瓢虫科支序分析(鞘翅目)(英语)

根据成虫和幼虫的特征,应用数值支序方法探讨瓢虫科的系统发育.基于中国21族(包括不同学者提出的所有亚科)36个成虫性状,计算得到18个具有高度同质(homoplasy)的最简约的支序图.共同树显示5个支系:小艳瓢虫亚科,食植瓢虫亚科,瓢虫亚科(包括粗毛瓢虫族Singhikalini);红瓢虫亚科(不包括短角瓢虫族),以及小毛瓢虫亚科+盔唇瓢虫亚科(包括短角瓢虫族).这与Chazeau等(1990)提出的分六亚科系统相似.对14族幼虫18个性状初步分析,结果与相同14族成虫分析比较,只有一个组分即刀角瓢虫族和展唇瓢虫族的亲缘关系在两个分析中得到一致的支持.食植瓢虫是瓢虫科中最原始但高度衍化的一族.在揭示系统发育上,幼虫的研究或许更令人满意.     

27种瓢虫mtDNA-COI基因序列分析及系统发育研究(鞘翅目:瓢虫科)

将自测的瓢虫科4亚科16种和从GenBank中检索到相关物种的mtDNA-COI基因编码区序列片断进行同源性比较,计算核苷酸使用频率,并构建分子系统树。在获得的471bp序列中,共有227个变异位点,195个简约信息位点,A T约占66.7%,转换发生比颠换更频繁。分子系统树表明:同种和同属的瓢虫均以较高置信值聚在一起,4个亚科都能恢复为单系;食植瓢虫亚科从系统树的基部最早分出,是瓢虫科最为原始的类群,小毛瓢虫亚科和盔唇瓢虫亚科首先聚为一支,显示二者具有较近的亲缘关系,然后再与瓢虫亚科相聚,食植瓢虫亚科的食植瓢虫属和裂臀瓢虫属均不是单系群。     

基于形态和分子数据确定缩颜蚜蝇族的系统分类地位

采用分子生物学方法 ,以缩颜蚜蝇族及食蚜蝇科 3类不同食性类群的代表种 (共 6属 7种 )为材料 ,对其核糖体RNA基因 (rDNA)的 5 .8S片段及转录间隔区(ITS)进行序列分析 ,并构建分子系统树 .同时 ,采用支序分析的方法 ,以缩颜蚜蝇族及我国有分布的食蚜蝇科其他族为材料 ,以成虫及幼期形态学性状为基础 ,结合染色体核型分析 ,对食蚜蝇科族级阶元的系统发育进行分析 .分子系统学及分支系统学研究结果表明 ,缩颜蚜蝇族与捕食性类群的亲缘关系较近 ,与腐食性类群的亲缘关系较远 .因而缩颜蚜蝇族应从现行分类系统中的迷蚜蝇亚科移入食蚜蝇亚科 ,其系统分类地位可有一个明确的定论 .     

毛茛科分子系统发育研究进展

毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)在被子植物的系统演化中占有十分重要的地位,其系统位置和科下演化关系一直备受争议。近20多年的分子系统学研究表明,以往基于形态学的分类系统与分子系统学研究结果存在巨大差异。通过形态学性状界定的绝大多数亚科都没有得到分子系统学支持。此外,通过形态学确定的一些属如升麻属(Cimicifuga)、黄三七属(Souliea)、獐耳细辛属(Hepatica)、白头翁属(Pulsatilla)和水毛茛属(Batrachium)等,根据分子系统学研究均应予以归并。而分子系统学研究也确立了一些类群的属级地位,如露蕊乌头属(Gymnaconitum)等。以中国分布的毛茛科植物为例,通过以往分子系统学研究,共有10个属被归并,2个属新被确立。然而,毛茛科分子系统学研究对于科下许多类群之间的关系目前仍然没有得到很好的解决,如毛茛亚科和翠雀族等类群的系统发育关系仍需要进行深入研究后方能确定。该文对近年来国内外有关毛茛科的分子系统学研究进展进行了综述,并对该科尚存的一些问题和未来的研究方向进行了讨论。     

基于线粒体基因组的华蝉族系统发育地位研究(半翅目: 蝉科)(英文)

