salmonella choleraesuis)以及肠炎沙门氏菌(salmonella enteritidis)等30个菌株为研究对象。探索CRISPR位点在不同沙门氏菌种中的结构差异。【方法】通过生物信息学的方法比较间隔序列与插入序列的同源性以及CRISPR位点与质粒数量关系。【结果】30株沙门氏菌中均存在CRISPR结构,包括CRISPR位点61个以及可疑位点12个。重复序列和cas1基因均不能作为这4类细菌的分类依据。【结论】虽然我们发现CRISPR位点数量与间隔区数量和质粒数量之间均不存在统计学关系,但间隔序列整合子、耐药基因等移动遗传原件具有一定的同源性,说明沙门氏菌在进化过程中不断受外源基因的侵袭。     

焦磷酸测序检测食品中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌

根据鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的特异序列,分别设计扩增引物和测序引物,建立焦磷酸测序检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的方法。针对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌设计特异性扩增引物,对目标片段进行PCR扩增,然后制备单链模板,并利用测序引物进行焦磷酸测序。测序结果表明,6株不同来源的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌均可以扩增出碱基序列为TACAACCGGA GTGCACATTA ATCCCGCAGC的基因片段,而30株阴性对照菌株均未得到扩增。进行BLAST比对表明,该序列与GenBank中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的碱基序列100%匹配。焦磷酸测序法是一种快速、准确的检测方法,可用于食品中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的快速检测。     

家蚕核型胸角体病毒酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酯酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中表达

采用PCR方法克隆了家蚕核型多角体病毒中国镇江株（BmNPV-JZstrain）的酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酯酶基因（ptp),测定了该基因的核苷酸序列。比较了与相关病毒相应基因的同源性,并将该基因插入到原核表达质粒在大肠杆菌中进行了表达。该基因的编码部分由507个核苷酸组成,编码168个氨基酸残基的蛋白多肽,其中含有酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶酯催化部位的“HC”基序。该基因与苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（AcMNPV)ptp基因和BmNPV-T3株（日本）拟为ptp基因核苷酸序列的同源性分别为96．8％和98．2％,蛋白质氨基酸序列的同源性分别为97．0％和97．6％。将该基因插入到温度诱导型表达质粒pBV221的温控启动子PRPL之后,在大肠杆菌JM109中表达了具有催化活性的蛋白质,分子量约为19KD,表达产物能催化对硝基酚磷酸钠（PNPP）的脱磷酸反应,这种催化作用可被钒酸钠和ZnCl2抑制。     

禽巴氏杆菌C48-3株成熟黏附蛋白基因cpm39的克隆及序列分析

目的：对禽巴氏杆菌C48-3躺株编码成熟黏附蛋白的基因cpm39进行克隆和序列分析。方法：通过PCR从禽巴氏杆菌C448-3。基因组DNA中扩增出cpm39基因,克隆到pMD18-T载体中,转化大肠杆菌DH5d,并对目的基因进行核苷酸序列测定;用Clustal X和Mega 2．1软件将测定的序列与GenBank中已登录的16种血清型巴氏杆菌株核苷酸序列进行同源性分析。结果：测序结果表明cpm39基因大小为1002bp,与已知的16个血清型巴氏杆菌cpm39基因核苷酸序列的同源性为81．5％～100％。结论：克隆得到禽巴氏杆菌C。躺株编码成熟黏附蛋白的cpm39基因,该基因在不同血清型巴氏杆菌中具有很高的同源性,该蛋白可以作为研制预防巴氏杆菌病亚单位疫苗的候选抗原。     

川金丝猴胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)基因的克隆及序列分析

本实验从金丝猴肝脏细胞RNA中反转录得到cDNA,利用设计的引物M1和M2扩增IGF-Ⅰ基因,并将其克隆到pGEM-T载体上。经筛选、酶切、PCR鉴定、序列分析,证明该片段为金丝猴IGF-Ⅰ基因的cDNA克隆。该片段由521个核苷酸组成,其中包括一个完整的开读框（ORF）,编码一个由153个氨基酸组成的多肽。与GenBank中人、猪、鼠、马、牛、兔、山羊等哺乳动物的IGF-Ⅰ序列比较,其编码成熟肽序列的同源性从93．8％（马）到88．6％（鼠）,开放框序列的同源性从94．4％（人）到88．5％（鼠）。     

