长链非编码RNA Linc00673过表达对胃癌MGC-803细胞增殖与凋亡的影响*

目的: 探讨长链非编码RNA Linc00673过表达对胃癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及其机制。方法: 将重组慢病毒表达质粒pLVX-Linc00673和对照空载体质粒pLVX-NC在293T细胞中进行慢病毒包装与扩增,将重组慢病毒转染胃癌细胞MGC-803建立稳定过表达 Linc00673的细胞系,实时荧光定量PCR方法检测Linc00673基因的表达; MTT实验和克隆形成实验观察细胞的生长增殖;流式细胞术检测细胞周期和细胞凋亡;qPCR检测细胞周期相关调控基因表达;免疫印迹法检测PI3K/Akt信号通路关键分子及肿瘤增殖相关蛋白的表达。结果: Linc00673在胃癌细胞系MGC-803、BGC-823和AGS中的表达量显著高于正常胃粘膜细胞GES-1(P＜0.05)。建立了稳定过表达Linc00673的MGC-803细胞系,Linc00673的表达量比对照空载体组高200倍。Linc00673过表达促进MGC-803细胞增殖和克隆形成(P＜0.05),抑制细胞凋亡并影响细胞周期G1→S期进程(P＜0.01);Linc00673过表达可影响MGC-803细胞周期调节基因CCNG2、p19和CDK1的表达;免疫印迹结果显示,Linc00673过表达不仅促进PI3K/Akt信号通路关键分子pAKT及其下游靶点NF-κB和Bcl-2蛋白的表达,而且上调肿瘤相关因子β-catenin和EZH2蛋白的表达。结论: Linc00673过表达可能通过PI3K/Akt信号通路促进MGC-803细胞增殖、抑制凋亡。     

大黄素抑制胃癌细胞糖酵解并促进凋亡

目的:探讨大黄素对人胃癌BGC-823细胞凋亡及糖酵解的影响。方法:采用不同浓度大黄素(30μmol/L、90μmol/L、180μmol/L)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase,PI3K)抑制剂处理人胃癌BGC-823细胞,通过四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)检测细胞活力,采用试剂盒检测细胞葡萄糖消耗及乳酸水平,western blotting检测细胞己糖激酶Ⅱ、Bcl-2相关蛋白(Bcl-2 Associated X Protein,Bax)、PI3K、人低氧诱导因子1α(Human Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α,HIF-α)的表达。结果:大黄素能浓度依赖性的抑制BGC-823细胞增殖、葡萄糖消耗,降低乳酸水平;并降低己糖激酶Ⅱ的表达,促进凋亡蛋白Bax表达。PI3K抑制剂可抑制胃癌细胞糖酵解水平,而将大黄素与PI3K抑制剂联合使用后,与单一抑制剂组比,对细胞糖酵解抑制水平进一步加强,大黄素可下调PI3K下游蛋白及HIF-α的表达。结论:大黄素对人胃癌BGC-823细胞的增殖抑制作用其作用机制与调节PI3K途径及HIF-α,并抑制己糖激酶Ⅱ表达降低胃癌细胞糖酵解水平相关。     

CDX2基因高表达对胃癌细胞生物学行为的影响

目的探讨尾侧型同源转录因子-2(CDX2)基因过表达对胃癌BGC-823细胞增殖、迁移、凋亡等生物学特征的影响。方法采用脂质体转染法建立CDX2基因过表达的胃癌BGC-823稳定细胞株,分别采用RT-PCR、Western blotting和免疫细胞化学等方法检测转染重组表达载体pEGFP-C1/CDX2后,BGC-823细胞中CDX2基因及其蛋白的表达。MTT法检测CDX2基因过表达对细胞的增殖能力的影响;划痕实验检测CDX2过表达对细胞迁移能力的影响;流式细胞术检测CDX2过表达对细胞的凋亡的影响;应用基因芯片技术检测转染前后相关基因的差异表达。结果 RT-PCR及Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组相比,转染pEGFP-C1/CDX2后,BGC-823细胞中CDX2基因和蛋白均呈高表达;CDX2过表达能明显降低转然组BGC-823细胞增殖能力和迁移能力;但对细胞凋亡影响不明显;基因芯片结果提示CDX2基因高表达能影响某些基因的表达。结论 CDX2过表达能明显抑制胃癌细胞增殖、降低迁移能力,提示CDX2在胃癌中可能发挥抑癌基因的作用。     

