基于多源异构大数据挖掘的流感病毒防控预测预警平台构建研究

流感传播速度快,病原变异频繁,影响范围广,对其快速反应与防范对全球来说仍然是一个严重的挑战。医疗卫生和高通量测序技术的组合产生了非常复杂可变的海量的异质异构数据集,对其实现整合挖掘分析是个重要任务。现有逐级上报方式的流感监测体系存在分析结果滞后(1～2周)的问题,与流感病毒变异和传播速度快形成尖锐矛盾。因此,实时而全面的了解其流行动态非常必要。基于以上原因,建立统一的大数据平台,整合不同来源、不同结构的监测数据和特定算法及模型,对信息加以分析利用,并对病毒的流行、发展、变异、控制和反馈进行全生命周期的监控,通过时间、地域、环境和病毒之间的关联性等综合分析,形成一个高效安全、快速稳定,且准确及时的流感地理信息图谱预测预警系统,成为提升流感中心信息管理水平的必由之路。     

基于多源异构大数据挖掘的流感病毒防控预测预警平台构建研究

流感传播速度快,病原变异频繁,影响范围广,对其快速反应与防范对全球来说仍然是一个严重的挑战。医疗卫生和高通量测序技术的组合产生了非常复杂可变的海量的异质异构数据集,对其实现整合挖掘分析是个重要任务。现有逐级上报方式的流感监测体系存在分析结果滞后(1～2周)的问题,与流感病毒变异和传播速度快形成尖锐矛盾。因此,实时而全面的了解其流行动态非常必要。基于以上原因,建立统一的大数据平台,整合不同来源、不同结构的监测数据和特定算法及模型,对信息加以分析利用,并对病毒的流行、发展、变异、控制和反馈进行全生命周期的监控,通过时间、地域、环境和病毒之间的关联性等综合分析,形成一个高效安全、快速稳定,且准确及时的流感地理信息图谱预测预警系统,成为提升流感中心信息管理水平的必由之路。     

21世纪的首次大流行：2009甲型（H1N1）流感

2009年4月初,在墨西哥和美国出现一种新型甲型（H1N1）流感病毒。该病毒通过人-人传播迅速在全球范围蔓延。该病毒拥有来自人流感病毒、禽流感病毒和猪流感病毒的基因片段,其HA基因与引发1918年大流行的流感病毒株的HA基因同源性很高。该病毒倾向于感染儿童、青少年、孕妇,以及具有心肺疾病的人。据观察,它在人群中的传播能力高于季节性流感。部分感染患者具有在季节性流感中罕见的呕吐和腹泻症状。先前的流感病毒大流行和2009年爆发的甲型H1N1流感病毒大流行表明,由于流感病毒变异速度快、容易发生基因重排,新产生的变异毒株很可能造成新的大流行,威胁人类健康。由于禽流感病毒和人流感病毒都能感染猪,猪被认为是通过基因重排生成新的大流行病毒的＂混合容器＂。     

人类最大的瘟疫——流感

流感是由正粘液病毒引起的下呼吸道传染病。流感病毒分为甲型、乙型和丙型。引起流感暴发流行的病毒主要是甲型流感病毒,乙型流感病毒可引起局部流行。流感起病急,剧烈头痛、发冷、发热、食欲减退、全身乏力、背部和四肢疼痛为主要症状。全身中毒症状很重,呼吸道炎症却很轻。严重病例发生下呼吸道并发症,如支气管炎、气管支气管炎和支气管肺炎。流感病毒传播快,新亚型出现,几个月内横扫全球。在流感大流行时,造成学校停课,工厂停工,机关瘫痪,军队失去战斗力,医院人满为患。在历史上,流感曾发生很多次世界性流行。近百年来,发生过四次很大规模的流行。甲型流感病毒的表面抗原经常发生变异,病毒变异又有抗原漂流(Antigenicdrift)和抗原突变(Antigenicshift)之分。抗原漂流为血凝素抗原结构微小变异,抗原突变为病毒在自然界进行基因重组。每当新亚型出现时,人群对新病毒缺乏免疫力,往往造成大流行。只有加强流感病毒生态学研究,弄清病毒变异的规律,人类才能制服流感。     

