从云南省蝙蝠脑组织中分离出乙型脑炎病毒

为进一步阐明蝙蝠在保存乙脑病毒中的作用,于1997年7月,在云南省耿马县捕捉蝙蝠64只,取脑组织作病毒分离,从一只金管鼻蝠脑组织中分离出1株病毒。该毒株能引起BHK21细胞病变和乳鼠发病死亡,在pH5.75～7.4时能凝集鸽红血球,经用单克隆抗体血凝抑制和免疫荧光试验鉴定,证实为乙型脑炎病毒。进一步证明蝙蝠在乙型脑炎病毒保存和扩散中具有重要作用。从金管鼻蝠体内分离出乙型脑炎病毒属国内外首次报道。     

北京地区人群诺瓦克样病毒血清抗体水平调查

为了解诺瓦克样病毒在我国人群行情况。采用间接酶联免疫吸附法,分别以重组杆状病毒表达的Ｎｏｒｗａｌｋ（ｒＮＶ）和Ｍｅｉｘｃｏ（ｒＭＸ）病毒样颗粒为抗原,检测了北京地区１１０９份不同年龄人群血清标本中的特异性ＩｇＧ抗体。     

A seroepidemiological study of Japanese encephalitis and dengue virus infections in the Chiang Mai area, Thailand

As part of a virological and epidemiological survey of encephalitis in the Chiang Mai area, the neutralizing (N) antibody levels of healthy persons to Japanese encephalitis (JE) and dengue (DEN) type 1-4 viruses were examined. A total of 985 blood samples was collected by the filter paper method from subjects of nine age groups in five districts, four (Pasang, Sarapee, Doi Saket and Mae Taeng) in the Chiang Mai Valley and one (Fang) in another valley separated by several ranges of mountains from the Chiang Mai Valley. From analyses of the results of N tests on the specimens, the following conclusions were drawn about the prevalences of JE and DEN viruses in the Chiang Mai area: (1) In the Chiang Mai Valley, the percentage incidences of N antibodies to JE and DEN viruses increased with age and by the age of 15, two thirds or more of the residents had been infected with JE and all DEN viruses except DEN type 2 virus, which showed the lowest prevalence. (2) In the Fang district, the percentage incidence of N antibody to JE virus increased with age, but those to DEN viruses did not, indicating much lower prevalences in the past of all four serotypes of DEN viruses in this district than in the Chiang Mai Valley. (3) At present, most infants in the Chiang Mai area, including the Fang district, seem to be exposed to DEN viruses first and later to JE virus.     

Neutralization tests for dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses by the focus reduction method using peroxidase-anti-peroxidase staining.

Neutralization tests were made on 4 types of dengue (DEN) virus and Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus by incubation of serially diluted antisera and constant amounts of the viruses and then focus assay of surviving virus infectivity with peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) staining. Neutralization reactions were virtually completed in 2 hr on incubation of serum-virus mixtures at 28 C. A straight regression line was obtained on a probit chart by plotting the focus reduction rates at various dilutions of a given serum against the logarithm of the serum dilution used in the test. The slopes of the probit regression lines for the neutralization for DEN types 1 and 3 were similar, but differed somewhat from those for DEN type 2 and type 4. The slope of the line for JE virus was quite different from those for DEN viruses. Using these relations, the fifty percent focus reduction titer (FR50) of neutralizing antibodies of a given serum could be estimated from the focus reduction rates at several dilutions of the test serum when the latter was between 25-75% of the value of the control.     

