鳜和乌鳢最适温度的研究

研究了体重47.2-540.2g的鳜和45.0-546.2g的乌鳢的最适摄食和生长温度。结果表明,鳜的最大摄食率随温度的上升而增大,在25-35℃之间形成“最适温度平台”,低温（10-25℃）时,乌鳢的最大摄食率随温度的上升而增加,在25-30℃之间形成“最适温度平台”,之后随温度的增加而下降,鳜的特定生长率随温度的增加而加快,在25-35℃“最适温度平台”,乌鳢的特定生长率受体重和温度的交互影响。     

日本三角涡虫趋食性分析

借助自行设计的圆盘混合法和水槽独立法研究了日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)对食物的选择趋性以及光照强度对其摄食的影响。结果表明:日本三角涡虫对5种食物的趋食性由强至弱依次为鱼脾脏牛肝脏蚯蚓鸡肝脏熟蛋黄;400 lx以下的光照强度对涡虫摄食没有影响;当光照强度达到800 lx时,对涡虫摄食有明显影响,其中96.7%的涡虫停止摄食;当光照强度增加至1000 lx时,涡虫全部停止摄食。研究结果为淡水涡虫进化生物学和行为生态学的研究提供了重要依据。     

光照强度对四株海洋绿藻总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的影响

采用f/2培养基,在3000lx,5000lx,8000lx光照强度时对杆状裂丝藻(Stichococcus bacillaris,MACC(中国海洋大学微藻种质库)/C19)和3株小球藻(Chlorellasp.MACC/C95,MACC/C97和MACC/C102)等4株海洋绿藻的总脂含量及脂肪酸组成进行了研究。单因子方差分析结果表明,光照强度对4株海洋绿藻的相对生长率、EPA(二十碳五烯酸,20∶5(n-3))含量及PUFA(多不饱和脂肪酸)总量,C19、C97和C102的脂肪含量和SFA(饱和脂肪酸)总量,C19、C95和C102的MUFA(单不饱和脂肪酸)总量均有显著影响(P0.05)。C19和C95的总脂含量随光照强度的增加总体呈降低趋势,C97和C102的总脂含量则随光照强度的升高而明显升高。C19的EPA含量随光照强度的增加呈现低-高-低趋势,C95在中低光照强度下EPA含量较高,C97和C102的EPA含量则随光照强度的增加而明显降低,4株绿藻的AA(花生四烯酸,20∶4(n-6))含量和PUFA总量均随光照强度的增加而降低。多重比较结果表明:C19在高光照强度(8000lx)时总脂含量显著低于其它各组,低光照强度(3000lx)和中光照强度(5000lx)处理间没有显著性差异(12.9%—12.7%),C97和C102则分别在高光照强度时总脂含量显著高于其它各处理(分别为40.6%和33.3%)。C19的EPA含量在中光照强度水平显著高于其它处理(12.7%),C97和C102的EPA含量分别在低光照强度水平显著高于其它处理(分别为12.0%和10.5%),C95的EPA含量在高光照强度水平显著低于其它处理,低光照强度和中光照强度处理间没有显著性差异(14.0%—14.7%);C19和C95的PUFA总量均在高光照强度水平显著低于其它处理,在低光照强度和中光照强度处理间没有显著性差异(分别为19.1%—19.4%和21.3%—21.3%),C97和C102的PUFA总量均在低光照强度水平显著高于其它处理(分别为19.2%和18.9%)。4株绿藻的主要脂肪酸成份为14∶0、16∶0、16∶1(n-7)、16∶4(n-3)、18∶1(n-9)、18∶3(n-3)、20∶4(n-6)和EPA。     

光周期对中华鳖稚鳖摄食、生长和能量转换的影响

在水温２９±１℃,光照强度５００ｌｘ的条件下,研究了不同光周期对中华鳖稚鳖的最大日摄食量、最大日摄食率、特定生长率、同化效率、消化时间和生长效率的影响。结果表明,光周期对中华鳖稚鳖的上述各指标均无显著影响。随体重的增加,中华鳖稚鳖的最大日摄食量逐渐增大,而最大日摄食率则逐渐减少。在人工养殖中华鳖稚鳖过程中,光照周期的选择是次要的     

