胃泌素及其受体的分子生物学研究进展

胃泌素是一种刺激胃酸分泌的胃肠道激素,并能刺激胃肠道粘膜及肿瘤的生长。胃泌素曾被认为是一种自泌生物因子在胃肠道恶性肿瘤中起作用,但是近年来人们更加重视胃泌素原,甘氨酸胃泌素及其受体在恶性肿瘤中的作用。     

趋化因子及其受体转导途径与肿瘤的生长

肿瘤基质细胞及肿瘤细胞分泌的趋化因子,可通过肿瘤细胞表面受体,直接或间接途径促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、新生血管的形成,促进肿瘤的生长。一些外源趋化因子通过转基因抑制肿瘤的生长,为肿瘤治疗提供新的靶向。本主要综述趋化因子及其受体在肿瘤生长及信号转导方面的作用。     

肿瘤血管生成调节因子的研究进展

血管生成促进因子和血管生成抑制因子的平衡控制着肿瘤新生血管的形成。当促进因子的作用强于抑制因子时,便会引起肿瘤血管的生长。因此,了解血管生成调节因子的特点及其作用机制是一项非常重要的研究任务,针对肿瘤血管的抗血管新生治疗有着重要的理论意义和临床实用价值。这为肿瘤的诊断、分期、治疗和预后提供了新的参数指标,为寻找有效的治疗靶点提供了有利的依据。该文就有关的重要血管生成调节因子作一综述。     

白介素-1β对壁细胞酸分泌等胃功能的主要作用及机制

白介素（IL）－1β是已知具有胃细胞保护性,抗溃疡,抗分泌和延迟胃排空的最强力因子,它通过刺激胃内前列腺素合成而产生作用。IL－1β通过多种通路抑制培养壁细胞的酸分泌,该抑制发生于后受体水平。IL－1β对分泌酸的壁细胞,和分泌组胺的ECL细胞二者具有阻滞作用。壁细胞表达IL－1受体。IL－1β抑制卡马可和胃泌素刺激的壁细胞酸分泌作用,对组胺刺激也有一定作用。HP感染导致浸润的胃粘膜炎症细胞释放包括IL－1β的细胞因子。IL－1β可通过其对ECL细胞分泌组胺活性的抑制,相应地介导酸分泌的抑制。     

前列腺癌的靶向治疗研究现状与展望

前列腺癌难以根治,研究雄激素非依赖型前列腺癌的靶向治疗具有实际的临床意义,涉及抗体靶向治疗、靶向抗前列腺癌药物研制、细胞生长信号转导通路抑制、微小RNA应用等多方面,而靶向清除肿瘤干细胞则是根治前列腺癌的有效策略。     

抗血管生成蛋白与多肽研究进展

多项动物实验和临床实啦已经充分证实,抗血管生成疗法可以抑制肿瘤生长。在可抑制肿瘤生长的分子中,许多是蛋白与多肽,包括细胞因子、趋化因子、血管内皮生长因子及其受体的抗体、可溶性受体、胞外基质蛋白片段及小分子合成多肽等。简要综述其中部分分子的作用机理及临床应用情况。     

三羟异黄酮对HER-2/neu高表达乳腺癌细胞血管生成相关因子表达的影响

三羟异黄酮(genistein)是大豆中的一种非营养成分,其结构与黄酮化合物类似,能竞争性地与雌激素受体结合,故称之为植物雌激素(phytoestrogen)。它具有广泛的生物学作用,如抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗真菌、抗氧化、抗突变、抗高血压、抗增生等,其中genistein抑制肿瘤的血管生成是当前研究的热点之一。肿瘤的血管生成是肿瘤进一步生长转移的基础,该过程受肿瘤细胞和血管内皮细胞分泌的血管生成相关因     

胃肠道黏膜免疫的一些研究进展

本文主要综述了在胃肠道黏膜免疫中起重要作用的黏膜相关淋巴组织、小肠黏膜上皮内淋巴细胞和分泌型IgA的性能,并就胃肠道黏膜对食物抗原的作用以及其在预防疾病方面功能进行了讨论。     

Ⅳ型胶原酶人基因工程抗体的研制

肿瘤组织内Ⅳ型胶原酶表达和活性升高与肿瘤转移密切相关 .抑制Ⅳ型胶原酶活性的物质能够有效地抑制或降低肿瘤的转移 .因此Ⅳ型胶原酶已成为恶性肿瘤辅助诊断和控制癌转移的标志分子之一 .利用噬菌体抗体展示技术 ,在人抗体库研究的基础上 ,成功地研制出一种Ⅳ型胶原酶特异人源单链抗体hCo4.该抗体主要是由抗体轻链可变区和重链可变区组成 ,分子量约为 2 7ku .ELISA和免疫印迹均证明hCo4能够与Ⅳ型胶原酶特异结合 ,是目前所报道的Ⅳ型胶原酶特异抗体中分子量最小的人基因工程抗体 .该抗体的亲和力与从分泌抗Ⅳ型胶原酶单抗的杂交瘤细胞制备的鼠源单链抗体亲和力相同 .它有可能成为一种研究Ⅳ型胶原酶与肿瘤转移相互关系的工具以及用于肿瘤免疫诊断和治疗 .     

