生境片段化对千岛湖岛屿上黄足厚结猛蚁遗传多样性的影响

利用相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)分子标记法,对千岛湖片段化生境中14个岛屿上的黄足厚结猛蚁(Pachycondyla luteipes)种群遗传结构和多样性进行研究。利用5对SRAP引物对42份材料的基因组进行扩增,共得到大小在50-800 bp之间的71个可重复位点,其中63个为多态性位点,多态性比率达88.73%。AMOVA分析结果显示,65.03%的遗传变异存在于种群间,34.97%的遗传变异来自种群内(P < 0.001)。利用PopGene Version 1.32软件对SRAP多态性数据进行分析,不同岛屿种群的多态位点比例和Nei's基因多样性指数变化范围分别介于35.21%-91.55%和0.2662-0.4905之间,平均值分别为58.25%和0.3729,其中多态位点比率最高的岛屿为面积最大的JSE岛。多态位点比例和Nei's基因多样性指数与岛屿面积、海拔均无显著相关性,但与隔离度呈显著正相关关系。种群间遗传分化指数介于0.0777-0.9328之间,平均值为0.4419,基因流值介于0.0360-5.9350之间,平均值为1.0451,种群间遗传分化程度较高,基因流较低。利用UPGMA聚类分析法对14岛屿上的42个个体进行遗传聚类分析,表明地理距离较近的个体和岛屿具有优先聚在一起的趋势。Mantel 检验表明黄足厚结猛蚁各种群间地理距离与遗传距离间存在显著相关性(r=0.7757,P < 0.01)。以上结果表明地理隔离是影响千岛湖黄足厚结猛蚁种群遗传结构和多样性的主要因素。     

千岛湖社鼠种群遗传现状及与生境面积的关系

以千岛湖地区13个岛屿上的社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)种群为研究对象,利用13个微卫星位点分析了13个社鼠种群的遗传现状,并探讨了种群遗传现状与岛屿面积大小之间的关系。研究结果显示,13个社鼠种群的平均观测等位基因数(Na)与平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为7.385,5.952,平均期望杂合度(He)与平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.819,0.930,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.760,说明13个社鼠种群均具有较高的遗传多样性。13个种群间的分化系数(Fst)为0.053,表明种群间的遗传分化较小。3个面积较大且相近岛屿上社鼠种群,即高仙阁种群 (Gaoxiange Island,G);乌石T岛种群 (Wushi T Island,WT);东门岛种群 (Dongmen Island,DM)间的Fst值均小于0.05,表明种群间无分化,而小岛种群与大岛种群间的分化却比较明显。此外,一元回归结果显示,多态信息含量(PIC)和Shannon多样性指数(I)与岛屿面积大小之间均存在显著地正相关关系。以上结果说明,在社鼠种群进化过程中,生境面积的缩小可能使种群的遗传结构发生改变,并有可能导致种群的快速进化。     

二色胡枝子遗传多样性AFLP分析

利用AFLP对二色胡枝子14个居群的161个个体的遗传多样性进行分析,5对引物共扩增出253条带,多态带百分率（P）为96.8%,二色胡枝子种群的平均位点等位基因数（Ao）为1.968,平均有效等位基因数（Ae）为1.643,Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）为0.369,Shannon信息指数（I）为0.544。14个种源的平均多态性条带数为159条,平均多态带百分率为62.9%,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.257,I＝0.373。二色胡枝子遗传多样性的76.68%分布于种源内（Φst＝0.233 2）,各种源间的差异显著。聚类结果表明,二色胡枝14个种源可划分为三个大类,居群的遗传多样性参数与其地理、生态因子均不显著相关,遗传多样性无明显地域分布格局。     

