卵形鲳鲹血细胞发生的观察

对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)肝脏、脾脏、头肾和体肾4种组织器官内各种血细胞的发生和外周血液的血细胞分类组成进行了观察。结果表明:卵形鲳鲹的红细胞主要在脾脏、体肾和头肾中发生;淋巴细胞主要在体肾、头肾和脾脏中发生;粒细胞主要在头肾和体肾中发生;单核细胞在肝脏、头肾和脾脏中均有发生;而血栓细胞的发生在这4种组织中均未观察到。卵形鲳鲹在外周血液中的白细胞包括淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞。在这几种白细胞中,单核细胞数量最少,很难观察到,数量少于1%;嗜中性粒细胞稍多,有(9.25±5.64)%;血栓细胞占(38.23±21.86)%;淋巴细胞最多,达(52.52±21.65)%。     

鳜鱼外周血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察

本文报道了鳜鱼外周血细胞的显微和亚显微结构。血涂片经过染色,可鉴别出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞和嗜中性粒细胞;还见到幼稚的正在分裂的红细胞,提示红细胞亦可在外周血液中通过直接分裂产生。白细胞中,血栓细胞体积最小,嗜中性粒细胞体积最大;单核细胞数目最少,血栓细胞数目最多。电镜下,红细胞中可见线粒体和高尔基复合体;淋巴细胞线粒体中可见类似髓样体的板层状结构;血栓细胞和单核细胞与其它鱼类的基本     

切尾拟鲿外周血细胞的显微结构

应用Wright-Giemsa染液联合染色方法,通过光镜对切尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus truncatus外周血细胞的形态进行观察。结果表明,切尾拟鲿外周血细胞可分为红细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞和嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞两种类型的粒细胞。未发现嗜碱性粒细胞。白细胞中,血栓细胞数量最多,占白细胞总数的39.32%;嗜酸性粒细胞数量最少,仅占白细胞总数的2.30%;单核细胞体积最大,大小为(14.58±3.95)μm×(12.96±2.67)μm;血栓细胞体积最小,大小为(6.53±0.96)μm×(3.65±0.41)μm。此外,统计了红细胞密度为(1.68±0.39)×106/mm3,白细胞密度为(5.84±0.73)×103/mm3。     

濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼外周血细胞特征

为了研究濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼（Onychostoma rara）外周血细胞的特征,以采自长江中游沅江水系清水江共计21尾稀有白甲鱼的血液为材料,采用常规方法对稀有白甲鱼外周血细胞的组成、形态、大小和数量进行了观测。结果显示,稀有白甲鱼红细胞数量为（1.75±0.44）×106 个/ L,白细胞数量为（4.91±1.95）×105 个/ L。在血涂片上共计观察到了5种白细胞,包括淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞,没有发现嗜碱性粒细胞。其5种白细胞数量比例差异较大,其数量比例关系为：淋巴细胞>血栓细胞>嗜中性粒细胞>单核细胞>嗜酸性粒细胞。这5种白细胞的大小也有所不同,其大小关系为：单核细胞>嗜中性粒细胞>嗜酸性粒细胞>淋巴细胞>血栓细胞。与已报道的鱼类相比,稀有白甲鱼白细胞的数量明显较高,红细胞数量较多、体积相对较小,可能与其适应流水生活相关。     

玳瑁和绿海龟幼体外周血细胞的观察与比较

对玳瑁(Eretmochelys imbricata)和绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)外周血细胞形态特征及其数量进行了观察、测定与比较.结果表明,在2种海龟外周血都观察到7种血细胞:红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和血栓细胞,除了绿海龟观察到大、小2种嗜酸性粒细胞外,另外几种血细胞的形态结构与其他爬行动物相似.白细胞分类计数表明,2种海龟白细胞中以嗜中性粒细胞数量最多,其次是淋巴细胞和单核细胞,嗜酸性粒细胞仅有少数,嗜碱性粒细胞极少,并且此类细胞在玳瑁的白细胞分类计数中为零.玳瑁红细胞数量为(346.7±68.4)×10~3个/μl,比绿海龟红细胞含量少,绿海龟为(403.3±170.6)×10~3/μl;玳瑁白细胞及血栓细胞数分别为(7.7±1.9)×10~3个/μl和(9.6±2.2)×10~3个/μl,绿海龟分别为(7.3±2.8)×10~3个/μl和(7.5±3.7) ×10~3个/μl.     