IL-17在肿瘤发生发展中的作用

Th17作为新发现的一类Th细胞亚群,其分泌的IL-17在肿瘤的发生与发展过程中有着重要的作用。大量文献报道IL-17在肿瘤发生发展过程中发挥双刃剑的作用,一方面,IL-17可以通过促进血管生成和肿瘤细胞的迁移促进肿瘤的生长。另一方面,IL-17亦可促进细胞毒性T细胞的免疫应答抑制肿瘤的生长。     

Antibodies raised against the extracellular tail of the CCKB/gastrin receptor inhibit gastrin-stimulated signalling

INTRODUCTION: Gastrin acts to stimulate gastric acid secretion and is an acknowledged growth factor for human gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. The identity of the exact receptor type mediating the growth promoting effects of gastrin in tumours is uncertain. However, the best-characterised gastrin receptor is the CCK receptor type B (CCKB)/gastrin receptor. The anti-GRE1 antibody is a polyclonal, affinity-purified antibody raised against GRE1, a synthetic 21 amino acid peptide homologous to part of the extracellular, N-terminal tail of the CCKB receptor. We have recently proven that GRE1 antiserum specifically localises CCKB receptors on CCKB receptor transfected NIH3T3 cells and human gastrointestinal tumour cells by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. GRE1 antiserum also inhibits liver invasion in the C170HM2 colorectal liver-metastasis model. AIM: To relate the ability of GRE1 antiserum to displace G17 from CCKB receptors with its impact on cellular transduction effects. METHODS: Radioligand binding studies were performed with 125IG17 and Calcium mobilisation studies by use of the fluorescent dye Fura 2-am. RESULTS: GRE1 antiserum competitively displaced 50% radiolabelled gastrin-17 from whole cell NIH3T3 CCKB transfectants at a protein concentration of 250 microg x ml(-1). GRE1 antiserum did not stimulate calcium ion influx in the transfectant NIH3T3 cells when used at a range of protein concentrations. Pre-incubation with GRE1 antiserum was required to inhibit gastrin-stimulated calcium ion influx. This was found to be concentration-dependent, with inhibition shown at 30 and 5 microg x ml(-1) but not at 500 ng x ml(-1) or below. CONCLUSION: The GRE1 antiserum is specific for the CCKB receptor and may act to inhibit gastrin-stimulated signalling in tumour cells.     

Gastrin enhances gastric mucosal integrity through cyclooxygenase-2 upregulation in rats

Gastrin, PGs, and growth factors have important roles in maintaining gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) are the key enzymes involved in PG synthesis. This study aimed to clarify the mechanisms of gastric mucosal protection by gastrin. Fasted rats were administered subcutaneous gastrin 17 with or without gastrin receptor antagonist YM022 pretreatment. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and COX-2 expression were examined using Western blot analysis. Another series of experiments investigated 1) PGE(2) levels in gastric mucosa, 2) the protective action of gastrin against gastric damage by acidified ethanol, 3) the effects of a specific HB-EGF-neutralizing antibody on gastrin-induced COX-2 expression, and 4) the effects of a specific COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 on PGE(2) synthesis and the mucosal protection afforded by gastrin. Gastrin dose-dependently increased HB-EGF, COX-2 expression, and PGE(2) levels and reduced gastric damage. However, pretreatment with YM022 dose-dependently abolished such effects of gastrin. A specific HB-EGF- neutralizing antibody and an EGF receptor inhibitor decreased gastrin-induced COX-2 expression. NS-398 blocked gastrin-induced PGE(2) synthesis and mucosal protection. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that gastrin enhances gastric mucosal integrity through COX-2, which is partially mediated by HB-EGF, and PGE(2) upregulation in rats.     

Developmental gene expression of gastrin receptor in rat stomach

Gastrin, which is present in fetal plasma, may have important roles in the development of gastric mucosa, since it is not only a potent stimulator of gastric acid secretion but also a growth promoting factor. Gastrin regulates various cellular functions via its receptors on cell membrane. Therefore, in order to elucidate a role for gastrin in the development of gastrointestinal system during gestation, Northern blot analysis was performed. The results of the study suggested that gastrin receptor is mainly present on parietal cells. Furthermore, proton pump and gastrin receptor gene expressions in parietal cells were strongly stimulated by the administration of exogenous gastrin. In conclusion, gastrin may be involved in the developmental change of parietal cells through its receptors.     