昌化江河谷隔离对海南岛特有植物盾叶苣苔遗传多样性的影响

为评估盾叶苣苔的遗传多样性与遗传分化格局,探索影响盾叶苣苔遗传变异地理分布的因素,该研究采集盾叶苣苔(Metapetrocosmea peltata)11个种群172份材料,通过PCR扩增和测序分析核糖体转录间隔区(ITS)序列的变异式样。结果表明:(1)盾叶苣苔物种水平的遗传多样性很高(H_T=0.998, π=0.023 5),种群间基因流很弱(N_m=0.04)且存在强烈的遗传分化(G_ST=0.375)。(2)单倍型分析显示,盾叶苣苔的单倍型大多是种群特异的,仅白马岭与南茂岭种群有共享单倍型。(3)Mantel test表明,遗传距离和地理距离存在一定相关性(相关系数r=0.322,P=0.010)。(4)Structure聚类分析将盾叶苣苔划分为6种遗传成分,其地理分布与昌化江河谷导致的隔离样式基本一致,基于Nei遗传距离的种群聚类分析支持这一结果,显示盾叶苣苔遗传多样性的分布受到昌化江河谷的隔离作用。(5)AMOVA分析确定67%的变异来自地区间,表明地理隔离是盾叶苣苔种群分化的重要因素。这表明昌化江及其支流所引起的海南岛山地内部隔离是盾叶苣苔种群发生强烈遗传分化的重要原因,从而导致盾叶苣苔在物种水平具有较高的遗传多样性。上述研究结果为海南特有苦苣苔资源盾叶苣苔的保护和可持续利用提供了理论指导,将有助于理解海南岛特有植物和其他海岛植物遗传变异的地理分布及其影响因素。     

黑琴鸡北方亚种mtDNA D-loop遗传多样性初步研究

黑琴鸡(Tetrao tetrix)为国家Ⅱ级保护动物,但近年来种群数量不断减少。因此,了解不同种群的遗传变异情况,可为制定保护管理策略提供依据,以便恢复野外种群的数量。本文测定加格达奇(42个个体)和呼伦贝尔市扎兰屯(76个个体)两个黑琴鸡种群的共118个个体的mtDNA D-loop 序列,共发现25个变异位点,定义了33个单倍型,整体的平均核苷酸差异数(K)为2.608,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.228%,种群的遗传多样性偏低,两个种群有一定的基因交流,N_m为14.63,群体间无显著的遗传分化。Tajima's D和Fu&Li's D的估算结果表明,这两个黑琴鸡种群相对于中性的歧异度并没有明显的偏离(P>0.1),两个种群可能未经过大规模的种群扩张过程。     

中日5个岛屿山茶种群遗传多样性研究

运用ISSR分子标记法对中、日两国5个岛屿天然山茶种群共150个个体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:筛选出的20条引物扩增得到205条清晰条带,其中183条为多态性条带,多态位点百分比(PPB)为89.27%。经POPGENE软件分析,山茶种群平均多态位点百分比(PPB)为72.00%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(HE)为0.2743,Shannon信息多态性指数(H)为0.4023,种群水平遗传多样性较高。基因分化系数Gst=0.2033,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内个体间。Mantel检验(r=0.7989,P<0.05)和UPGMA聚类表明岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群遗传分化具有重要影响。基于岛屿山茶种群遗传结构的分析,建议加强我国岛屿自然种群的就地保护力度。     

Study on population genetic diversity of Camellia japonica in 5 islands between China and Japan

运用ISSR分子标记法对中、日两国5个岛屿天然山茶种群共150个个体进行遗传多样性分析.结果表明:筛选出的20条引物扩增得到205条清晰条带,其中183条为多态性条带,多态位点百分比(PPB)为89.27％.经POPGENE软件分析,山茶种群平均多态位点百分比(PPB)为72.00％,Nei's基因多样性指数(HE)为0.2743,Shannon信息多态性指数(H)为0.4023,种群水平遗传多样性较高.基因分化系数Gst=0.2033,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内个体间.Mantel检验(r=0.7989,P＜0.05)和UPGMA聚类表明岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群遗传分化具有重要影响.基于岛屿山茶种群遗传结构的分析,建议加强我国岛屿自然种群的就地保护力度.     