中华蟾蜍血细胞的观察

应用常规血涂片Wright氏染色、活体观察和血细胞计数法研究中华蟾蜍（Bufo　gargarizans）的血细胞形态。结果表明:红细胞有有核和无核两种类型。有核红细胞较大,椭圆形,平均19.41×14.25μm,细胞核染色质密集。白细胞圆形或椭圆形,直径比红细胞长径短,核比例一般较大。白细胞中,淋巴细胞最多,其次为中性粒细胞和单核细胞,嗜酸性粒细胞少,嗜碱性粒细胞极少。红细胞和淋巴细胞均有直接分裂现象。红细胞平均值为7.67×105/mm3,白细胞平均值为0.75×105/mm3。血栓细胞纺锤形或卵圆形,胞质少或裸核状,推侧为红细胞的衍生物。     

史氏鲟外周血细胞的显微及超微结构

采用血细胞计数、光学显微及电子显微技术对二龄史氏鲟外周血细胞的数目、形态及结构进行了研究。二龄史氏鲟红细胞的数目为47.75×104个/mm3,白细胞数目为2.9万个/mm3,其中淋巴细胞所占比率最高。史氏鲟的外周血中除正常红细胞外,还有处于分裂状态及未成熟的红细胞。史氏鲟外周血中的白细胞有四种类型,分别为淋巴细胞、粒细胞、血栓细胞和单核细胞。其中粒细胞有两种,即嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞。嗜中性粒细胞含有多种形状的核,其中分叶的核数目较多,粒细胞及淋巴细胞均类似于哺乳动物。对史氏鲟外周血细胞细微结构的观察显示:红细胞中具有少量的细胞器;淋巴细胞结构典型;单核细胞较粒细胞稍小且具有较多线粒体;血栓细胞具有梭形和圆形两种,胞质较少,其中梭形的血栓细胞胞质几乎透明;对粒细胞的颗粒按照形状和电子密度进行了分类。     

长吻(鱼危)血细胞发生的研究

用Wright-Giemsa和PAS染色对长吻(鱼危)头肾、肾脏、脾脏、肝脏等器官组织的涂片、印片染色观察发现,头肾、肾脏和脾脏是其主要造血器官.红细胞、粒细胞和淋巴细胞主要在肾脏和头肾中发生,其次是脾脏.单核细胞则主要在肾脏和脾脏中发生,头肾中也有少量单核细胞产生.肝脏中无原始型血细胞,可能不是其造血器官.红细胞的发育经历四个阶段,其胞体体积经历了由大到小,由小到大再变小的"两大两小"发育过程;粒细胞的发育经历五个阶段,其胞体体积均由大变小,双叶或多叶核的粒细胞可能是衰老的粒细胞亦即核的分叶是粒细胞衰老的标志;淋巴细胞和单核细胞的发育各经历了三个阶段,两者发育成熟过程中胞体体积均由大变小.巨噬细胞由单核细胞发育而来.原血细胞和部分早期幼稚血细胞可以进行有丝分裂,部分成熟红细胞和血栓细胞可以进行直接分裂.红细胞在整个发育过程中,PAS反应均呈阴性,各类白细胞的发育过程中,PAS反应由阴性到阳性并逐渐增强,这显示随着白细胞的逐渐发育成熟,细胞内糖原物质含量逐渐增多.     