By modulating α2β1 integrin signalling,gastrin increases adhesion oF AGS-GR gastric cancer cells

Peritoneal metastasis is a major cause of recurrence of gastric cancer and integrins are key molecules involved in gastric cancer cells attachment to the peritoneum. The peptide hormone, gastrin, initially identified for its role in gastric acid secretion is also a growth factor for gastric mucosa. Gastrin has also been shown to contribute to gastric cancers progression. Here, we provide the first evidence that gastrin increases the adhesion of gastric cancer cells. Gastrin treatment induces the expression of α2 integrin subunit through a mechanism that involves the ERK pathway. We also observed in response to gastrin an increase in the amount of α2 integrin associated with β1subunit. In addition, gastrin-stimulated cell adhesion was blocked with an anti-α2β1 integrin neutralizing antibody. We also show that gastrin activates the integrin pathway via the phosphorylation of β1 integrin by a Src family kinase. This mechanism may contribute to the enhancement of cell adhesion observed in response to gastrin since we found an inhibition of gastrin-mediated cell adhesion when cells were treated with a Src inhibitor. By regulating one of the key step of the metastatic process gastrin might contribute to increase the aggressive behaviour of human gastric tumours.     

Differentiation of the gastric mucosa. II. Role of gastrin in gastric epithelial cell proliferation and maturation

Gastrin is the principal hormonal inducer of gastric acid secretion. The cellular targets for gastrin in the stomach are the acid-secreting parietal cell and histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell. Gastrin is also a growth factor, with hypergastrinemia resulting in increased proliferation of gastric progenitor cells and a thickened mucosa. This review presents insights into gastrin function revealed by genetically engineered mouse models, demonstrating a new role for gastrin in the maturation of parietal and ECL cells. Thus, gastrin regulates many aspects of gastric physiology, with tight regulation of gastrin levels required to maintain balanced growth and function of gastric epithelial cells.     

The Role of Gastrin and CCK Receptors in Pancreatic Cancer and other Malignancies

The gastrointestinal (GI) peptide gastrin is an important regulator of the release of gastric acid from the stomach parietal cells and it also plays an important role in growth of the gastrointestinal tract. It has become apparent that gastrin and its related peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) are also significantly involved with growth of GI cancers as well as other malignancies through activation of the cholecystokinin-B (CCK-B) receptor. Of interest, gastrin is expressed in the embryologic pancreas but not in the adult pancreas; however, gastrin becomes re-expressed in pancreatic cancer where it stimulates growth of this malignancy by an autocrine mechanism. Strategies to down-regulate gastrin or interfere with its interface with the CCK receptor with selective antibodies or receptor antagonists hold promise for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and other gastrin - responsive tumors.     

Tumour cell‐intrinsic CTLA4 regulates PD‐L1 expression in non‐small cell lung cancer

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) are immune checkpoint proteins expressed in T cells. Although CTLA4 expression was found in multiple tumours including non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cells, its function in tumour cells is unknown. Recently, PD‐1 was found to be expressed in melanoma cells and to promote tumorigenesis. We found that CTLA4 was expressed in a subset of NSCLC cell lines and in a subgroup of cancer cells within the lung cancer tissues. We further found that in NSCLC cells, anti‐CTLA4 antibody can induce PD‐L1 expression, which is mediated by CTLA4 and the EGFR pathway involving phosphorylation of MEK and ERK. In CTLA4 knockout cells, EGFR knockout cells or in the presence of an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, anti‐CTLA4 antibody was not able to induce PD‐L1 expression in NSCLC cells. Moreover, anti‐CTLA4 antibody promoted NSCLC cell proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo in the absence of adaptive immunity. These results suggest that tumour cell‐intrinsic CTLA4 can regulate PD‐L1 expression and cell proliferation, and that anti‐CTLA4 antibody, by binding to the tumour cell‐intrinsic CTLA4, may result in the activation of the EGFR pathway in cancer cells.     

Gastrin and pentagastrin enhance the tumour proliferation of human stable cultured gastric adenocarcinoma cells.

The effect of gastrin on stimulating tumour proliferation has been evaluated on human pancreas cancer cells in culture and in tumours transplanted to nude mice. The presence of CCK-B/gastrin-like receptor responsible for that effect of gastrin has been proved in colonic (WiDr, HT-29, YAMC) and pancreatic (PANC-1, BON) cell lines. The aim of our study was to examine the stimulating effect of gastrin and pentagastrin on the growth of human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line. The human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS, CRL-1739) was purchased from ATCC (Rockville, MA, USA). Gastrin-17 was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Budapest, Hungary), pentagastrin was from Zeneca Limited (Macclasfield, UK). The cells were incubated in DMEM containing 10% FCS on 96-well culturing plate with 10(4) cells/well starting cell number at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2. The proliferation rates were detected: by the measurements of the metabolically active cells with Owen's reagent and the determination of protein content, and by cell counting in a haemocytometer at several incubation times. As a result, we detected similar proliferation rates using gastrin-17 or pentagastrin in the incubation medium. The stimulating effect of gastrin/pentagastrin on cell line proliferation was in correlation with its concentration. Our results proved that pentagastrin is a 10 times less effective stimulator of proliferation of gastric cancer than gastrin-17, and that AGS human adenocarcinoma cell line might be CCK receptor positive.