20世纪以来流感在人群中的流行特征

自1918年西班牙流感爆发以来,流感病毒已经导致了五次人群中的大规模流行,除西班牙流感外,还有1957年由H2N2病毒引发的亚洲流感、1968年由H3N2病毒引发的香港流感、以及1977年的俄罗斯流感和2009年的墨西哥流感。而西班牙流感、俄罗斯流感和墨西哥流感三次流感的大流行均是由H1N1病毒毒株引起。此外,许多局部人群中的小规模流行与感染也被证实是流感病毒直接经人与人之间传播所导致。本文将主要对五次人流感的大规模爆发以及具有代表性的局部流行事件的流行病学特点以及病毒序列特征作一个小结。     

流感病毒灭活疫苗研究进展

流感病毒的不断变异是造成流感经常流行的主要原因．研究表明人流感病毒的来源与禽流感病毒的存在密切相关．最近出现的禽流感病毒跨种属感染人的事件,预示引起下一次爆发的流感病毒流行可能直接来源于禽流感病毒．因人类对新出现的病毒缺乏免疫力,开发有效疫苗仍然是预防流感流行的关键．对流感灭活疫苗包括灭活疫苗有效成分的改良,H5N1、H9N2型人．禽流感疫苗研究和应用反向遗传技术制备流感灭活疫苗等方面的研究进展进行了探讨．     

用单克隆抗体选择具有潜在流行病学意义的A/曼谷79—1流感病毒变异株

用甲3型流感病毒A/曼谷79-1血凝素特异的单克隆抗体,对我国从1979—1984年分离的45株H3N2病毒进行了抗原分析,并与用单克隆抗体选择的51株A/曼谷79-1变异株作了比较。发现后者同1979年以来我国流行的H3N2流感主流株高度相似。这证明,用单克隆抗体可选出有流行潜力的变异株。本文就通过单克隆抗体选择、提前获得甲型流感亚型内变种的可能性进行了讨论。     

乙型流感病毒河北株的HA1基因序列及种系发生的分析

对１９８９年春在河北保定分离的两株乙型流感病毒进行了抗原性、ＨＡ＿１基因序列和种系发生分析,与不同期的国内外代表株比较结果表明,自１９８８年以来乙型流感病毒变异较快,Ｂ／河北／５３／８９株的ＨＡ＿１基因序列与Ｂ／挪威／１／８５株相比,其氨基酸的同源性为９４．５２％,与同期的Ｂ／香港／２０／８９株同源性为９７．１２％。种系发生分析结果,从１９８８至１９８９年乙型流感病毒出现了５个支系,同期在保定分离的两株病毒,在同源替代中分别属于两个支系。日本国基本每隔两年出现一次乙型流感的流行优势型,其发生频度与甲型流感相似。国内少见乙型的流行优势型,可能和使用的分离病毒材料有关,日本用ＭＤＣＫ细胞比国内用鸡胚对乙型流感病毒的分离阳性率高。     

广谱流感疫苗研究进展

流感是由流感病毒引起的严重危害人类健康的呼吸道传染病,依据病原不同可分为甲、乙、丙三型.乙型和丙型流感病毒均只有一个型,变异相对较少,从未引起世界大流行,而甲型流感病毒亚型多,变异大,曾引起4次世界大流行[1],已成为流感防控和疫苗研究的重点.预防流感大流行最有效的措施是疫苗接种.     

禽流感:一种人畜共患病

禽流感 (AvianInfluenza ,AI)是严重危害畜牧业与人类健康的一种传染性疾病。多年来在世界上许多国家和地区都发生过此病 ,危害严重 ,经济损失巨大。禽流感病毒可感染多种动物 ,包括人、猪、马、鲸、海豹和雪貂。禽流感病毒经变异或基因重组 ,已具备感染人的能力 ,有可能成为人类新型流感流行的潜在病原。本文对与禽流感病毒相关的流感疫情进行历史性的回顾 ,并对其人畜共患机制做了初步探讨     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.