花尾胡椒鲷血细胞在光镜和扫描电镜下的结构

本文以花尾胡椒鲷血细胞进行光镜及扫描电镜观察。结果在血涂片中可分辨出红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜酸性料细胞。嗜中性粒细胞与血栓细胞,没有发现嗜碱性粒细胞。白细胞中,以淋巴细胞的比例最高,嗜酸性粒细胞数量最少。在扫描电镜下,红细胞椭圆形,表面光滑,无突起;而各种白细胞为圆形,细胞表面不平,具有各种突起,揭示白细胞具有活跃的变形运动的吞噬能力。还见到红细胞、血栓细胞可在外周血液中通过直接分裂产生。     

长吻鮠血细胞发生的研究

用Wright-Giemsa和PAS染色对长吻鮠头肾、肾脏、脾脏、肝脏等器官组织的涂片、印片染色观察发现,头肾、肾脏和脾脏是其主要造血器官。红细胞、粒细胞和淋巴细胞主要在肾脏和头肾中发生,其次是脾脏。单核细胞则主要在肾脏和脾脏中发生,头肾中也有少量单核细胞产生。肝脏中无原始型血细胞,可能不是其造血器官。红细胞的发育经历四个阶段,其胞体体积经历了由大到小,由小到大再变小的"两大两小"发育过程;粒细胞的发育经历五个阶段,其胞体体积均由大变小,双叶或多叶核的粒细胞可能是衰老的粒细胞亦即核的分叶是粒细胞衰老的标志;淋巴细胞和单核细胞的发育各经历了三个阶段,两者发育成熟过程中胞体体积均由大变小。巨噬细胞由单核细胞发育而来。原血细胞和部分早期幼稚血细胞可以进行有丝分裂,部分成熟红细胞和血栓细胞可以进行直接分裂。红细胞在整个发育过程中,PAS反应均呈阴性,各类白细胞的发育过程中,PAS反应由阴性到阳性并逐渐增强,这显示随着白细胞的逐渐发育成熟,细胞内糖原物质含量逐渐增多。     

长薄鳅外周血细胞的显微结构和细胞化学特征研究

长薄鳅外周血细胞可分为红细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞.在数量上,中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞占白细胞总数的百分比分别是17.06%、5.83%、28.16%和48.94%.细胞化学染色显示所有白细胞均含有糖原物质,所有红细胞均不含酸性磷酸酶,中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞均含有酸性磷酸酶.非特异件酯酶染色显示单核细胞呈阳性反应,中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞均为部分呈阳性反应.所有细胞的碱性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶、苏丹黑显色反应均呈阴性.     

Haematology and leucocyte morphology of wild caught Thunnus maccoyii

The haematology of wild southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii was described using blood samples collected from fish immediately after they were caught. Cytology and cytochemistry revealed that the blood in peripheral circulation is comprised of erythrocytes, reticulocytes, ghost cells, lymphocytes, thrombocytes, eosinophilic granulocytes, neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes. Reference ranges established were 41·09–55·50% for haematocrit, 0·62–3·00% for leucocrit, 13·25–17·92 g dl⁻¹ for haemoglobin and 2·1–2·9 million erythrocytes μl⁻¹ for erythrocyte count. Differential cell counts showed 94·58 ± 2·15% erythrocytes, 3·99 ± 1·44% leucocytes and 1·43 ± 1·03% thrombocytes (mean ±  s . d .). Normal ranges for differential leucocyte counts were 0·00–5·45% for neutrophils, 0·69–12·06% for eosinophils, 0·00–5·03% for monocytes, 46·97–74·32% for lymphocytes and 14·47–43·92% for thrombocytes. Erythrocyte indices, leucocyte types and cytochemistry were comparable to other species of scombrids. Packed cell volume was sensitive to the physiological state of the fish and to sample handling technique.     

The ultrastructure of the blood cells of the pike Esox lucius L.

The ultrastructure of pike peripheral blood cells, lymphocytes, thrombocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes is described. At present there are no reliable criteria for differentiating between round thrombocytes and small lymphocytes of fish on a routine basis. At the ultrastructural level thrombocytes could be clearly differentiated from lymphocytes by cytoplasmic canals and vesicles, marginal microtubules, and large glycogen deposits. Electron microscopic identification of thrombocytes was confirmed by examining the ultrastructural features of a purified thrombocyte fraction. In addition, a preliminary investigation of the structure of the haemopoietic cells in the thymus, anterior kidney, and spleen was carried out.     

Ligula intestinalis (L.) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea): plerocercoid-induced changes in the spleen and pronephros of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), and gudgeon, Gobio gobio (L.)