Studies on Serological Cross-Reaction in Sequential Flavivirus Infections

Acute- and convalescent-phase sera from patients with dengue (DEN) hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and Japanese encephalitis (JE) that contained pre-existing flavivirus antibodies were tested for cross-reacting antibodies to DEN, JE and yellow fever (YF) viruses by a neutralization (N) test. A fourfold or greater rise in N antibody titer in the convalescent-phase was considered significant. Of 39 DHF cases, obtained at Chiang Mai University Hospital, Thailand, 15 (38.5%) showed a rise in DEN antibody titer, while another 15 (38.5%) showed a significant rise in both DEN and JE N antibody titers. On the other hand, eight (61.5%) of 13 JE cases obtained at the same Hospital, showed a significant rise in JE antibody titer, while two (15.4%) showed a significant rise in both DEN and JE antibody titers. Sucrose gradient centrifugation and fractionation of these two cross-reactive JE sera revealed that IgM class antibody was specific for JE, while IgG class antibody was cross-reactive. Of three JE cases with pre-existing YF antibody obtained in Okinawa, Japan, two showed a significant rise in YF and JE antibodies. Both IgM and IgG class antibodies to YF virus were elevated. These results indicate that the cross-reactivity among flaviviruses in different subgroups (complexes), was observed quite often, even by the N test, in sequential flavivirus infection.     

应用纯化的重组Epstein-Barr病毒早期抗原建立检测鼻咽癌病人血清IgA/EA抗体的ELISA方法

利用凝胶和离子交换柱(Mono Q)两次层析,将大肠杆菌表达的EB病毒早期抗原P138片段多肽纯化。以此P138为抗原,增加鼠抗人IgA单克隆抗体以扩大IgA的反应,建立了三步ELISA法。用本法检查了100例鼻咽癌病人和63例正常人血清中抗EB病毒IgA/EA抗体,病人血清的阳性检出率为86％,正常人有3例阳性(4.7％)。此结果表明,三步ELISA法较常用的间接ELISA法(阳性检出率为71％)敏感。     

Evaluation of serological diagnostic test systems assessing the immune response to Japanese encephalitis vaccination

A new commercial anti-Japanese encephalitis virus IgM and IgG indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) was evaluated for the detection of the humoral immune response after Japanese encephalitis vaccination. The IgM IIFT was compared to two IgM capture ELISAs and the IgG IIFT was analysed in comparison to a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT50) and an IgG ELISA. Moreover, the course of the immune reaction after vaccination with an inactivated JEV vaccine was examined. For the present study 300 serum samples from different blood withdrawals from 100 persons vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis were used. For the IgM evaluation, altogether 78 PRNT50 positive samples taken 7 to 56 days after vaccination and 78 PRNT50 negative sera were analyzed with the Euroimmun anti-JEV IgM IIFT, the Panbio Japanese Encephalitis - Dengue IgM Combo ELISA and the InBios JE Detect IgM capture ELISA. For the IgG evaluation, 100 sera taken 56 days after vaccination and 100 corresponding sera taken before vaccination were tested in the PRNT50, the Euroimmun anti-JEV IgG IIFT, and the InBios JE Detect IgG ELISA. The Euroimmun IgM IIFT showed in comparison to the Panbio ELISA a specificity of 95% and a sensitivity of 86%. With respect to the InBios ELISA, the values were 100% and 83.9%, respectively. The analysis of the Euroimmun IgG IIFT performance and the PRNT50 results demonstrated a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 93.8%, whereas it was not possible to detect more than 6.6% of the PRNT50 positive sera as positive with the InBios JE Detect IgG ELISA. Thus, the IIFT is a valuable alternative to the established methods in detecting anti-JEV antibodies after vaccination in travellers and it might prove useful for the diagnosis of acutely infected persons.     

检测人血清中SARS冠状病毒IgG抗体的ELISA方法建立及其应用

为了建立方便、敏感和特异的SARS病毒血清学诊断方法,利用PQE30表达系统在大肠杆菌M15中分段高效表达了SARS病毒N蛋白.通过金属鏊合亲和层析纯化了目的蛋白N-1和N-2,Western blot结果显示,两个表达蛋白均具有较好的抗原性.然后将N-1和N-2蛋白共同包被,建立了检测人血清中SARS病毒IgG抗体的间接ELISA法.用此方法检测120例临床诊断为SARS的病人和244个不同年龄组正常人血清IgG抗体,结果120例SARS病人的第一份血清IgG抗体总阳性率为60.0%,发病第0～7、8～10、11～14、15～27和28天后的血清中,SARS病毒IgG抗体阳性率分别为0、11.1%、60.0%、60.5%和70.3%;而244份正常人血清检测结果均为阴性,包括100份14岁以下儿童血清也未发现假阳性.结果表明,利用大肠杆菌表达的N蛋白完全能够替代全病毒灭活抗原,所建立的间接ELISA方法简单,价格低廉,能保证生物安全,对SARS可疑病例的确诊和排除具有重要的实际应用价值,可用于SARS高危人群的血清流行病学监测,SARS疫情的控制和预防,以及SARS病毒蛋白功能的研究.     

