河南董寨野生花椒资源调查与有机认证研究

对董寨自然保护区花椒属野生花椒资源的种类、分布和生境进行了调查,分析了区内数种花椒果皮的挥发油含量及董寨花椒属植物的利用价值,对野生花椒有机生产方式进行研究,通过了国家环保总局有机食品认证中心(OFDC)的有机认证,提出董寨花椒资源保护与利用的建议与思考.     

JCI认证特点解析及体会

通过对JCI认证的理念、认证的特点和评审标准的充分理解和体会,分析了JCI认证对我国医院管理和医疗质量提高的积极促进作用,同时也指出医院在认证过程中存在的问题,为医院真正实现JCI认证的目的提供建议。     

金平周期性集市野生食用植物资源的民族植物学

非木材林产品的采集和利用,既关系到当地群众生活状况,也与当地生物多样性保护和可持续发展密切相关.运用关键人物访谈和参与式观察等民族植物学研究方法对金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县境内的6个主要周期性集市中一类重要的非木材林产品--野生食用植物资源进行了系统调查.结果显示:研究地区集市中常见野生食用植物35种,分属于27科,其中苏木科(8.57%)和桑科'(8.57%)等植物比例较大;主要包括野生蔬菜(82.85%)、野生水果(14.29%)和野生食用染料(2.86%);蔬菜以乔木的幼嫩枝叶(34.29%)和草本植物的地上部分(25.71%)为主;表现出种类与周边地区高度的相似性、使用部位和用途类型具有明显的季节性、单位摊位种类数量和市场价格较低等特点.女性在野生食用植物的采集与销售过程中占有极其重要的地位.市场的地理位置对当地群众的野生食用植物资源利用强度有一定的影响,不同民族对野生食用植物的利用强度也表现出一定的差异.野生食用植物在当地群众的经济收入中占有比较小的地位.从目前研究地区对野生食用植物的利用情况看,采集和销售野生食用植物资源并未对当地生物多样性产生巨大影响.     

国际森林认证与我国野生森林产品开发

世界森林认证发展迅速.目前认证体系可以分为全球、地区和国家三个层次.我国政府森林认证立法起步较晚,挑战和机遇并存.森林认证包括林场管理、产销供应链和非森林木材产品认证,其中后者对我国森林认证具有深远的意义.结合世界森林认证体系发展历程和我国具体国情,对我国开发非木材林产品提出了建议.     

生物多样性保护背景下云南省野生食用菌产业可持续发展探讨

《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》要求坚持生物多样性保护和可持续维持机制的原则,探寻“人与自然和谐共生”美好愿景的实现路径。云南拥有全国乃至全球都极为丰富的野生食用菌资源,形成了独特的“菌文化”。然而,随着天然菌类产品越来越受欢迎,野生食用菌的采集销售量大增、产值高涨,背后潜藏野生食用菌数量锐减,部分野生食用菌类群处于濒危、易危的境地。该研究在调查云南野生食用菌资源保护利用现状的基础上,梳理了国家和地方的相关法律法规及政策文件。人们的生态保护意识薄弱、无序采集、乱采、滥采等因素都危及野生食用菌资源的生存和发展; 与此同时,相关产业标准的缺失也极大阻碍了云南野生食用菌产业的发展。鉴于此,该文提出以下三点建议:(1)加快野生食用菌资源保护与发展的专门立法,不能停留在目前碎片化或者混同化的立法状态,也不能只满足于本地的政策性保护。(2)构建野生食用菌采集、销售(包括国际贸易)、加工、运输等标准体系,对野生食用菌进行分类分级精准保护,尤其对采集国家保护类群应当逐步建立起采集许可证体系。(3)强化全产业链技术支撑,推进野生食用菌种质保藏、人工培育、精深加工等科技体系建设。期望该研究有助于野生食用菌的采集、加工和流通有标准可依,资源的保护利用有政策可查,并为野生食用菌的保护、利用和产业可持续发展提供支撑和保障。     

