大口黑鲈外周血细胞显微结构、细胞化学特征及吞噬作用的研究

通过对大口黑鲈外周血细胞的显微结构及细胞化学染色特征和吞噬作用的研究,为大口黑鲈免疫学研究积累资料。Wright's染色表明:大口黑鲈外周血细胞分为红细胞、粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞,其中粒细胞又分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型。外周血中成熟红细胞最多,占血细胞总数的98.12%,其次为淋巴细胞和血栓细胞,占白细胞中的比例分别为60.92%和22.99%;单核细胞最大,大小为(9.89±0.70)μm×(8.72±0.68)μm;小淋巴细胞最小,大小为(3.88±0.46)μm×(3.48±0.40)μm。大口黑鲈外周血细胞的免疫相关酶ACP、AKP、PO、POX及细胞成分PAS反应、SBB染色的结果表明,所有红细胞的细胞化学染色均呈阴性,不同白细胞的细胞化学染色特征存在差异。其中所有白细胞的AKP、POX染色均呈阴性,PAS反应均呈阳性,除Ⅱ型粒细胞外所有白细胞的PO、ACP染色均呈阳性,除单核细胞外所有白细胞的SBB染色均呈阳性。大口黑鲈外周血细胞吞噬酵母菌的实验表明,红细胞能够吞噬酵母菌,其吞噬率为(15.70±1.07)%,也观察到部分白细胞吞噬酵母的现象。PO和ACP及脂类和糖类可能是大口黑鲈外周血细胞吞噬作用的重要酶类和能量来源。     

海鳗外周血细胞的显微结构

对海鳗外周血液有形成分用常规Wright氏和Giemsa氏染色并进行显微观察,可鉴别出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞和酸性粒细胞;还见到幼稚的、正在分裂的、分解和解体状态的红细胞;未发现碱性粒细胞。红细胞数量多,椭圆形,具椭圆形核;白细胞中血栓细胞最多,分散分布,形态多样;淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性和酸性粒细胞与其它鱼类的基本相似。     

日本白鲫外周血细胞显微及亚显微结构的研究

用光镜和电镜观察了日本白鲫外周血细胞的形态结构和过氧化物酶、糖原在血细胞内的分布。在日本白鲫外周血中，可见到红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞和血栓细胞，未发现酸性粒细胞和碱性粒细胞，描述了上述各种血细胞在光镜和电镜观察下的形态和细微结构。对过氧化物酶，中性粒细胞呈阳性反应，对ＰＡＳ处理，淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞均呈阳性反应，中性粒细胞中有３种不同类型的特殊颗粒。     

4种两栖爬行动物血细胞的显微结构及细胞化学特征观察

光镜下两栖动物中华蟾蜍Bufo gargarizans和牛蛙Rana catesbeiana、爬行动物铜蜓蜥Sphenomorphus indicus和青海沙蜥Phrynocephalus vlangalii4种动物外周血中均可观察到红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞,中华蟾蜍和牛蛙的外周血中还观察到嗜酸性粒细胞。细胞化学染色显示:脂类存在于中华蟾蜍和牛蛙的单核细胞和粒细胞中,2种爬行动物的血细胞中未发现脂类。4种动物的血细胞中均未检测到碱性磷酸酶,但均检测到酸性磷酸酶,在中华蟾蜍和牛蛙血细胞中含量最多。过氧化物酶存在除青海沙蜥以外的3种动物的血细胞中,以在嗜中性粒细胞中居多;4种动物的外周血细胞中均检测到酸性-α-醋酸萘酯酶。     

史氏鲟外周血细胞的显微及超微结构

采用血细胞计数、光学显微及电子显微技术对二龄史氏鲟外周血细胞的数目、形态及结构进行了研究。二龄史氏鲟红细胞的数目为47.75×104个/mm3,白细胞数目为2.9万个/mm3,其中淋巴细胞所占比率最高。史氏鲟的外周血中除正常红细胞外,还有处于分裂状态及未成熟的红细胞。史氏鲟外周血中的白细胞有四种类型,分别为淋巴细胞、粒细胞、血栓细胞和单核细胞。其中粒细胞有两种,即嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞。嗜中性粒细胞含有多种形状的核,其中分叶的核数目较多,粒细胞及淋巴细胞均类似于哺乳动物。对史氏鲟外周血细胞细微结构的观察显示:红细胞中具有少量的细胞器;淋巴细胞结构典型;单核细胞较粒细胞稍小且具有较多线粒体;血栓细胞具有梭形和圆形两种,胞质较少,其中梭形的血栓细胞胞质几乎透明;对粒细胞的颗粒按照形状和电子密度进行了分类。     