光照强度对筛豆龟蝽生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】为明确光照强度对筛豆龟蝽 Megacopta cribraria 种群生长发育及生殖力的影响,进一步探索筛豆龟蝽对光环境的适应规律。【方法】在温度24±1℃,相对湿度60%±10%,光周期 16L ∶8D 条件下,通过测定寄主植物大豆上筛豆龟蝽在不同光照强度(500, 2 500, 4 500, 6 500, 8 500 和10 500 lx)下的生长发育及繁殖指标,包括各虫态发育历期、成虫寿命、存活率、若虫期营养积累效率等;利用生命表方法进一步分析光照强度对种群趋势变化的影响。【结果】光照强度对筛豆龟蝽各虫态发育历期、存活率以及成虫生殖力等均产生显著影响。各阶段的发育历期有随光照强度增加而缩短的趋势,其发育速率和若虫期营养积累效率均与光照强度呈显著正相关。各阶段发育速率与光照强度的关系模型分别为:卵期 V 1= 0.129968exp(0.011310 L I)(R^2=0.610, P <0.0001),若虫期 V 2=0.000767LI^0.014182 ( R^2 =0.980, P <0.0001),雌虫产卵前期 V 3=0.019000 L 0.418000 I ( R^2 =0.837, P <0.0001);若虫期营养积累效率与光照强度之间符合三次函数模型 y =0.0004 x^3-0.0064 x^2+0.0361 x +0.0660 ( R^2 =0.983, P <0.0001);筛豆龟蝽种群趋势指数 I 随光照强度增加而显著增大,光照强度低于2 500 lx时,其种群不能完成生殖过程。【结论】光照强度可显著影响筛豆龟蝽种群生长发育及生殖力。较高的光照强度(10 500 lx)更有利于其种群数量增长,而较低的光照强度(≤2 500 lx)将导致种群逐渐消亡。     

氨基酸等化学刺激物对异育银鲫摄食行为的影响

实验采用撞球法中的双球法研究异育银鲫对氨基酸等刺激物的摄食行为的反应,运用实验鱼对实验球和空白球啄咬次数不同判断刺激物是否具有促摄食作用,运用刺激物与10-5mol/L丙氨酸啄咬次数的比值来比较不同刺激物间的反应。实验鱼体重为(46.5±9.3)g,刺激物为10-6-10-2mol/L的天冬氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、组氨酸、甜菜碱和乳酸,以及10-6-10-2g/L的鱿鱼提取物复合物。实验记录从第2分钟到第10分钟的数据。结果发现,异育银鲫对多数刺激物的刺激没有反应。天冬氨酸在10-6-10-4mol/L浓度范围内具有明显的促摄食作用,但10-3-10-2mol/L浓度范围内则具有微弱的摄食抑制作用。10-5mol/L和10-4mol/L的天冬氨酸溶液、10-4mol/L的精氨酸溶液对异育银鲫的促摄食作用最强,分别为10-5mol/L丙氨酸刺激作用的4.86、5.15和4.6倍。精氨酸、甜菜碱和乳酸的反应具有明显的浓度-反应效应,平均相对啄咬率分别在10-4mol/L、10-5mol/L、10-5mol/L浓度下达到最高,其他刺激物引起的反应在各浓度下差异不显著。蛋氨酸和乳酸在10-6-10-2mol/L各浓度下显著性地抑制异育银鲫的摄食行为。10-4mol/L精氨酸、10-5mol/L丙氨酸以及10-6、10-3和10-2mol/L赖氨酸对异育银鲫的撞球反应具明显的刺激作用。除甜菜碱和天冬氨酸外,多数刺激物引起摄食行为反应在2-9min期间非常稳定。甜菜碱和天冬氨酸刺激异育银鲫所产生的摄食行为反应有随记录时间的延长逐渐适应的趋势,特别是在10-6-10-4mol/L。       

濒危种螺蛳对典型附着藻的摄食特性及其在洱海流域恢复的可行性

通过实验室小试研究濒临灭绝物种螺蛳(Margarya melanioides)对舟形藻(Naviculaceae sp.)、菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)、孟氏颤藻(Planktothrixmougeotii)以及四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)4种典型附着藻类的摄食探讨其摄食生态学特性,调查海菜花(Ottelia acumiuate)养殖塘中藻的群落结构及水体的pH值、光照、溶解氧(DO)、温度等环境,从摄食生态学角度分析,探讨螺蛳在洱海流域恢复的可行性。摄食实验结果显示:螺蛳对实验选取四种藻摄食率关系为舟形藻菱形藻孟氏颤藻四尾栅藻。对舟形藻摄食的影响因素研究结果表明在温度为25℃时其摄食强度最大,摄食率(IR)为(2.19±0.16)mg个~(-1)d~(-1);螺蛳在光照为0-100001x的范围内均有较强的摄食活动,摄食活动最适宜的光照强度区间为1000-20001x,摄食率IR均达到3.0mg个~(-1)d~(-1)以上;溶解氧DO对其摄食活动影响显著,当DO大于3.6mg/L时螺蛳摄食活跃,低于1mg/L时螺蛳基本停止摄食;螺蛳摄食率大小跟螺蛳重量呈显著负相关P0.05。洱海流域海菜花塘水体的调查结果得出海菜花塘的pH值、光照、DO、温度以及藻等环境因子均适合螺蛳生存繁衍,可通过构建海菜花湿地来实现螺蛳的保种与扩增恢复。     