珍稀濒危植物长叶红砂种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对濒危小灌木长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna) 集中分布的5个种群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行了研究。14条引物共检测到114个位点,其中99个为多态位点,多态位点比率为86.84％,长叶红砂种群具有较高的遗传多样性。物种水平上Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.468 8,Nei基因多样性指数(H)为0.308 4;种群水平上,多态位点比率P为77.89%,I为0.410 6,H为0.260 9,基因分化系数Gst为0.106 9,揭示了长叶红砂种群遗传变异多存在于种群内,种群间的遗传分化较小,占10.69%。 基因流(Nm)为4.178 7＞1,说明种群间的基因交流,防止了由于遗传漂变导致的遗传分化。聚类分析表明长叶红砂种群遗传距离与地理距离之间无显著的相关性。研究结果说明遗传多样性水平与物种本身特性和所处不同群落有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低。     

中国特有濒危植物翅果油树的SSR引物开发及特性

翅果油树是中国特有的濒危植物,利用磁珠富集法开发适用于翅果油树的SSR引物,并在2个翅果油树群体进行多态性验证。结果表明,筛选的20对引物中有19对是多态且选择中性的SSR引物,其中引物CGY19表现单态,仅有一个位点显示Hardy-Weinberg平衡的偏离(P<0.01),在2个群体中均未检测到连锁不平衡现象;每个位点的等位基因数为1~9个,平均为4.225个,观测杂合度和期望杂合度的变化范围分别为0~0.900和0~0.847。利用开发的19对多态性SSR引物对2个翅果油树自然群体的遗传多样性水平分析结果表明,其平均遗传多样性水平为97.37%,说明翅果油树濒危的原因并不是遗传多样性水平丧失;遗传分化系数F_ST为0.033 1,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内,这可能是由于种群之间的基因流(N_m=32.081 8)较大的结果,这也是2个翅果油树种群遗传相似度高的原因。这些特异性引物的开发和遗传多样性的研究将对翅果油树的交配系统、遗传结构的研究起到重要的作用,并为翅果油树种质资源的取样策略、保护和利用提供有效的信息。     

淮河克氏原螯虾种群遗传结构

克氏原螯虾（Procambarus clarkii）是广泛分布于我国淡水水域的外来入侵物种,对其种群遗传结构的研究有助于了解种群扩散过程。本文测定了淮河流域自然水体中9个地理种群共151个野生克氏原螯虾线粒体COⅠ序列,获得624 bp的有效基因片段,共定义了25个单倍型。AMOVA分析结果表明,淮河流域的克氏原螯虾种群内的变异占主导地位,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性均为中等水平,各地理种群间平均遗传差异较小（F_st=0.078）,遗传差异不显著。系统发生树并没有按地理位置形成对应族群,表明克氏原螯虾各地理种群间存在明显的基因流,各地理种群间没有形成明显的种群遗传分化。     

台湾海峡鲐鱼种群遗传结构

以往研究表明,台湾海峡的鲐鱼分属2个地理种群,即东海种群和闽南——粤东地方种群.为研究这2个种群的遗传结构,对鲐鱼闽东(30尾)和闽南(30尾)种群进行了AFLP分析,8对选择性引物在2个种群60个个体中,共扩增出497个位点,其中多态位点343个.闽东和闽南种群的多态位点比例、Nei遗传多样性指数和Shannon遗传多样性指数分别为57.75％、64.59％,0.1779、0.2123,0.2725和0.3228,2个种群的遗传多样性处于同一水平.与其他鱼类对比显示,台湾海峡鲐鱼种群的遗传多样性水平高.生境广及生命周期短被认为是台湾海峡鲐鱼具有较高遗传变异水平的原因;基因分化系数Gst、Shannon遗传多样性指数和AMOVA分析均显示鲐鱼的遗传变异主要来源于种群内,而种群间无明显的遗传分化.Nm显示2个种群间基因交流频繁.种群的显性基因型频率分布显示2个种群有基本相同的种群遗传结构.结果表明,鲐鱼闽东和闽南种群间无明显的遗传差异.幼体较强的扩散能力、海洋环流及洄游特性可能是造成台湾海峡鲐鱼种群间遗传同质性较高的原因.     