鳜鱼外周血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察

本文报道了鳜鱼外周血细胞的显微和亚显微结构。血涂片经过染色,可鉴别出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞和嗜中性粒细胞;还见到幼稚的正在分裂的红细胞,提示红细胞亦可在外周血液中通过直接分裂产生。白细胞中,血栓细胞体积最小,嗜中性粒细胞体积最大;单核细胞数目最少,血栓细胞数目最多。电镜下,红细胞中可见线粒体和高尔基复合体;淋巴细胞线粒体中可见类似髓样体的板层状结构;血栓细胞和单核细胞与其它鱼类的基本     

切尾拟鲿外周血细胞的显微结构

应用Wright-Giemsa染液联合染色方法,通过光镜对切尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus truncatus外周血细胞的形态进行观察。结果表明,切尾拟鲿外周血细胞可分为红细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞和嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞两种类型的粒细胞。未发现嗜碱性粒细胞。白细胞中,血栓细胞数量最多,占白细胞总数的39.32%;嗜酸性粒细胞数量最少,仅占白细胞总数的2.30%;单核细胞体积最大,大小为(14.58±3.95)μm×(12.96±2.67)μm;血栓细胞体积最小,大小为(6.53±0.96)μm×(3.65±0.41)μm。此外,统计了红细胞密度为(1.68±0.39)×106/mm3,白细胞密度为(5.84±0.73)×103/mm3。     

养殖齐口裂腹鱼外周血细胞显微观察

养殖齐口裂腹鱼Schizothorax prenanti外周血经瑞氏染色液染色,可鉴定出红细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞,一些未成熟的红细胞和少量进行无丝分裂的红细胞,未观察到嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞.在外周血中还可观察到3个阶段的嗜中性粒细胞:中性晚幼粒细胞胞体为圆形或近圆形,胞浆呈淡粉红色,量丰富,其中含有较多红色的细小颗粒,胞核呈肾形;中性杆状核粒细胞胞核较中性晚幼粒细胞的凹陷更强,呈"S"、"C"等形状;中性分叶核粒细胞占多数,胞体近圆形,核至少分成两叶,多达五或六叶.血栓细胞呈圆形、近圆形、梨形、纺锤形、杆状等多种形态,一个或多个聚集在一起.外周血细胞中,血栓细胞体积最小、数量最多,单核细胞体积最大、数量最少.     

乌龟外周血细胞的显微和超微结构

乌龟血细胞的显微和超微结构研究表明;在外周血细胞中,可分辨出红细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞等7种细胞.红细胞核圆形,胞质均匀无细胞器.单核细胞的特征是核内异染色质多聚集于周边,胞质中含有许多囊泡.淋巴细胞的核质比例大.血栓细胞以具细长的指状突起,基本无细胞器为其特征.嗜酸性粒细胞仅含一种圆形颗粒,颗粒质地均匀,电子致密,大小不等.嗜碱性粒细胞颗粒环绕在胞核周围,有三种电子密度、颗粒大小不一的类型.嗜中性粒细胞含有两种电子密度、形态不一的颗粒.       

花尾胡椒鲷血细胞在光镜和扫描电镜下的结构

本文以花尾胡椒鲷血细胞进行光镜及扫描电镜观察。结果在血涂片中可分辨出红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜酸性料细胞。嗜中性粒细胞与血栓细胞,没有发现嗜碱性粒细胞。白细胞中,以淋巴细胞的比例最高,嗜酸性粒细胞数量最少。在扫描电镜下,红细胞椭圆形,表面光滑,无突起;而各种白细胞为圆形,细胞表面不平,具有各种突起,揭示白细胞具有活跃的变形运动的吞噬能力。还见到红细胞、血栓细胞可在外周血液中通过直接分裂产生。     