草地贪夜蛾成虫复眼明暗适应及黄光照射下明适应状态转化率

【目的】蛾类昆虫的趋光性与复眼明暗适应状态的转化有着直接的关系，本研究旨在阐明光照与草地贪夜蛾Spodotera frugiperda复眼明暗适应状态转化的关系。【方法】在光、暗适应条件和不同光照强度黄光照射下，在不同时间段，用相机迅速拍照，观察统计草地贪夜蛾成虫复眼的明暗适应状态及明、暗适应状态转化率。【结果】在明适应状态下，草地贪夜蛾成虫经黄光照射1 h后，随光照强度的增加，复眼明适应状态保持率逐步升高：雄成虫复眼在0.1~0.5 lx时明适应状态保持率为67.77%(有32.23%的转化为暗适应状态与中间状态)，4~6 lx时明适应状态保持率达到100%；雌成虫复眼在7~10 lx时，明适应状态保持率达98.90%。在明适应状态下，经黄光照射3 h后，草地贪夜蛾成虫复眼明适应状态保持率亦随着光照强度的增加逐步升高，在0.1~0.5 lx时雄成虫复眼明适应状态保持率为50.00%,雌成虫为32.23%；在光照强度7~10 lx时，雌雄成虫复眼明适应状态保持率分别为90.00%和100%。在暗适应状态下，草地贪夜蛾成虫经不同光照强度的黄光照射30 min后，成虫复眼向明适应状态逐渐转化：在0.1~0.5 lx光照强度时雌、雄成虫复眼明适应状态转化率均为93.33%；当光照强度达到0.6~0.9 lx时雌成虫复眼的明适应状态转化率达到100%，雄成虫复眼则在1~2 lx时达到100%。【结论】结果说明，草地贪夜蛾成虫有较强的光敏感性，且雌虫对黄光的光敏感性略强于雄虫。     

近邻剑水蚤对浮游动物的摄食

近邻剑水蚤能捕获和摄食实验所提供的所有浮游动物,尤喜食小型浮游动物。猎物受攻击的部位发生在头部,背部和腹部。猪物密度、水温、光照强度和昼夜变化对近邻剑水蚤的摄食有重要影响。     

光照对蒙古裸腹溞摄食强度的影响

利用细胞计数法对不同光照强度、光谱成分、光周期对蒙古裸腹摄食强度的影响进行了研究。结果表明 :光强在 70 0 0 lx时蒙古裸腹对小球藻的摄食强度最高 ,成的滤水率和摄食率分别为 0 .5 2 8± 0 .0 0 9ml/ (ind· h)和 1.113± 0 .0 15μg C/ (ind· h) ,幼的滤水率分别为 0 .4 95± 0 .0 14 ml/ (ind· h)和 1.0 5 1± 0 .0 0 8μg C/ (ind· h)。在蓝光下蒙古裸腹对小球藻的摄食强度明显高于绿光组。光周期 L∶ D为 12∶ 12时蒙古裸腹对小球藻的摄食强度最高 ,成和幼的滤水率分别为0 .4 6 1和 0 .35 5 ml/ (ind· h) ,摄食率分别为 1.2 4 2和 1.0 0 5μg C/ (ind· h) ,而在 L∶ D为 0 :2 4时摄食强度最差 ,成和幼的滤水率分别为 0 .0 70和 0 .0 5 0 ml/ (ind· h)。在自然光照下 ,蒙古裸腹对小球藻的摄食强度在 7∶ 0 0～ 11:0 0和 15 :0 0～ 19:0 0最高     

光照对大泷六线鱼仔鱼摄食量的影响

对不同照度下大泷六线鱼仔鱼摄食量进行了初步测定,得知仔鱼在１００Ｌｘ时摄食量最大,其次为１０Ｌｘ,摄食率为１００Ｌｘ时最高,并在２０分钟时达到最大值,可见大泷六线仔鱼的适宜照度范围为１０－１００Ｌｘ,高或低于此照度都会影响仔鱼的摄食效果。     