靶向survivin的siRNA对胃癌BGC-823细胞增殖的影响

目的探讨干扰RNA沉默生存素（survivin）基因表达对人胃癌BGC-823细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法设计并合成3条靶向survivin的小分子干扰RNA（siRNA）,构建表达性干扰RNA质粒（shRNA）——shRNA-survivin-1、shRNA-survivin-2和shRNA-survivin-3,分别转染胃癌BGC-823细胞,实时定量PCR检测干扰RNA沉默survivin mRNA表达效果,Westernblot观察对胃癌BGC-823细胞survivin蛋白质表达的抑制,MTT（四甲基偶氮唑盐）比色法分析检测细胞生长抑制率,流式细胞计数检测各组细胞周期和凋亡率,探讨干扰RNA对胃癌BGC-823细胞生长的影响。结果在体外,shRNA-survivin-1有效沉默人胃癌BGC-823细胞survivin mRNA的表达,使sur-vivin mRNA相对水平明显降低（P〈0.05）,survivin蛋白质表达抑制,72h细胞生长抑制率达74.92%（P〈0.05）,shRNA-survivin-1使G2/M期细胞百分比明显增加,凋亡率显著增加（P〈0.05）。结论 shRNA-survivin-1可以沉默survivin基因的表达,可以显著抑制胃癌BGC-823细胞的增殖,在一定程度上诱导其自发凋亡。本研究为靶向sur-vivin的RNA干扰在胃癌的基因治疗提供了有力的理论依据和技术储备。     

白藜芦醇经PI3K/Akt/mTOR 信号通路诱导人肾癌786-O细胞自噬

白藜芦醇(resveratrol)可抑制人肾癌786-O细胞增殖,并诱导其凋亡,但是白藜芦醇对786-O细胞自噬(autophagy)的影响及机制尚不清楚。为探究其机制,体外培养786-O细胞,采用CCK-8检测786-O细胞活力;TUNEL染色检测786-O细胞凋亡;透射电子显微镜观察786-O细胞自噬体;吖啶橙染色观察786-O细胞自噬小泡;GFP-LC3质粒转染分析观察786-O细胞自噬体;Western印迹检测LC3、beclin-1、PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt、p-Akt、mTOR和p-mTOR的表达。结果显示,白藜芦醇以浓度和时间依赖性的方式抑制786-O细胞活力,并诱导细胞凋亡;与对照组相比,白藜芦醇使786-O细胞自噬增强;Western印迹结果显示,与对照组相比,白藜芦醇组LC3-II/LC3-I和Beclin-1显著增高(P0.01),表明白藜芦醇导致786-O细胞自噬体积累。与对照组相比,白藜芦醇使786-O细胞的p-PI3K/PI3K,p-Akt/Akt和p-mTOR/mTOR显著降低(P0.01),表明白藜芦醇可通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路增强自噬。综上所述,白藜芦醇通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路从而诱导786-O细胞自噬。     

选择性环氧合酶-2抑制剂联合奥曲肽诱导人胃癌细胞的凋亡

目的探讨选择性环氧合酶-2抑制剂NS-398与奥曲肽联合应用对人胃癌细胞株BGC-823生长、凋亡的影响。方法体外培养BGC-823细胞,分别用NS-398(100μmol/L)与奥曲肽(1μmol/L)单独及联合处理不同时间后,倒置显微镜观察细胞形态学变化;观察生长曲线的变化;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;实时定量(Real-time)PCR检测COX-2mRNA的表达;Western blot法检测Caspase-3蛋白表达。结果倒置显微镜下,对照组BGC-823细胞生长良好,药物处理后,细胞变小、变圆,悬浮,联合组细胞形态学改变显著强于单纯用药组;药物作用后,细胞生长受抑制,出现负增长,联合组作用明显强于单纯用药组;流式细胞仪检测表明联合用药组诱导BGC-823细胞的凋亡率明显高于单一用药组和对照组(P0.01);各处理组均使BGC-823细胞COX-2mRNA表达下调(P0.05);药物处理后细胞Caspase-3蛋白表达明显增加。结论 NS-398、奥曲肽联合可协同抑制BGC-823细胞生长、增殖,其机制可能与下调COX-2mRNA表达、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡相关。     