军曹鱼血液指标及血细胞发生的观察

测定军曹鱼的血液指标,红细胞密度为2．69±0．86×106个/mm3,白细胞密度为1．50±0．09×104个/mm3;血 红蛋白含量为7．42±0．22g/L,红细胞渗透脆性为0．43±0．07g％,红细胞沉降速率为1．18±0．46mm/h。观察军曹鱼 外周血液涂片,可区分出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞,但没有发现嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱 性粒细胞。在外周血液涂片观察中还发现了较多未成熟的红细胞和嗜中性粒细胞以及少量正在分裂的红细胞。 血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞在白细胞中所占比例分别为61．20±6．30％,16．60±3．28％,16．00± 3．61％和6．20±3．90％。对肝脏、脾脏、头肾和中肾等四种造血组织进行了涂片观察,军曹鱼的血细胞主要在头肾 和肾脏产生;脾脏是军曹鱼粒细胞发生的另一个场所,而肝脏也具有产生粒细胞和淋巴细胞的作用。       

长吻鮠血细胞发生的研究

用Wright-Giemsa和PAS染色对长吻鮠头肾、肾脏、脾脏、肝脏等器官组织的涂片、印片染色观察发现,头肾、肾脏和脾脏是其主要造血器官。红细胞、粒细胞和淋巴细胞主要在肾脏和头肾中发生,其次是脾脏。单核细胞则主要在肾脏和脾脏中发生,头肾中也有少量单核细胞产生。肝脏中无原始型血细胞,可能不是其造血器官。红细胞的发育经历四个阶段,其胞体体积经历了由大到小,由小到大再变小的"两大两小"发育过程;粒细胞的发育经历五个阶段,其胞体体积均由大变小,双叶或多叶核的粒细胞可能是衰老的粒细胞亦即核的分叶是粒细胞衰老的标志;淋巴细胞和单核细胞的发育各经历了三个阶段,两者发育成熟过程中胞体体积均由大变小。巨噬细胞由单核细胞发育而来。原血细胞和部分早期幼稚血细胞可以进行有丝分裂,部分成熟红细胞和血栓细胞可以进行直接分裂。红细胞在整个发育过程中,PAS反应均呈阴性,各类白细胞的发育过程中,PAS反应由阴性到阳性并逐渐增强,这显示随着白细胞的逐渐发育成熟,细胞内糖原物质含量逐渐增多。     

Separation of leucocytes in the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) using density gradient centrifugation and differential adhesion to glass coverslips

Summary The blood of the dogfish, S. canicula, contains several types of leucocytes, namely thrombocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes and four populations of granulocytes. Three of these granulocyte types, G1, G3 and G4, are eosinophilic while G2 is heterophilic/neutrophilic. All of the leucocyte types, with the exception of G2 granulocytes and monocytes, can be separated by means of their differential adherent properties to glass and by density gradient centrifugation. Thrombocytes, G3 and G4 granulocytes can be separated in good purity by single-step methods while G1 granulocytes and lymphocytes require a combination of density gradient centrifugation followed by adherence to glass to remove contaminating thrombocytes. Depending on the cell type, between 11–45% of cells with consistently high viability can be recovered after separation. Separated populations of the thrombocytes and granulocytes will be especially useful for studies on the role of such cell types in inflammation.     

Blood and inflammatory cells of the lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa

A special interest exists concerning lungfish because they may possess characteristics of the common ancestor of land vertebrates. However, little is known about their blood and inflammatory cells; thus the fine structure, cytochemistry and differential cell counts of coelomic exudate and blood leucocytes were studied in Lepidosiren paradoxa. Blood smear analyses revealed erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, polymorphonuclear agranulocytes, thrombocytes and three different granulocytes. Blood monocytes and lymphocytes had typical vertebrate morphology. Thrombocytes had large vacuoles filled with a myelin rich structure. The polymorphonuclear agranulocyte had a nucleus morphologically similar to the human neutrophil with no apparent granules. Types I and II granulocytes had eosinophilic granules. Type I granulocytes had round or elongated granules heterogeneous in size, while type II had granules with an electron dense core. Type III granulocyte had many basophilic granules. The order of frequency was: type I granulocyte, followed by lymphocyte, type II granulocyte, monocyte, polymorphonuclear agranulocyte and type III granulocyte. Peroxidase localized mainly at the periphery of the granules from type II granulocytes, while no peroxidase expression was detected in type I granulocytes. Alkaline phosphatase was localized in the granules of type II granulocyte and acid phosphatase cytochemistry also labelled a few vacuoles of polymorphonuclear agranulocyte. About 85% of the coelomic inflammatory exudate cell population was type II granulocyte, 10% polymorphonuclear agranulocyte and 5% macrophages as judged by the nucleus and granule morphology. These results indicate that this lungfish utilises type II granulocytes as its main inflammatory granulocytes and that the polymorphonuclear agranulocyte may also be involved in the inflammatory response. The other two granulocytes appear similar to the mammalian eosinophil and basophil. In summary, this lungfish appears to possess the typical inflammatory granulocytes of teleosts, however, further functional studies are necessary to better understand the polymorphonuclear agranulocyte.     

Cell types in peripheral blood of the nurse shark: An approach to structure and function

Ultrastructural and functional studies were carried out on nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) peripheral blood cells in order to identify cells of definitive morphology and specific function. Along with erythrocytes and thrombocytes, four morphologically distinct leucocytes are recognized in peripheral blood: two types of granulocytes, the ‘eosiniphil’ and the ‘granulocyte’, and two mononuclear agranulocytic cells, one resembling mammalian macrophage and monocyte, the other resembling mammalian lymphocyte. Also present in peripheral circulation are blast-like cells and mitotic cells. In vitro phagocytosis was demonstrated by the monocyte-macrophage and the granulocyte while thrombocytes, eosinophils and lymphocytes showed no phagocytic activity in the system studied. It is stressed that care must be used in drawing functional analogies between blood cells of a mammal and an elasmobranch on the basis of morphological similarity alone.     

Cytochemical and functional characterization of blood and inflammatory cells from the lizard Ameiva ameiva

The fine structure and differential cell count of blood and coelomic exudate leukocytes were studied with the aim to identify granulocytes from Ameiva ameiva, a lizard distributed in the tropical regions of the Americas. Blood leukocytes were separated with a Percoll cushion and coelomic exudate cells were obtained 24 h after intracoelomic thioglycollate injection. In the blood, erythrocytes, monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells and four types of granulocytes were identified based on their morphology and cytochemistry. Types I and III granulocytes had round intracytoplasmic granules with the same basic morphology; however, type III granulocyte had a bilobued nucleus and higher amounts of heterochromatin suggesting an advance stage of maturation. Type II granulocytes had fusiformic granules and more mitochondria. Type IV granulocytes were classified as the basophil mammalian counterpart based on their morphology and relative number. Macrophages and granulocytes type III were found in the normal coelomic cavity. However, after the thioglycollate injection the number of type III granulocyte increased. Granulocytes found in the coelomic cavity were related to type III blood granulocyte based on the morphology and cytochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase and basic proteins in their intracytoplasmic granules. Differential blood leukocyte counts showed a predominance of type III granulocyte followed by lymphocyte, type I granulocyte, type II granulocyte, monocyte and type IV granulocyte. Taken together, these results indicate that types I and III granulocytes correspond to the mammalian neutrophils/heterophils and type II to the eosinophil granulocytes.     

A cytochemical and light microscopical study of the peripheral blood leucocytes of Oreochromis mossambicus, Cichlidae

The morphological characteristics of the peripheral leucocytes of the cichlid O. mossambicus were studied using light microscopy. Cytochemical procedures and phagocytic studies were employed. Four main types of leucocytes could be recognized: lymphocytes, thrombocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. Two distinct types of granulocyte were identified. Monocytes and one type of granulocyte were found to be phagocytic.     

Identification of peripheral blood leucocytes of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula L.) by electron microscopy

Dogfish peripheral blood leucocytes were examined by electron microscopy after the injection of colloidal carbon. The cells were classified as lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes, thrombocytes and granulocytes. The granulocytes were further classified into four types according to the structure of their granules. Monocytes, thrombocytes and two types of the granulocytic cells were phagocytic.