菲律宾蛤仔大连群体不同世代的遗传多样性

采用12对有效微卫星引物对大连群体菲律宾蛤仔连续4个选育世代(F₁、F₂、F₃、F₄)的144个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:共获121个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数在2-6个不等,其大小在101-273 bp之间;各个世代平均等位基因数在3.75-4.58,平均观测杂合度在0.3391-0.3860之间。从F-检验结果上看,所有世代内有2个位点遗传分化较弱,8个位点遗传分化中等,2个位点遗传分化较大;配对比较F_st值(0.05-0.15)表明4个世代群体间遗传分化程度中等。F_is值表明有2个世代位点杂合度处于过剩状态;但对连续4个世代而言,每个世代均表现出一定程度的杂合子缺失。随着世代连续选育的进行,Nei氏遗传相似性逐渐减小(0.8203-0.8107-0.8031);遗传距离逐渐增大(0.1918-0.2099-0.2129);不同世代群体间遗传相似性系数为0.7873-0.8685,遗传距离为0.141-0.2391。4个世代平均PIC值为0.5055,表明选育后代遗传多样性较好,还有较大的选育潜力,可以继续进行上选。     

北太平洋柔鱼微卫星标记的筛选及遗传多样性

采用(AC)12、(AG)12两种生物素探针,通过磁珠富集法构建了柔鱼部分基因组微卫星富集文库。68个阳性克隆中有60个含有微卫星序列,重复次数在10次以上的占86.84%,最高重复次数为33次。其中,完美型微卫星占60.53%,非完美型微卫星占36.84%,混合型微卫星占2.63%。除探针使用的AC/TG、AG/TC重复外,还得到ACAG、AGAC重复序列。利用筛选出的8个微卫星位点对北太平洋柔鱼6个群体的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行分析。结果表明,8个微卫星位点均为高度多态性位点(PIC=0.787—0.987),位点Bo103与位点Bo105极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P0.01)。6个地理位置的柔鱼群体显示出较高的遗传多样性水平(Ho=0.672—0.761,He=0.808—0.851)。两两群体间的Fst值以及AMOVA分析结果均表明,群体间遗传分化不显著(Fst=0.00559,P0.05),遗传差异主要来自于个体间。基于Nei's遗传距离的UPGMA聚类树显示,北太平洋东北部2个柔鱼群体(NE1、NE3)聚为一类,西北部3个群体(NW1、NW2、NW3)与东北部1个群体(NE2)另聚为一类,且群体NW1与群体NE2亲缘关系最近,遗传距离与地理距离线性相关分析没有呈现出正相关性(R=0.175,P0.05)。遗传结构分析结果推断北太平洋柔鱼存在1个理论群。柔鱼个体具有较强的游泳能力,在海流的作用下,群体之间存在较强的基因交流。建议今后在柔鱼资源开发利用过程中将北太平洋柔鱼看作1个管理单元。     