微管相关抗癌药物诱导胃癌细胞自噬性细胞死亡的研究

目的:探讨对微管相关抗癌药物诱导凋亡不敏感的胃癌细胞是否发生非凋亡形式的细胞死亡,并进一步明确自噬和自噬性细胞死亡的存在。方法:Annexin V／PI双染用流式细胞仪和MTT法分别检测紫杉醇、长春新碱诱导SGC-7901及BGC-823细胞的凋亡率和总死亡率,死细胞DAPI染色荧光显微镜检测非凋亡性细胞死亡,吖啶橙染色流式细胞仪和荧光显微镜分别定量、定性检测自噬和自噬性细胞死亡的存在。结果:紫杉醇和长春新碱可以诱导凋亡不敏感胃癌细胞BGC-823出现非凋亡性细胞死亡,处理BGC-823细胞早期(24h内)即可出现明显的细胞自噬性变化,紫杉醇诱导的自噬高峰期出现在药物作用3h-6h,长春新碱诱导的自噬高峰期出现在药物作用24h,自噬性细胞死亡存在并可能是药物诱导的非凋亡性细胞死亡的主要形式。结论:微管相关抗癌药物紫杉醇和长春新碱可以诱导凋亡不敏感胃癌细胞BGC-823自噬及自噬性细胞死亡,可能为提高胃癌的化疗敏感性提供新的思路。     

蛹虫草对人胃癌细胞BGC-823生长抑制与诱导凋亡作用研究

目的研究蛹虫草水提物（the aqueous extract of Cordycep Militaris,AEoCM）对人胃癌细胞（BGC-823）生长抑制与凋亡诱导作用。方法采用不同浓度的AEoCM分别作用于胃癌BGC-823细胞,24、48和72h后,应用倒置相差显微镜观察胃癌细胞的形态变化,四氮甲基唑蓝（MTT）测定细胞生长抑制效应,流式细胞仪（FCM）检测细胞周期变化及凋亡率,免疫组化方法测定NK-k BP65的表达。结果AEoCM能显著抑制BGC-823细胞增殖,且在一定的浓度范围内呈时问和浓度依赖性。形态学观察发现,细胞变暗、皱缩,形状不规则;FCM检测结果显示,G2期的细胞于作用72h后分布显著增加,使细胞阻滞于G2期。0．5g／L AEoCM在24、48和72h凋亡率分别为4．655％、11．039％和19．368％,其凋亡程度与时间呈正相关,免疫组化方法测定NK-k BP65的表达下调。结论AEoCM能明显抑制BGC-823细胞的生长,诱导其细胞凋亡,其诱导细胞凋亡的机制可能与下调NK—k BP65的表达有关。     

PPAR-α对心肌肥大的调控作用及与PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路的关系

目的:研究过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-α(PPAR-α)对心肌细胞肥大的调控作用及其与PI3K/Akt/m TOR通路的关系。方法:异丙肾上腺素(ISO)诱导心肌细胞肥大;Leica图像分析软件测量心肌细胞表面积;qRT-PCR方法检测心房钠尿肽(ANP)、β-肌球蛋白重链(β-MHC)、PPAR-αmRNA表达;Western blot检测Akt、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(m TOR)、P70S6K蛋白表达;PPAR-αRNAi抑制PPAR-α的表达。结果:1心肌细胞肥大时,PPAR-α表达显著下降;非诺贝特(Feno)可上调PPAR-α表达,抑制心肌细胞肥大;Feno对心肌细胞肥大的抑制效应可被PPAR-αRNAi所逆转;2Feno能明显抑制ISO诱导的心肌细胞p-Akt、p-m TOR和p-p70S6K蛋白表达的增加;Feno的上述作用可被PPAR-αRNAi所逆转;3PI3K抑制剂LY294002(LY)或m TOR抑制剂雷帕霉素(RAPA)均能明显抑制心肌细胞肥大,LY或RAPA抑制心肌细胞肥大的效应均可被PPAR-αRNAi所取消。结论:PPAR-α通过负性调控抑制心肌细胞肥大。PPAR-α抑制心肌细胞肥大的作用可能与其抑制PI3K/Akt/m TOR信号通路有关。     

红车轴草提取物对胃癌BGC-823细胞凋亡的影响

探讨红车轴草(TrifoliumpratenseL)提取物对胃癌细胞株BGC-823的抑制增殖效应及诱导凋亡作用.我们采用不同浓度(50、100、250、500、1000mg/L)红车轴草提取物处理BGC-823细胞,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测药物对细胞的抑制作用,倒置显微镜观察细胞的形态学改变;AO/EB染色,荧光显微镜观察细胞凋亡形态;采用DNALadder观察DNA的降解;应用流式细胞仪观察细胞凋亡过程中的细胞周期的变化和细胞凋亡.结果显示在红车轴草提取物的作用下,BGC-823细胞呈凋亡改变,DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳呈典型的凋亡特征.细胞凋亡的同时,细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期.实验结果表明红车轴草提取物能抑制胃癌BGC-823细胞增殖,能诱导胃癌细胞凋亡.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.