选择性采集对植物及生态系统的效应

选择性采集是人类利用野生生物资源过程中的一个普遍现象.选择性采集不仅对采集对象及其所在的生态系统有明显影响,而且也对资源的可持续利用和保护具有十分重要的意义.本文对近年来在选择性采集对资源植物及其所在生态系统等方面的影响进行了综述.集中阐述选择性采集对采集对象的居群遗传结构、多样性及动态的影响,以及和采集对象的生物学特征、采集部位、采集方式、采集时间和采集强度的关系.在生态系统水平上,选择性采集可能会导致采集对象所在的群落中物种多样性、生态系统的结构和功能等发生变化.然而,随着商业性采集强度的增大,传统选择性采集方式也发生了显著变化.民族植物学应该在研究人类采集利用实践对植物资源的生态效应中发挥更为重要的作用.     

中国农产品质量安全认证的发展

农产品质量安全认证是提高中国农产品质量安全水平、保障食品安全消费的一个重要技术手段。目前，中国农产品质量安全认证形成了以无公害农产品、绿色食品和有机食品为基本类型的发展格局，并且已具备了一定的发展规模。概述了我国农产品质量安全认证的基本模式、发展现状及思考.     

西藏的半野生小麦

我们在1974年的青藏考察中发现一种半野生小麦,采集了大量的种子和标本。随后对它进行了形态学、细胞学和遗传学研究。西藏半野生小麦是青稞和小麦田间的杂草,它在成熟时小穗自然脱落,天然播种。它在昌都专区察雅县吉塘区被首先发现,然后在山南专区加查县和贡(口戈)县采集到标本,有人在隆子县和仁布县采集过它。对于半野生小麦的     

西藏林芝地区食药用菌野生资源的初步研究

记载了2011年在西藏林芝地区林芝县、米林县、波密县,海拔高度在2 700～3 500 m范围内采集的野生食用菌,共9个目25个科35个属115个种.     

安徽省野生石斛属药用植物资源

目的:研究安徽省野生石斛属药用植物资源。方法:野外调查、标本采集、文献查阅。结果:安徽省野生石斛属药用植物共有3种,全部药用,其中仅分布于大别山区的霍山石斛Dendrobium huoshanense C.Z.Tang et S.J.Cheng种群数量最少。结论:加强霍山石斛D.huoshanense C.Z.Tang et S.J.Cheng的野生资源保护和仿野生栽培,为今后合理利用安徽省野生石斛属药用植物资源提供科学依据。     

Interaction of Organic Cations with Organic Anion Transporters

Studies of the organic anion transporters (Oats) have focused mainly on their interactions with organic anionic substrates. However, as suggested when Oat1 was originally identified as NKT (Lopez-Nieto, C. E., You, G., Bush, K. T., Barros, E. J., Beier, D. R., and Nigam, S. K. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 6471–6478), since the Oats share close homology with organic cation transporters (Octs), it is possible that Oats interact with cations as well. We now show that mouse Oat1 (mOat1) and mOat3 and, to a lesser degree, mOat6 bind a number of “prototypical” Oct substrates, including 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. In addition to oocyte expression assays, we have tested binding of organic cations to Oat1 and Oat3 in ex vivo assays by analyzing interactions in kidney organ cultures deficient in Oat1 and Oat3. We also demonstrate that mOat3 transports organic cations such as 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and cimetidine. A pharmacophore based on the binding affinities of the tested organic cations for Oat3 was generated. Using this pharmacophore, we screened a chemical library and were able to identify novel cationic compounds that bound to Oat1 and Oat3. These compounds bound Oat3 with an affinity higher than the highest affinity compounds in the original set of prototypical Oct substrates. Thus, whereas Oat1, Oat3, and Oat6 appear to function largely in organic anion transport, they also bind and transport some organic cations. These findings could be of clinical significance, since drugs and metabolites that under normal physiological conditions do not bind to the Oats may undergo changes in charge and become Oat substrates during pathologic conditions wherein significant variations in body fluid pH occur.     

Organic synthesis

Some comments on the problems that are encountered by organic chemists who attempt the total synthesis of a molecule having several asymmetric centers. These difficulties explain the relatively slow progress of that branch of chemistry, although some of its successes merit being considered works of art.     