不同年龄段大连群体菲律宾蛤仔EST-SSR多样性

为查明年龄结构对菲律宾蛤仔同一群体内遗传多样的影响,采用14个SSR分子标记对大连石河不同年龄段的野生蛤仔进行了检测。结果表明:不同年龄段(1龄-Age1、2龄-Age2、3龄-Age3)蛤仔均维持着较高的遗传多样性。根据POPGENE 1.31和SPSS16.0统计分析显示,位点Rp-11、Rp-12、Rp-19对3个年龄段蛤仔的等位基因数差异极显著(P<0.01);位点Rp-20、Rp-24、Rp-27、Rp-30对其差异显著(P<0.05);剩余7个位点表现为差异不显著(P>0.05)。在平均水平上,每位点等位基因数目Na为4.3095,有效等位基因数目Ne为2.3729,多态位点百分数P(%)为14。观察杂合度和期望杂合度都比较高,观察杂合度平均为Ho=0.2335,期望杂合度平均为He=0.5140。而且,Ne和He随年龄的变化表现出Age2>Age3>Age1的趋势。各年龄段蛤仔——Age1、Age2、Age3的平均观察杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.2357、0.2546、0.2159和0.4951、0.5286、0.5184。Age2的遗传多样性指数高于Age1及Age3,遗传分化相对较低。其中,Age1与Age3蛤仔遗传距离最小,D为0.0195,即变异很小;而Age1与Age2遗传距离较大,D为0.0437,变化范围不大(0.0195—0.0437)。从遗传一致度的数值上看了3个年龄段蛤仔的遗传相似程度很大,平均为0.9655。Age1与Age3遗传相似程度高达0.9807,而Age1与Age2相似程度较小为0.9572。说明不同年龄段蛤仔相似程度非常高。根据不同年龄段蛤仔的遗传距离,采用UPGMA平均聚类方法对其进行聚类可知,Age3与Age1蛤仔间遗传距离较小,与Age2蛤仔差异较大。通过对等位基因频率进行卡方检验发现,随着年龄结构的变化,部分基因基因频率减小;同时随着年龄的增长,有部分等位基因得到了纯化。大连群体蛤仔总的遗传分化较低,其遗传分化指数Fst为0.0248(Fst<0.05),遗传分化系数为0.02,说明总的遗传变异中有2%来自于不同年龄段的蛤仔之间。遗传距离和遗传一致度均值分别为0.035和0.9655,基因流(Nm=9.8238)相对流畅,进一步表明年龄结构对蛤仔种群内遗传分化的影响较小。     

Amphibian malformations and inbreeding

Inbreeding may lead to morphological malformations in a wide variety of taxa. We used genetic markers to evaluate whether malformed urodeles were more inbred and/or had less genetic diversity than normal salamanders. We captured 687 adult and 1259 larval tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum), assessed each individual for gross malformations, and surveyed genetic variation among malformed and normal individuals using both cytoplasmic and nuclear markers. The most common malformations in both adults and larvae were brachydactyly, ectrodactyly and polyphalangy. The overall frequency of adults with malformations was 0.078 compared to 0.081 in larval samples. Genetic diversity was high in both normal and malformed salamanders, and there were no significant difference in measures of inbreeding (f and F), allele frequencies, mean individual heterozygosity or mean internal relatedness. Environmental contaminants or other extrinsic factors may lead to genome alternations that ultimately cause malformations, but our data indicate that inbreeding is not a causal mechanism.     

舟山群岛四个养殖獐种群遗传多样性和遗传结构

基于ISSR分子标记技术,对来自舟山群岛4个獐(Hydropotes inermis)养殖种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析.26条ISSR引物共扩增出286个可分析位点,多态位点百分比(PPL)为64.34％.獐物种水平上的Nei's遗传多样性指数(H)为0.210,Shannon's多态信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.318,各种群的H介于0.157-0.190之间,I在0.228-0.278之间,与已报道的ISSR标记在其它动物物种中的应用结果相比,其遗传多样性较为丰富.Structure软件分析结果显示,所有个体根据遗传信息的不同可以被分为4个组群,每个养殖场内的个体基本上都在各自独立的组群中,这与地理区域的划分相似.另外发现各养殖场獐种群间已表现出了较大的遗传分化(Gst=0.163).同时,为了解各种群间的遗传关系,计算了各种群间的Nei's遗传距离,结果显示舟山种群(ZS)和秀山种群(XS)之间的遗传距离最近,为0.045,而岱山种群(DS)和朱家尖种群(ZJJ)间的遗传距离最大,为0.066.基于以上结果,建议加强不同岛屿种群间的个体交流,特别是朱家尖种群(ZJJ)与其它种群间的交流.     