【目的】本研究旨在明确无鼓膜发音器的华蝉族(Sinosenini)昆虫在蝉总科(Cicadoidea)的系统发育地位。【方法】依据在陕西宁陕采集的合哑蝉Karenia caelatata成虫标本,对华蝉族的合哑蝉K. caelatata线粒体基因组进行测序、注释和生物信息学分析;并与蝉总科其他类群的线粒体基因组进行了比较,然后利用最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法(BI)分别构建了蝉总科分子系统发育树。【结果】合哑蝉线粒体基因组长14 960 bp (GenBank登录号: MN922304),其基因组成、蛋白编码基因的核苷酸组成和密码子使用等,与蝉总科其他类群具相似特征。核苷酸多样性分析表明,atp8, nad6和nad2为易变基因,而cox1比较保守。非同义替换率和同义替换率比表明,蝉总科昆虫线粒体基因组进化处于高水平的纯化选择下。系统发育分析结果支持蝉次目(Cicadomorpha)的单系性,该次目3个总科的关系为：角蝉总科Membraciodea+(蝉总科Cicadoidea+沫蝉总科Cercopodidea)。无鼓膜发音器的哑蝉属与蝉亚科(Cicadinae)的蜩蝉族(Dundubiini)相关类群聚在一起,且与寒蝉属Meimuna关系最近;黑蝉族(Cicadatrini)的草蝉属Mogannia和音蝉属Vagitanus则与姬蝉亚科(Cicadettinae)相关类群聚在一起;日宁蝉属Yezoterpnosia并非一个单系群。【结论】华蝉族应从姬蝉亚科转移至蝉亚科并与蜩蝉族(Dundubiini)合并,而黑蝉族应从蝉亚科转移至姬蝉亚科。研究结果为进一步解析具有不同发声机制的蝉科昆虫系统演化提供了新信息。     

云南素菌瓢虫属五种食菌瓢虫新记录

素菌瓢虫属Illeis Mulsant隶属于鞘翅目Coleoptera、瓢虫科Coccinellidae、食菌瓢虫族Psylloborini。该属有一些种是广布的东方种类,往往有两个种组成原始的类群,取食为害各种植物的白粉病菌孢子。 我们在1982—1983年,鉴定云南省森林病虫害普查标本中的瓢虫科昆虫时,发现素菌瓢虫属昆虫的五种新记录。而以往国内瓢虫科志书中描述记载过的一种,即素鞘瓢虫Illeis cincta(Fabricius),在云南各地普查所得标本中,则并未发现该种。     

基于线粒体COⅡ基因的中国蝽科分子系统学研究(半翅目,异翅亚目)

扩增并测定了我国蝽科4亚科8属11种昆虫线粒体COⅡ基因585 bp的序列,对序列的碱基组成、转换颠换、遗传距离等进行分析,探讨了COⅡ基因在该科的分子进化机制.并基于COⅡ基因序列数据,分别采用邻接法(NI)、最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯推论法(BI)建立蝽科分子系统发育关系.研究结果表明,蝽科昆虫COⅡ基因A T含量平均为71.7%,存在较强的A T含量偏向性,氨基酸的变异率为27.2%;亚科间的遗传距离介于0.168～0.242之间,大于亚科内属种间的遗传距离,蝽科与盾蝽科2外群之间遗传距离最大,两科之间存在明显的间断.分子系统发育树表明,短喙蝽亚科为蝽科中较为原始的类群,分化较早,益蝽亚科与舌盾蝽亚科关系较近,形成一对姐妹群,蝽科中捕食性种类--益蝽亚科是较为特化的类群,它是由植食性种类分化而来.蝽科4亚科间的分子系统发育关系为Phyllocephalinae (Pentatominae (Asopinae Podopinae).     

蚊科昆虫分类及区系研究历史和现状概述

蚊科昆虫是最重要的医学昆虫类群,是人类最致命的动物杀手。准确的蚊虫分类鉴定是媒介蚊虫基础研究和控制的基础。蚊科现代分类学研究起自于林奈1758年对库蚊属Culex种类的记述,200多年来,已定名的种类日渐增多,分类系统已基本成形。本文在系统地编制了蚊科昆虫的世界名录和地理分布记录的基础上,概述了世界范围内蚊科昆虫的分类研究历史,属级及以上类群的分类系统、种类及其生物学研究现状,并作了初步讨论和展望。目前,全球已知蚊虫41属201亚属3 573种,其中我国已知20属63亚属419种。按蚊亚科(Anophelinae)被认为是蚊科内单系类群,包括按蚊属Anopheles、白蚊属Bironella和沙蚊属Chagasia 3属11亚属489种。其中,按蚊属已知476种,占按蚊亚科已知种97%,是疟疾的单一传播媒介。库蚊亚科(Culicinae)被认为是一个复系类群,共计11族38属190亚属3 084种,系统发育关系尚未解决。伊蚊族(Aedini)、库蚊族(Culicini)、煞蚊族(Sabethini)和蓝带蚊族(Uranotaeniini)是其中的较大族,分别拥有1 262,800,432和270种。特别是库蚊属Culex、伊蚊属Aedes和曼蚊属Mansonia的许多种类是非常重要的医学媒介昆虫。在所有这些蚊虫种中,东洋区的种类最多,达1 075种;其次为新热带区(951种),非洲区(798种),澳洲区(542种),古北区(251种);新北区分布种类最少,有196种,不少种类跨区分布。这些信息有助于对世界范围内蚊科昆虫分类和分布现状的整体了解。由于隐存种(cryptic species)广泛存在,实际种数应是已定名种数的3~5倍。蚊科昆虫的系统分类对于蚊科昆虫的准确鉴定、基础生物学及蚊媒病传播机制研究、媒介蚊虫及蚊媒病控制都具有非常重要的理论和应用价值,蚊科昆虫的分类、系统发育和区系仍是急需要研究的重要课题。     