Amino Acid Requirements for the Growth of Aedes albopictus Clone C6/36 Cells and for the Production of Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses in the Infected Cells

Amino acid requirements for the growth of Aedes albopictus, clone C6/36, cells and for the production of dengue (DEN) and Chikungunya (CHIK) viruses were examined by growing the cells or the viruses in media which were deprived of one of the 20 amino acids. Cell growth was markedly inhibited when cystine was omitted from the medium, and to a lesser extent by arginine deprivation. On the other hand, omission of alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid at the same time did not affect cell growth. Marked accumulation of alanine was observed in the medium when the cells were grown for 8 days in complete medium, with concomitant depletion of aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The production of CHIK virus was inhibited markedly by omission of cystine from the medium after virus infection, while the production of DEN viruses was more affected by glycine deprivation, although cystine deprivation also inhibited virus production to a lesser extent. On the other hand, production of CHIK and DEN viruses was not affected when alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were omitted from the medium at the same time.     

Detection of Flaviviruses by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction with the Universal Primer Set

Using a universal primer set designed to match the sequence of the NS1 gene of flaviviruses, the virus RNA of dengue (DEN), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), powassan and langat of Flaviviridae were successfully amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) via cDNA; and with different internal primers, the serotypes of the dengue viruses were identified. Of the 78 clinically diagnosed dengue fever patients, 18 patients were positive for DEN 1, 48 patients for DEN 2 and 8 patients concurrently infected with DEN 4. Of the 52 patients admitted with Japanese encephalitis (JE), 45 were determined to be JEV infections. By nested PCR, we completed the identification of flaviviruses within 2 days. The results show that seven primers have a potential value for rapid clinical diagnosis of flavivirus infections.     

Nucleoprotein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA) for detecting antibodies specific to Ebola virus and Marbug virus

Full-length nucleoproteins from Ebola and Marburg viruses were expressed as His-tagged recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli and nucleoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were established for the detection of antibodies specific to Ebola and Marburg viruses. The ELISAs were evaluated by testing antisera collected from rabbit immunized with Ebola and Marburg virus nucleoproteins. Although little cross-reactivity of antibodies was observed in anti-Ebola virus nucleoprotein rabbit antisera, the highest reactions to immunoglobulin G (IgG) were uniformly detected against the nucleoprotein antigens of homologous viruses. We further evaluated the ELISA’s ability to detect antibodies to Ebola and Marburg viruses using human sera samples collected from individuals passing through the Guangdong port of entry. With a threshold set at the mean plus three standard deviations of average optical densities of sera tested, the ELISA systems using these two recombinant nucleoproteins have good sensitivity and specificity. These results demonstrate the usefulness of ELISA for diagnostics as well as ecological and serosurvey studies of Ebola and Marburg virus infection.     

双单克隆抗体ELISA间接夹心法检测流行性出血热病毒抗原

建立了检测流行性出血热(EHF)病毒抗原的双单克隆抗体(McAb)ELISA同接夹心法,用本法和间接荧光抗体技术(IFAT)相比较,IFAT检出感染细胞内病毒抗原的高峰在感染后第8天,而ELISA检测感染上清中病毒抗原的高峰在第14天,两方法检测179份人工感染EHF病毒的乳鼠脑和肺组织标本,阳性检出率分别为72.1％和68.2％,实验结果表明,本法特异,敏感,简便,不仅可用于EHF病原学研究,也适用于流行病学调查检测大量鼠肺标本。     

Monkeys immunized with intertypic chimeric dengue viruses are protected against wild-type virus challenge.