The genetic base of Brazilian soybean cultivars: evolution over time and breeding implications

Genetic diversity is essential for crop breeding and one way to estimate it is through the concept of genetic base, which can be defined as the number of ancestors and their relative genetic contributions (RGC) to each cultivar. The RGC can be estimated through the coefficient of parentage between the ancestors and cultivars. Previous studies determined that the genetic base of Brazilian soybean was very narrow. The objective of this work was to evaluate the pedigree of 444 Brazilian soybean cultivars to estimate their genetic base. The cultivars were divided according to their release dates and according to their origin (public or private), and the genetic base for each group was also estimated. We found 60 ancestors, of which the top four (CNS, S-100, Roanoke and Tokyo, respectively) contribute 55.3% of the genetic base. Only 14 ancestors have an RGC over 1.0%, and they represent 92.4% of the genetic base. Analysis of the release dates indicated that there has been an increase in the number of ancestors over time, but the four main ancestors were the same over all periods, and their cumulative RGC increased from 46.6% to 57.6%, indicating a narrowing of the genetic base.     

Genetic divergence among populations and accessions of the spineless peach palm from Pampa Hermosa landrace used in the heart-of-palm agribusiness in Brazil

Although originally domesticated for its fruit, exploitation of the peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) in the production of gourmet heart-of-palm has also become an important activity, hence the need for improved material for large-scale production, on employing the Pampa Hermosa landrace as the seed source. In this study 11 microsatellite markers were used to evaluate genetic divergence among 96 elite plants representing four populations of spineless peach palm from the above cited source. Genetic variability was high (H(T) = 0.82). The low levels of divergence [F(ST) (0.023), G(ST)' (0.005)] and the high number of migrants (Nm - 3.8 to 52.2) indicated significant interpopulation gene flow. Some of the plants presented high levels of genetic divergence, but the plants were grouped independently of their geographic origins. When combined with morpho-agronomic evaluation, the results found could substantially contribute towards mounting an efficient tool for obtaining superior genotypes with wide genetic variability for improvement programs.     

Conservation implications of the mating system of the Pampa Hermosa landrace of peach palm analyzed with microsatellite markers

Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) is cultivated by many indigenous and traditional communities from Amazonia to Central America for its edible fruits, and is currently important for its heart-of-palm. The objective of this study was to investigate the mating system of peach palm, as this is important for conservation and breeding. Eight microsatellite loci were used to genotype 24 open-pollinated progenies from three populations of the Pampa Hermosa landrace maintained in a progeny trial for genetic improvement. Both the multi-locus outcrossing rates (0.95 to 0.99) and the progeny level multi-locus outcrossing rates (0.9 to 1.0) were high, indicating that peach palm is predominantly allogamous. The outcrossing rates among relatives were significantly different from zero (0.101 to 0.202), providing evidence for considerable biparental inbreeding within populations, probably due to farmers planting seeds of a small number of open-pollinated progenies in the same plot. The correlations of paternity estimates were low (0.051 to 0.112), suggesting a large number of pollen sources (9 to 20) participating in pollination of individual fruit bunches. Effective population size estimates suggest that current germplasm collections are insufficient for long-term ex situ conservation. As with most underutilized crops, on farm conservation is the most important component of an integrated conservation strategy.     

Genetic diversity in cultivated carioca common beans based on molecular marker analysis

A wide array of molecular markers has been used to investigate the genetic diversity among common bean species. However, the best combination of markers for studying such diversity among common bean cultivars has yet to be determined. Few reports have examined the genetic diversity of the carioca bean, commercially one of the most important common beans in Brazil. In this study, we examined the usefulness of two molecular marker systems (simple sequence repeats - SSRs and amplified fragment length polymorphisms - AFLPs) for assessing the genetic diversity of carioca beans. The amount of information provided by Roger's modified genetic distance was used to analyze SSR data and Jaccards similarity coefficient was used for AFLP data. Seventy SSRs were polymorphic and 20 AFLP primer combinations produced 635 polymorphic bands. Molecular analysis showed that carioca genotypes were quite diverse. AFLPs revealed greater genetic differentiation and variation within the carioca genotypes (Gst = 98% and Fst = 0.83, respectively) than SSRs and provided better resolution for clustering the carioca genotypes. SSRs and AFLPs were both suitable for assessing the genetic diversity of Brazilian carioca genotypes since the number of markers used in each system provided a low coefficient of variation. However, fingerprint profiles were generated faster with AFLPs, making them a better choice for assessing genetic diversity in the carioca germplasm.