COⅡ基因在昆虫分子系统学研究中的作用和地位

细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ(cytochromeoxidaseⅡ,COⅡ)基因位于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)上,编码细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅱ,该亚基为细胞色素c提供重要的结合位点。COⅡ基因进化速率较快,是昆虫分子系统学研究中理想的分子标记。目前,已经利用该基因从各个分类水平对昆虫系统发育关系、物种形成与分化、种群遗传与变异及生物地理等方面做了广泛的研究。研究表明,利用该基因可以很好地解决昆虫属、种及种下分类单元的系统发育问题,但是在解决科、亚科等高级阶元的系统发育关系时仍存在一些局限,COⅡ基因与其他mtDNA及核基因的联合分析能够更好地解决昆虫的系统发育问题。     

木灵藓科分类与系统学研究：历史、问题和展望

木灵藓科(Orthotrichaceae)是藓类植物中的第3大科。该科不仅种类多, 生态类型特殊, 而且是世界公认的多样化程度高、分类难度大、系统关系复杂的类群。当代木灵藓科植物分类系统学研究主要集中在该科的地区志编写和专属分类修订。目前, 除了热带美洲、热带非洲的变齿藓属(Zygodon)和火藓属(Schlotheimia)部分类群外, 木灵藓科主要类群的分类修订工作已基本完成, 但是有关亚科和属的划分和地位以及各属之间的关系等方面仍存在众多争议。木灵藓科分支系统学研究也不够系统全面, 有的仅应用了单个基因片段, 或者只涉及少数类群。因此, 需要基于更多的分子和形态学性状, 进一步开展世界木灵藓科植物的系统发育研究, 建立一个更趋自然的木灵藓科分类系统。     

Phylogenetic relationships,subdivision, and biogeography of the cyprinid tribe Labeonini (sensu ) (Teleostei: Cypriniformes), with comments on the implications of lips and associated structures in the labeonin classification

The Labeonini (sensu Rainboth, 1991) is a tribe of the subfamily Cyprininae, the largest subfamily of Cypriniformes. With around 400 species in 34 genera, this tribe is widely distributed in the freshwaters of tropical Africa and Asia. Most species are adapted to fast-flowing streams and rivers, and exhibit unique morphological modifications associated with their lips and other structures around the mouth. The monophyly of this tribe has been tested and generally accepted in previous morphological and molecular studies. The major objectives of this study were to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Labeonini, test its monophyly and explore the taxonomic subdivisions, intrarelationships and biogeography of the group. The value of the morphological characters associated with the lips and other associated structures in the taxonomic classification of labeonins was also discussed. Nucleotide sequences (3867 bp) of four unlinked nuclear loci were obtained from 51 species in 18 Labeonini genera from throughout the range of the tribe. Maximum parsimony, partitioned maximum likelihood and partitioned Bayesian analyses were used for phylogenetic inference from combined and separate gene data sets. Based on our results, the monophyly of Labeonini was well supported. Two major clades could be recovered within the tribe. Three subclades could further be recognized from the first clade. These clades/subclades are not consistent with groupings of any of previous workers using either morphological or molecular characters for phylogenetic inference. Only five currently recognized genera in this analysis are monophyletic. The similarity between some lips and associated structures (e.g. suctorial discs) of labeonins may due to convergence or parallelism instead of common ancestry. Labeonins of Southeast Asia, India and China are closely related to each other; the multiple clades of African taxa do not form a single monophyletic group, indicating multiple, independent dispersal events of labeonins into Africa from Asia.     

Phylogeny of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Are the subfamilies monophyletic?