Nucleotide sequence analysis of purH and purD genes from Salmonella typhimurium

The purH and purD genes coding for the 5'-phosphoribosyl 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) transformylase and 5'-phosphoribosyl-glycinamide (GAR) synthetase, respectively, were identified on a 4.8 kb Eco RI fragment of chromosomal DNA from Salmonella typhimurium. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cloned fragment revealed the presence of two large open reading frames (O.R.F.), which were separated by 11 base pairs (bp). Substantial DNA and amino acid sequence homology was noted between the purH and purD genes of S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Expression of the Salmonella purD gene in a T7 polymerase/promoter system revealed the presence of a 49 kDa protein band by SDS-PAGE and subsequent autoradiography. The purH gene of Salmonella was not expressed since the 5' end of this gene was not cloned.     

Nucleotide sequence analysis of genes purH and purD involved in the de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis of Escherichia coli

5'-Phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase (EC 6.3.4.13) and 5'-phosphoribosyl 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide transformylase (EC 2.1.2.3) are enzymes involved in the de novo purine nucleotide synthesis and are encoded by purD and purH genes of Escherichia coli, respectively. A 3535-nucleotide sequence containing the purHD locus and the upstream region of the rrnE gene was determined. This sequence specifies two open reading frames, ORF-1 and ORF-2, encoding proteins with the expected Mr of 57,329 and 46,140, respectively. The plasmids carrying ORF-1 complemented not only the mutant cells defective in purH of E. coli but also the cells of Salmonella typhimurium lacking the activity of IMP cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.10) which catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl 5-formylaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide to IMP. The E. coli purH gene, therefore, specifies bifunctional 5'-phosphoribosyl 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide transformylase-IMP cyclohydrolase. The plasmids carrying ORF-2 were able to complement the mutant cells defective in purD. Both purH and purD genes constitute a single operon and are coregulated in expression by purines as other purine genes are. A highly conserved 16-nucleotide sequence termed the PUR box (Watanabe, W., Sampei, G., Aiba, A., and Mizobuchi, K. (1989) J. Bacteriol. 171, 198-204; Tiedeman, A.A., Keyhani, J., Kamholz, J., Daum, H. A., III, Gots, J.S., and Smith, J.M. (1989) J. Bacteriol. 171, 205-212) was found in the control region of the purHD operon and compared with the sequences of the control regions of other purine operons.     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌嘌呤生物合成基因表达的调控研究——Ⅱ.O~c突变体的分离和遗传鉴定

已有研究证明,编码阻遏蛋白的调节基因purR能调节嘌呤从头合成途径中除purB外所有结构基因的表达。但迄今还缺乏阻遏蛋白与这些基因的操纵基因相结合的直接证据。本文报道以嘌呤结构基因purD和purG的MudJ(lacZ,Kan~5)插入物为出发株,在外加过量腺嘌呤核苷(2mmol/L)的MacConkey平板上通过选择红色菌落分离O~c突变体的结果。从上述两株出发株分别获得了8株和9株独立的消阻遏突变体。共转导分析和顺反试验证明,两组突变体中各有1株顺式作用突变体(O~c)。这是在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中首次获得的嘌呤O~c突变体,为研究阻遏蛋白与操纵基因相互作用提供了重要材料。     

Distribution of the SsuDAT1I restriction-modification system among different serotypes of Streptococcus suis

The SsuDAT1I restriction-modification (R-M) system, which contains two methyltransferases and two restriction endonucleases with recognition sequence 5'-GATC-3', was first found in a field isolate of Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Isoschizomers of the R-M system were found in the same locus between purH and purD in a field isolate of serotype 1/2 and the reference strains of serotypes 3, 7, 23, and 26 among 29 strains of different serotypes examined in this study. The R-M gene sequences in serotypes 1/2, 3, 7, and 23 were very similar to those of SsuDAT1I, whereas those in serotype 26 were less similar. These results indicate intraspecies recombination among them and genetic divergence through their evolution.     

Primary structure and mapping of the hupA gene of Salmonella typhimurium.