Dengue epidemics caused by the four dengue virus serotypes continue to pose a major public health problem in most tropical and subtropical regions. A safe and effective vaccine against dengue is still not available. The current strategy for dengue immunization favors the use of a vaccine containing each of the four serotypes. We previously employed full-length dengue type 4 virus (DEN4) cDNA to construct a viable intertypic dengue virus of type 1 or type 2 antigenic specificity that contained the genes for the capsid-premembrane-envelope (C-pre-M-E) structural proteins of DEN1 or pre-M and E structural proteins of DEN2 substituting for the corresponding DEN4 genes. Chimeras DEN1/DEN4 and DEN2/DEN4, which express the nonstructural proteins of DEN4 and the C-pre-M-E structural proteins of DEN1 or the pre-M-E structural proteins of DEN2, and therefore the antigenicity of type 1 or type 2, were used to immunize rhesus monkeys. Other monkeys were inoculated with parental DEN1, DEN2, or cDNA-derived DEN4. Three of four monkeys immunized with DEN1/DEN4 developed neutralizing antibodies against DEN1 and were protected against subsequent DEN1 challenge. All four monkeys immunized with DEN2/DEN4 developed antibodies against DEN2 and were protected against subsequent DEN2 challenge. DEN1- and DEN2-immunized monkeys were protected against homologous virus challenge, but DEN4-immunized animals became viremic on cross-challenge with DEN1 or DEN2. In a second experiment, eight monkeys were immunized with equal mixtures of DEN1/DEN4 and DEN2/DEN4. Each of these monkeys developed neutralizing antibodies against both DEN1 and DEN2 and were protected against subsequent challenge with DEN1 or DEN2. Chimeric dengue viruses similar to those described here could be used to express serotype-specific antigens in a live attenuated tetravalent human vaccine.     

ELISA法检测乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗中卡那霉素和庆大霉素的残留量

用ELISA试剂盒检测乙脑减毒活疫苗中卡那霉素和庆大霉素的残留量。以间接竞争ELISA法检测线性范围内加入高、中、低3种浓度的卡那霉素和庆大霉素,测定其在疫苗稳定剂、疫苗稳定剂10倍稀释溶液、试剂盒稀释液中的回收率,以及在10倍稀释乙脑减毒活疫苗中的回收率。高、中、低浓度的卡那霉素在疫苗稳定剂、疫苗稳定剂10倍稀释溶液、试剂盒稀释液中的回收率为101.40%～124.80%之间;原倍疫苗稳定剂对庆大霉素的测定有明显干扰,在原倍疫苗稳定剂中低浓度和中浓度的庆大霉素的回收率高达2280%和575%,但其它测定条件下回收率在90%～125%之间。在10倍稀释的乙脑疫苗中加入一定量的卡那霉素和庆大霉素,回收率分别为124%和103.25%。用10倍稀释法测定1人份规格的乙脑减毒活疫苗17批、5人份规格的乙脑减毒活疫苗19批。乙脑减毒活疫苗10倍稀释后,可用ELISA试剂盒检测卡那霉素和庆大霉素残留量。     

一种更灵敏的特异性检测H9亚型禽流感抗体的间接ELISA方法的建立

H9亚型禽流感在全球范围内广泛流行,控制其传播需监测H9亚型禽流感病毒的感染情况及疫苗的免疫效果。为了建立便于检测且灵敏特异的H9亚型禽流感抗体间接ELISA方法,本实验利用不同亚型之间变异较大的H9亚型禽流感病毒HA蛋白的头部球状区作为包被抗原,确定了最佳复合封闭液和抗体稀释液,提高了其特异性。结果显示建立的ELISA方法灵敏度高于血凝抑制试验(HI),且与H3N2、H5N2、H7N9亚型流感病毒及新城疫病毒(NDV)、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)、鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)和产蛋下降综合征病毒(EDSV)的阳性血清均无交叉反应。另外,利用该方法及HI试验对200份临床鸡血清样本进行检测,两种检测方法的符合率达97%,且存在较高的相关性(R2=0.981 1)。     

从广州市散发性脑炎病人血清中查出雪鞋野兔病毒抗体升高

近几年来夏季,在我国南方一些省市发现一些散发性病毒性脑炎病例,主要是儿童。他们的流行性乙型脑炎抗体阴性。病因不明。 为了研究本病的病因,于1983年4月至10月,我们在广州市儿童医院收集了34例散发性脑炎病人的双份血清,15例其它病种(如百日咳、心肌炎、钩端螺旋体脑炎、多发性神经根