The Coccinellidae (ladybirds) is a highly speciose family of the Coleoptera. Ladybirds are well known because of their use as biocontrol agents, and are the subject of many ecological studies. However, little is known about phylogenetic relationships of the Coccinellidae, and a precise evolutionary framework is needed for the family. This paper provides the first phylogenetic reconstruction of the relationships within the Coccinellidae based on analysis of five genes: the 18S and 28S rRNA nuclear genes and the mitochondrial 12S, 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes. The phylogenetic relationships of 67 terminal taxa, representative of all the subfamilies of the Coccinellidae (61 species, 37 genera), and relevant outgroups, were reconstructed using multiple approaches, including Bayesian inference with partitioning strategies. The recovered phylogenies are congruent and show that the Coccinellinae is monophyletic but the Coccidulinae, Epilachninae, Scymninae and Chilocorinae are paraphyletic. The tribe Chilocorini is identified as the sister-group of the Coccinellinae for the first time.     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的矛茧蜂亚科系统发育研究（膜翅目：茧蜂科）

本研究选取矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae（昆虫纲Insecta：膜翅目Hymenoptera：茧蜂科Braconidae）的6族15属18种做内群,茧蜂科其它7亚科11属11种做外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和100个形态学和解剖学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用“非圆口类"的小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes 3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法（MP）和贝叶斯法对矛茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了运算分析;并以PAUP*4.0对矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明：矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC含量在39.33%～48.28%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,矛茧蜂亚科各成员间序列变异位点上颠换（transversion）大于转换（transition）。不同的分析算法所产生的系统发育树都表明矛茧蜂亚科是一个界限分明的单系群;在矛茧蜂亚科内,除了吉丁茧蜂族Siragrini为单系群外,其他族（矛茧蜂族Doryctini和方头茧蜂族Hecabolini）都是并系群。对于矛茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得的系统发育树的拓扑结构不完全一致,表明矛茧蜂亚科内（属及族）的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

Combined molecular and morphological data provide insights into the evolution and classification of Chilocorini ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Ladybirds of the cosmopolitan tribe Chilocorini prey mainly on coccids and include several important biocontrol agents. The phylogenetic relationships of Chilocorini are poorly known. In this paper, we provide a phylogenetic reconstruction of Chilocorini containing all 27 genera based on five molecular markers and 86 adult morphological characters. Morphological character states were mapped on the combined data tree from Bayesian inference to analyse morphological traits of each genus. Sixteen morphological characters were selected to reconstruct the ancestral states using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Divergence times were estimated based on the relaxed molecular clock approach. Our results indicate that Chilocorini, excluding Chilocorellus Miyatake, is monophyletic and closely related to Plotinini. The crown group Chilocorini was estimated to date back to the Middle Cretaceous. Anisorcus Crotch, Egius Mulsant, Phaenochilus Weise and Simmondsius Ahmad & Ghani are synonymized here with Chilocorus Leach ( syn.n. ). The genus Chilocorellus is excluded from Chilocorini. The split of current genera was estimated to have occurred during the Middle Paleogene to Late Paleogene.     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的优茧蜂亚科系统发育研究

本研究选取优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae(膜翅目Hymenoptera:茧蜂科Braconidae)的8族19属23种作为内群,茧蜂其它6个亚科的8属8种作外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和41个形态学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用"圆口类"的内茧蜂亚科Rogadinae、茧蜂亚科Braconinae、矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae的3个亚科为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯法对优茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了分析;并以PAUP*4.0对优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列的片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明:优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC%含量在40.00%~49.25%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,优茧蜂亚科各个成员间序列变异位点上颠换(transversion)大于转换(transition);不同的分析和算法所产生的系统发育树都表明目前根据形态定义出的优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae不是一个单系群,而是一个与蚁茧蜂亚科Neoneurinae和高腹茧蜂亚科Cenocoelinae混杂在一起的并系群;在优茧蜂亚科内部,悬茧蜂族Meterorini和食甲茧蜂族Microctonini(排除猎户茧蜂属Orionis)为单系群,而宽鞘茧蜂族Centistini、大颚茧蜂族Cosmophorini、优茧蜂族Euphorini、瓢虫茧蜂族Dinocampini为并系群;悬茧蜂族Meterorini在优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae内位于基部位置的观点得到部分的支持,同时食甲茧蜂族Microctonini被判定为相对进化的类群。此外对于优茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得到的系统发育属的结果不完全一致,这表明优茧蜂亚科内(属及族)的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

Molecular phylogeny of Palaearctic genera of Gomphocerinae grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae)

Abstract.  Molecular phylogenetic methods were used to examine morphologically based hypotheses concerning the taxonomic structure and relationships of the grasshopper subfamily Gomphocerinae. Two mitochondrial gene (cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase subunit I) sequences were determined for twenty-five species representing eleven Palaearctic genera. The studied Gomphocerinae species constituted a monophyletic group; furthermore, the earlier division of Gomphocerinae into tribes was supported, with each tribe monophyletic. There was no support for various systems uniting Stenobothrini and Gomphocerini into one tribe. Two separate clusters were discerned in Gomphocerini and two tribes were distinguished – Gomphocerini (genera Aeropus , Stauroderus , Chorthippus ) and Stenobothrini (genera Omocestus , Stenobothrus ).     