光照强度对中华鳖稚鳖摄食和生长的影响

在３０００，１０００，３００和１０１ｘ的光照强度下，测定了中华鳖稚鳖的最大日摄食量和特定生长率。结果表明，光照强度对中华鳖稚瞥珠最大日摄食量影响显著，随着光照强度的减弱，中华鳖稚鳖的最大日摄食量逐渐增加，二者之间呈线性负相关。     

黑斑原仔稚鱼藏匿行为研究

文章研究了黑斑原 (Glyptosternum maculatum)仔稚鱼对缝隙的喜好行为、对底质颜色及种类的选择行为, 旨在优化苗种培育模式, 改善其养殖条件。结果表明: 黑斑原仔稚鱼对缝隙的喜好日间(7:00—20:00)显著高于夜间(21:00—6:00; P<0.05); 开口22d、23d和25—30d对缝隙无喜好行为(P>0.05), 且夜间(开口6d、11—13d除外)对缝隙无喜好行为(P>0.05); 开口12d、13d、15d和24d仔稚鱼表现出对较小缝隙(0.9 cm)的喜好性(P<0.05); 开口2d和3d仔稚鱼表现出对底层缝隙的喜好性(P<0.05); 开口5d、6d、8—21d和24d仔稚鱼表现出对表层缝隙的喜好性(P<0.05); 在(400±50) lx光补偿条件下仔稚鱼对底质颜色无明显的喜好性; 在(10±2) lx光补偿条件下仔稚鱼对黑色底质的喜好性显著于白色底质(P<0.05)。仔稚鱼日间具有较强的藏匿行为, 喜好藏匿于较小的缝隙中, 并在弱光补偿条件下喜好黑色底质。仔稚鱼的藏匿特点, 为优化苗种培育和改善苗种培育环境提供了重要的科学依据。     

Effects of Light Intensity on the Flight Behaviour of Adult <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tirumala limniace</Emphasis> (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae)

Light intensity significantly affects insect flight behaviour. Mating of butterflies is significantly associated with flight frequency. However, no research has elucidated the effects of light intensity on butterfly flight. Thus, a clear understanding of the effects of light intensity on flight has significant theoretical implications for the cultivation and utilization of butterflies. We observed the flight behaviour of adult Tirumala limniace (Cramer) exposed to light intensities from 243 to 2240 lx and measured the frequency of flight, take-off rhythm, thoracic temperature excess (△T) when perching and flying, and the tendency for thoracic temperature to increase. Results showed that high-intensity light significantly increased flight activity, and males were more active than females under similar light intensities; strong light (1280–2240 lx) resulted in female and male butterflies taking flight earlier compared with weak light (243–864 lx); and a similar pattern was observed for flight duration, with flights by males being significantly longer than those by females at 864–2240 lx; △T of adults flying in strong light was significantly higher than in weak light, whereas the thoracic temperature of perching adults was similar to the air temperature. Compared with other light intensities, the equilibrium thoracic temperature of adults exposed to 2240 lx was higher, and the time to reach it was shorter; in addition, the △T and rate of thoracic temperature increase were higher and achieved more quickly, respectively. Thus, of the 243–2240 lx range, 2240 lx was the most optimal light intensity for adult T. limniace flight and captive rearing.     

Schooling behaviour of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis depends on their vision development

The effects of vision development and light intensity on schooling behaviour during growth in juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis were investigated using both behavioural and histological approaches. The schooling behaviour of three age groups [25, 40 and 55 days post hatching (dph)] of juvenile T. orinetalis were examined under various light intensities. Subsequently, schooling variables, such as the nearest neighbour distance (D(NN) ) and the separation swimming index (I(SS) ), were also measured under different light intensities. Furthermore, retinal indices of light adaptation in juvenile fish at each experimental light intensity and visual acuities in six stages (25-55 dph) of juveniles were examined histologically. During growth, the light intensity thresholds of I(SS) decreased from 5 to 0·05 lx, and D(NN) under light conditions (>300 lx) also decreased from 9·2 times the standard length (L(S) ) to 1·2 times L(S) . The thresholds of light intensities for the light adaptation of retinas in juveniles (25-55 dph) similarly decreased from 5 to 0·05 lx with growth. In addition, the visual acuities of juveniles developed from 0·04 to 0·17 with decreasing D(NN) . These data clearly indicate that the characteristics of schooling behaviour strongly correspond to the degree of vision development. Juvenile T. orinetalis also appear to be more dependent on cone rather than rod cells under low light intensity conditions, resulting in a relatively high light intensity threshold for schooling. These results suggest that juveniles can adapt to darker conditions during growth by developing improved visual capabilities.     