Organic Solvent-Tolerant Bacterium Which Secretes an Organic Solvent-Stable Proteolytic Enzyme

A bacterial strain which can be grown in a medium containing organic solvents and can secrete a proteolytic enzyme was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The strain was derived by the following two-step procedures: high proteolytic enzyme producers were first isolated by the usual method, and then the organic solvent-tolerant microorganism was selected from these high-rate proteolytic enzyme producers. The proteolytic activity of the supernatant of the culture was stable in the presence of various organic solvents. The stability of the enzyme in the presence of organic solvents, of which the values of the logarithm of the partition coefficient (log P) were equal to or more than 3.2, was almost the same as that in the absence of organic solvents. It is expected that both the solvent-tolerant microorganism and the solvent-stable enzyme produced by this strain can be used as catalysts for reactions in the presence of organic solvents.     

Prebiotic Organic Microstructures

Micro- and sub-micrometer spheres, tubules and fiber-filament soft structures have been synthesized in our experiments conducted with 3?MeV proton irradiations of a mixture of simple inorganic constituents, CO, N(2) and H(2)O. We analysed the irradiation products, with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These laboratory organic structures produced a wide variety of proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous amino acids after HCl hydrolysis. The enantiomer analysis for D,L-alanine confirmed that the amino acids were abiotically synthesized during the laboratory experiment. We discuss the presence of CO(2) and the production of H(2) during exothermic processes of serpentinization and consequently we discuss the production of hydrothermal CO in a ferromagnesian silicate mineral environment. We also discuss the low intensity of the Earth's magnetic field during the Paleoarchaean Era and consequently we conclude that excitation sources arising from cosmic radiation were much more abundant during this Era. We then show that our laboratory prebiotic microstructures might be synthesized during the Archaean Eon, as a product of the serpentinization process of the rocks and of their mineral contents.     

Organic cation transporters

Over the last 15 years, a number of transporters that translocate organic cations were characterized functionally and also identified on the molecular level. Organic cations include endogenous compounds such as monoamine neurotransmitters, choline, and coenzymes, but also numerous drugs and xenobiotics. Some of the cloned organic cation transporters accept one main substrate or structurally similar compounds (oligospecific transporters), while others translocate a variety of structurally diverse organic cations (polyspecific transporters). This review provides a survey of cloned organic cation transporters and tentative models that illustrate how different types of organic cation transporters, expressed at specific subcellular sites in hepatocytes and renal proximal tubular cells, are assembled into an integrated functional framework. We briefly describe oligospecific Na⁺- and Cl^--dependent monoamine neurotransmitter transporters (SLC6-family), high-affinity choline transporters (SLC5-family), and high-affinity thiamine transporters (SLC19-family), as well as polyspecific transporters that translocate some organic cations next to their preferred, noncationic substrates. The polyspecific cation transporters of the SLC22 family including the subtypes OCT1-3 and OCTN1-2 are presented in detail, covering the current knowledge about distribution, substrate specificity, and recent data on their electrical properties and regulation. Moreover, we discuss artificial and spontaneous mutations of transporters of the SLC22 family that provide novel insight as to the function of specific protein domains. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of the increasing knowledge about polymorphisms and mutations in polyspecific organic cation transporters.     

Reduced Medication in Organic Farming with Emphasis on Organic Dairy Production

Medication is an important focus area in organic animal husbandry. The combination of goals relating to improved animal welfare and reduced use of chemicals in general creates a common wish to reduce medication. Based on data from current Danish research projects in organic dairy farming, one specific organic medication pattern or policy cannot be described. The disease treatment pattern is influenced by many factors, e.g. the interaction with colleagues, veterinarians and agricultural advisors. No significant difference could be found with regard to incidence of mastitis treatments or somatic cell counts in 27 organic and 57 conventional herds. A marked tendency to shorter treatment periods in relation to mastitis treatments was described for organic farms in comparison with conventional farms (1.9 days versus 3.2 days (5 organic and 7 conventional herds)). In a study of development of health advisory service in organic herds, the dialogue between farmer, veterinarian and agricultural cattle advisor changed the treatment pattern markedly during a period of 6 months. Among important future challenges for veterinarians in organic farming is pointed at the constructive, open, and critical interaction with the single organic farmer as well as the organic animal husbandry system in general.