In bacteria, the complex nucleoid structure is folded and maintained by negative superhelical tension and a set of type II DNA-binding proteins, also called histonelike proteins. The most abundant type II DNA-binding protein is HU. Southern blot analysis showed that Salmonella typhimurium contained two HU genes that corresponded to Escherichia coli genes hupA (encoding HU-2 protein) and hupB (encoding HU-1). Salmonella hupA was cloned, and the nucleotide sequence of the gene was determined. Comparison of hupA of E. coli and S. typhimurium revealed that the HU-2 proteins were identical and that there was high conservation of nucleotide sequences outside the coding frames of the genes. A 300-member genomic library of S. typhimurium was constructed by using random transposition of MudP, a specialized chimeric P22-Mu phage that packages chromosomal DNA unidirectionally from its insertion point. Oligonucleotide hybridization against the library identified one MudP insertion that lies within 28 kilobases of hupA; the MudP was 12% linked to purH at 90.5 min on the standard map. Plasmids expressing HU-2 had a surprising phenotype; they caused growth arrest when they were introduced into E. coli strains bearing a himA or hip mutation. These results suggest that IHF and HU have interactive roles in bacteria.     

Genetic activity of allyl chloride.

Allyl chloride (3-chloroprene) is mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium and it induces gene conversions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It also displays DNA-modifying activity for E. coli. This is in contrast to a recent study which reported its lack of genetic activity for Salmonella typhimurium.     

Different foreign genes incidentally integrated into the same locus of the Streptococcus suis genome

Some strains of Streptococcus suis possess a type II restriction-modification (RM) system, whose genes are thought to be inserted into the genome between purH and purD from a foreign source by illegitimate recombination. In this study, we characterized the purHD locus of the S. suis genomes of 28 serotype reference strains by DNA sequencing. Four strains contained the RM genes in the locus, as described before, whereas 11 strains possessed other genetic regions of seven classes. The genetic regions contained a single gene or multiple genes that were either unknown or similar to hypothetical genes of other bacteria. The mutually exclusive localization of the genetic regions with the atypical G+C contents indicated that these regions were also acquired from foreign sources. No transposable element or long-repeat sequence was found in the neighboring regions. An alignment of the nucleotide sequences, including the RM gene regions, suggested that the foreign regions were integrated by illegitimate recombination via short stretches of nucleotide identity. By using a thermosensitive suicide plasmid, the RM genes were experimentally introduced into an S. suis strain that did not contain any foreign genes in that locus. Integration of the plasmid into the S. suis genome did not occur in the purHD locus but occurred at various chromosomal loci, where there were 2 to 10 bp of nucleotide identity between the chromosome and the plasmid. These results suggest that various foreign genes described here were incidentally integrated into the same locus of the S. suis genome.     

Genetic Map Position of the Gluconate-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene in Salmonella typhimurium

Gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GND) is genetically determined in Salmonella typhimurium by a locus (gnd) mapping between the somatic antigen (rfb) and histidine (his) operons. The enzyme is constitutive. Strains of Salmonella carrying an F' genetic element which contains the gnd(+) gene have GND activity two to three times that of the wild type. This gene dosage effect was used to determine that the GND reaction is not rate-limiting for the metabolism of glucose by the pentose shunt in S. typhimurium.     

Genetic Separation of the Inosinic Acid Cyclohydrolase-Transformylase Complex of Salmonella typhimurium

Genetic and enzymatic analyses were made with the purH mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. These mutants are purine auxotrophs which are deficient in the conversion of phosphoribosyl-aminoimidazolecarboxamide (AIC) to inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP). Two steps are required for this process: phosphoribosyl-AIC transformylase (EC 2.1.2.3) and IMP cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.10). Genetic analysis identified two complementation groups, I and II, and a third group of noncomplementing mutants (I-II). Mutations in gene I lead to complete loss of transformylase activity and no loss of cyclohydrolase activity if the mutation is of the missense type, but partial loss if it is of the chain-terminating type (nonsense or frameshift). Gene II mutants are all of the missense type and show normal transformylase activity but no cyclohydrolase activity. The noncomplementing mutants (I-II) are all of the chain-terminating type and are completely deficient in both activities. The results are explained and discussed in terms of subunit interactions of a stable enzyme complex.     

Mutation induction by the antischistosomal drug F30066 in various test systems.

The genetic activity of furapromidium (F30066), an antischistosomal drug, was studied in Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa and cultured Chinese hamster cells. The results show that F30066 induces gene mutations in S. typhimurium, N. crassa and Chinese hamster cells. This compound also causes gene conversions in S. cerevisiae.