云斑尖塘鳢仔鱼摄食节律的研究

对自然光照条件下云斑尖塘鳢仔鱼的昼夜摄食节律和在夜间增加不同强度外光源条件下仔鱼的摄食发生率进行了研究。结果表明,云斑尖塘鳢仔鱼具有明显的昼夜摄食节律,晚上摄食发生率是著高于白天,其摄食主要集中在光线较弱的16:00～00:00;5日龄仔鱼在100～500Lx,8日龄和12日龄仔鱼在10～100Lx光照条件下的摄食发生率要明显高于黑暗或更高光照条件下的摄食发生率。     

Schooling behaviour and retinomotor response of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis under different light intensities

Schooling behaviour and histological retinal light adaptation in juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis were examined under various light intensities to determine the effect of light intensity on behaviour. After monitoring the schooling behaviour of juveniles 35–36 and 45–46 days post hatching, schooling variables such as nearest neighbour distance and separation swimming index were measured under different light intensities. Furthermore, retinal indices of light adaptation were investigated histologically for each experimental light intensity. Under intensities >5 lx, schooling variables in the two juvenile growth stages were nearly constant, allowing schooling. In contrast, the schooling variables indicated that the fish gradually swam more widely and randomly with decreasing light intensities <5 lx. The retinal indices also showed a shift from light adaptation to dark adaptation at light levels <5 lx. From 5 to 0·01 lx, retinal adaptation and fish schooling behaviour changed with light intensity. These data suggest that the schooling behaviour of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna is greatly affected by retinal adaptation.     

Foraging success of largemouth bass at different light intensities: implications for time and depth of feeding

Laboratory feeding trials were conducted to determine how light intensity affects foraging success by the visual piscivore, the largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ). Foraging success was greater than 95% at light levels ranging from low intensity daylight (2.43 × 10² lx) to moonlight (3 × 10⁻³ lx), but declined significantly to 62% at starlight (2 × 10⁻⁴ lx) and near 0% in total darkness. Over a range of low to high water clarities (0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 m Secchi depth), estimated depth limits for feeding during the day ranged between 5.5 to 44 m and from 1.6 to 13 m at night during a full moon. At starlight, light intensity rapidly attenuated to a level below the feeding threshold within 0.5 m of the surface at all water clarities. The depth of the water column available for feeding in low clarity water (0.5 m Secchi) was 67 and 75% less than at moderate (2.0 m Secchi) and high (4.0 m Secchi) water clarities. The findings illustrate how differences in the light environment can have important ramifications for predator-prey interactions.     

Does light intensity affect self‐feeding and food wastage in group‐held rainbow trout and white‐spotted charr?

The self‐feeding rhythms of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and white‐spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis were studied when group‐held fishes ( n  = 10 per group) were fed using self‐feeders under two different light intensities (50 lx, 16 μW cm⁻² and 700 lx, 215 μW cm⁻²) during the light phase of the light‐dark cycle. Food wastage was also measured. At 50 lx, all groups of rainbow trout learned to operate the self‐feeder within 4 days, whereas it took up to 25 days for all groups at 700 lx. In contrast, all groups of white‐spotted charr learned self‐feeding within 17 days, irrespective of light intensity. These results, although non‐significant, suggest that lower light intensities can stimulate instrumental learning in rainbow trout, but not white‐spotted charr. In rainbow trout, the total number of trigger actuations for the entire experimental period was significantly higher at 50 rather than 700 lx, although this may have been related to delayed learning at 700 lx. There was no significant effect in white‐spotted charr. Growth rate (assessed using the thermal growth coefficient) was also higher in rainbow trout but not white‐spotted charr at 50 rather than 700 lx, although this difference was non‐significant. Light intensity had no significant effect on food wastage in either rainbow trout or white‐spotted charr, and it did not appear to affect the proportion of trigger actuations during the light phase. Clear diurnal feeding rhythms were observed in both species and these were classified into four categories: uniform, dawn, dusk and crepuscular. At 50 lx, fish from both species generally fed in temporally localized periods at either dawn and dusk, whilst feeding was predominantly uniform during the light phase at 700 lx.