The effects of the plerocercoid of Ligula intestinalis (L.) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) on the major lymphoid organs, the spleen and pronephros, of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), and gudgeon, Gobio gobio (L.), are described. The spleen of ligulosed roach showed a significant decrease in weight. Differential cell counts suggested this was due to a reduction in erythrocytes, despite significant increases in macrophages and vacuolated granulocytes. The spleen of gudgeon, which consisted almost entirely of erythrocytes, showed a slight reduction in weight in ligulosed fish. In both roach and gudgeon this decrease was independent of parasite burden. Differential cell counts of the pronephros from ligulosed roach revealed a significant decrease in neutrophils and increase in vacuolated granulocytes. In the pronephros of gudgeon, however, cell counts were unaffected by ligulosis. Ultrastructural observations included an apparent disintegration of vacuolated granulocytes and increased pinocytic activity in specialized endothelial cells in the spleens of ligulosed roach. Also, melano-macrophage centres and melano-macrophages increased in the spleen of ligulosed roach and gudgeon, respectively. The marked changes in spleen weight and differential cell counts in ligulosed roach and lack of such changes in ligulosed gudgeon correlate with the differential response to the parasite by these two fish species.     

Cytochemical and functional characterization of blood and inflammatory cells from the lizard Ameiva ameiva

The fine structure and differential cell count of blood and coelomic exudate leukocytes were studied with the aim to identify granulocytes from Ameiva ameiva, a lizard distributed in the tropical regions of the Americas. Blood leukocytes were separated with a Percoll cushion and coelomic exudate cells were obtained 24 h after intracoelomic thioglycollate injection. In the blood, erythrocytes, monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells and four types of granulocytes were identified based on their morphology and cytochemistry. Types I and III granulocytes had round intracytoplasmic granules with the same basic morphology; however, type III granulocyte had a bilobued nucleus and higher amounts of heterochromatin suggesting an advance stage of maturation. Type II granulocytes had fusiformic granules and more mitochondria. Type IV granulocytes were classified as the basophil mammalian counterpart based on their morphology and relative number. Macrophages and granulocytes type III were found in the normal coelomic cavity. However, after the thioglycollate injection the number of type III granulocyte increased. Granulocytes found in the coelomic cavity were related to type III blood granulocyte based on the morphology and cytochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase and basic proteins in their intracytoplasmic granules. Differential blood leukocyte counts showed a predominance of type III granulocyte followed by lymphocyte, type I granulocyte, type II granulocyte, monocyte and type IV granulocyte. Taken together, these results indicate that types I and III granulocytes correspond to the mammalian neutrophils/heterophils and type II to the eosinophil granulocytes.     

草鱼头肾免疫细胞超微结构的观察

光镜和电镜观察表明,草鱼头肾器官含有大量的免疫细胞,主要包括淋巴细胞、浆细胞、粒细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞等。其中粒细胞根据细胞质内的颗粒的形态结构和大小,又分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型粒细胞。       

Ethological and haematological response of catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis,exposed to exogenous urea

Exposure of the airbreathing catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis to a sublethal concentration (200 mg/l) of urea resulted in blanching of skin, increased mucus secretion, hyperexcitability and higher rate of surfacing and gill ventilation. These changes were more pronounced during the first eight days of exposure as compared to the later period. A progressive increase in haematocrit, erythrocyte count, percentage of immature erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was observed during the 20 day exposure period. White blood cell-thrombocyte count registered a sharp decline initially upto 6 days but steadily increased afterwards. Initial decrease in the total leucocyte count was found to be mainly due to the decline in the number of lymphocytes and thrombocytes while the percentage of granulocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils) and monocytes showed a reverse trend.     

Identification of peripheral blood leucocytes of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula L.) by electron microscopy

Dogfish peripheral blood leucocytes were examined by electron microscopy after the injection of colloidal carbon. The cells were classified as lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes, thrombocytes and granulocytes. The granulocytes were further classified into four types according to the structure of their granules. Monocytes, thrombocytes and two types of the granulocytic cells were phagocytic.