Phylogenetic relationships in the cricket tribe Xenogryllini (Orthoptera,Gryllidae, Eneopterinae) and description of the Indian genus Indigryllus gen. nov.

The subfamily Eneopterinae is known greatly for its diversified acoustic modalities and disjunct distribution. Within Eneopterinae, tribe Lebinthini is the most studied group, due to its highest species diversity (ca. 150 species in 12 genera), endemic distribution on the islands of Southeast Asia and of the South West Pacific, males’ ability to produce high‐frequency calling songs, and evolution of females’ vibrational response. To investigate the distribution pattern and diversification of acoustic and behavioral attributes in a larger frame, clear understanding of phylogenetic relationships within other tribes of Eneopterinae is vital. In this study, we focus on the tribe Xenogryllini, sister group of Lebinthini. Xenogryllini, as opposed to Lebinthini, is known by fewer species (11 species in two genera), distributed widely in continental Asia and Africa, and for producing low‐frequency calling songs. We describe a new genus Indigryllus with a new species of the tribe Xenogryllini, discovered from the southwest of India. We used eight molecular genetic markers to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships. The resultant phylogenetic tree is used to compare and discuss distribution patterns and acoustic modalities between Lebinthini and Xenogryllini.     

Phylogeny and classification of the Scopulini moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae)

The phylogenetic relationships of the genera in the geometrid tribe Scopulini (Lepidoptera: Sterrhinae) were examined using 141 characters of adult morphology and ecology. The study material included 92 species, representing all previously recognized genera and covering the morphological variation and full geographical range of the tribe. The cladistic analysis resulted in 20 equally parsimonious trees and a strict consensus cladogram based on these was well resolved. A majority of the recovered synapomorphic characters have been used previously in the taxonomy of the tribe. However, many novel characters were found in the sclerotized structures of the thorax. Many previously recognized genera were found to be nonmonophyletic and based on the present revised, synapomorphy-based classification, the number of recovered genera is reduced considerably. Twenty new generic synonyms and 90 new or revived species combinations are proposed. Seven genera are considered valid, with the large genus Scopula Schrank including over 85% of all species in the tribe. The taxonomic history of the tribe is reviewed and the problems of earlier classifications are discussed. A key to the genera is presented, although an informal diagnosis is preferred. All recognized genera are illustrated and a revised world checklist of the Scopulini is presented.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 143 , 473−530.     

基于16S rDNA和28S rDNA D2基因序列与形态特征联合分析的中国角顶叶蝉亚科系统发育研究（半翅目： 叶蝉科）

首次在国内利用28S rDNA D2区段和16S rDNA基因序列,结合50个形态特征对角顶叶蝉亚科(Deltocephalinae)［半翅目（Hemiptera）: 叶蝉科（Cicadellidae）］19个属进行系统发育分析研究。从无水乙醇浸泡保存的标本中提取基因组DNA并扩增了19个内群和1种外群Typhlocybinae［半翅目(Hemiptera): 叶蝉科(Cicadellidae)］种类的28S rDNA D2基因片段并测序,同时扩增了16S rDNA基因片段并测序11条,采用了GenBank中1个种类的16S rDNA同源序列。采用PAUP*4.0和MrBayes3.0两个分析软件和3种建树方法,利用同源28S D2 rDNA和16S rDNA两个基因序列与形态特征结合进行系统发育分析研究。分析结果表明,二叉叶蝉族Macrostelini是一个单系,并在角顶叶蝉亚科的系统发育中处于基部的位置,是内群中最原始的族;角顶叶蝉族Deltocephalini中除了纹翅叶蝉属Nakaharanus,其余各属构成单系;殃叶蝉族Euscelini内属的归属比较混乱,可能是一个并系群,属间差异有待进一步研究。隆额叶蝉族Paralimnini与顶带叶蝉族Athysanini是姐妹群。带叶蝉属Scaphoideus与纹翅叶蝉属Nakaharanus是姐妹群,二者与木叶蝉属Phlogotettix的关系最近,三者构成一个单系,建议将三者归为带叶蝉族Scaphoideini。研究结果还表明,小眼叶蝉族Xestocephalini和Balcluthini的系统发育位置不明,有待进一步研究。