重组H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的构建及其在A549细胞上适应性研究

目的:利用反向遗传技术构建表达GFP并具有感染性的重组H9N2亚型禽流感病毒,并用高剂量和低剂量MOI病毒感染肿瘤细胞A549,研究其对A549肿瘤细胞的作用。方法:以A/Chicken/Jiangsu/14(H9N2)禽流感病毒为骨架,在NS1和NEP之间插入外源片段GFP。参考8质粒转染系统,在293T和MDCK细胞上包装产生重组H9N2病毒。提取尿囊液RNA,PCR鉴定并测序,检测其TCID50。按照MOI 0.1和2.0分别将重组病毒感染不同的细胞,通过MTT实验检测细胞活性。结果:应用反向遗传技术成功获得了重组病毒,并且发现病毒可以诱导A549的凋亡。结论:成功构建了表达GFP的重组病毒,并且其可以诱导A549的凋亡。     

病毒感染蛋白质组学研究进展

病毒的侵入会导致宿主细胞蛋白表达模式的改变,这种改变将影响宿主细胞的正常生理功能并决定病毒的致病进程和结果.因此,病毒感染蛋白质组学研究有助于揭示病毒与宿主的相互作用机制和病毒的分子致病机制,以及寻找病毒早期感染的分子标记、建立早期诊断方法、评价治疗效果和预后.本文介绍了病毒感染蛋白质组学研究技术、病毒诱导宿主细胞蛋白质组改变和病毒感染宿主血清差异蛋白质组等方面的研究进展.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9基因敲除技术研究Importin-α7对流感病毒生长特性的影响

流感病毒的跨种传播是一个包含病毒和宿主因子之间大量相互作用的复杂过程。除了转换细胞表面受体结合特异性,禽流感病毒还要克服核膜形成的另一个重要屏障–核输入机制来进入细胞核进行有效转录和复制。本文主要研究人源importin-α7对不同来源、不同亚型流感病毒生长的影响。根据CRISPR/Cas9靶点设计原则分别在人importin-α7功能域第5和第6个外显子设计一对小向导RNA(sgRNAs)并克隆入pX459载体,重组质粒共转染A549细胞,构建A549-importin-α7-KO细胞系;再分别用不同来源(人源、猪源和禽源)、不同亚型的甲型流感病毒与乙型流感病毒感染A549-importin-α7-KO细胞和野生型A549细胞,研究importin-α7对流感病毒生长特性的影响。经测序和Western blotting验证,成功构建A549-importin-α7-KO细胞系;激光共聚焦观察结果显示,importin-α7敲除后vRNPs入核减少;同时Importin-α7敲除后流感病毒的生长均受到抑制,其中importin-α7对人流感病毒A/California/04/2009(H1N1)和B/Brisbane/60/2008、禽流感病毒A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997(H9N2)、猪流感病毒A/Hunan/42443/2015(H1N1)和A/Jiangsu/1/2011(H1N1)的生长影响显著,而人流感病毒A/Hong Kong/4801/2014(H3N2)和禽流感病毒A/Guangzhou/333/99(H9N2)在两种细胞中的生长差异不明显。不同流感病毒结合importin-α的特异性不同,提示流感病毒可能已经进化出不同机制来利用importin-α亚型进行核输入,这对于流感病毒的宿主适应性和致病力研究具有重要意义。     

H7N9和H1N1流感病毒感染BV2细胞的差异表达miRNA初步分析

筛选鉴定H7N9病毒感染BV2细胞的特异聚类microRNA(miRNA)并初步探讨这些miRNA的可能致病机制。H7N9和H1N1流感病毒感染BV2细胞,分别收集12 h、24 h和48 h的细胞并提取总RNA。并利用高通量测序技术进行miRNA测序,同时比较鉴定不同病毒特异性miRNA。筛选出了10个H7N9病毒特异聚类miRNA,其中有3个miRNA被miRBase数据库所收录。这些特异聚类miRNA调控诸多信号通路的信号传导,比如Ras信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、MAPK信号通路、轴突导向和癌症相关基因等。该研究为miRNA调控H7N9禽流感病毒的致病机制提供了科学基础。     

JNK/MAPK通路与H7N9禽流感病毒感染小鼠模型肺损伤的关系研究

H7N9流感病毒感染呼吸道的能力强,感染后的病死率较高。流感病毒感染的肺组织可发生明显的炎症反应、氧化应激反应及细胞凋亡,进而出现肺损伤。c-Jun-N端激酶(c-Jun-N-terminal kinase,JNK)/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)通路是细胞内调节凋亡、炎症的重要通路,该通路在H7N9流感病毒感染后肺损伤中的作用仍有待阐明。为了研究JNK/MAPK通路与H7N9禽流感病毒感染小鼠模型肺损伤的关系,本研究将C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、H7N9组、H7N9+SP组,后两组制备H7N9低致病性病毒感染模型,造模后H7N9+SP组给予JNK抑制剂SP600125腹腔注射、连续3d。比较三组小鼠肺组织的病毒拷贝数、形态学改变、细胞凋亡率、炎症细胞因子含量、信号通路分子及凋亡分子表达量。结果显示:与对照组比较,H7N9组大鼠肺组织中H7N9病毒的拷贝数、细胞凋亡率、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量、JNK的磷酸化水平、Bax、cleaved-caspase-3的表达量明显增加(P0.05),Bcl-2的表达量明显减少(P0.05),p38MAPK、ERK1/2的磷酸化水平无明显变化(P0.05);与H7N9组比较,H7N9+SP组大鼠肺组织中H7N9病毒的拷贝数无明显变化(P0.05),细胞凋亡率、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量、JNK的磷酸化水平、Bax、cleaved-caspase-3的表达量明显减少(P0.05),Bcl-2的表达量明显增加(P0.05)。本研究揭示H7N9禽流感病毒感染小鼠的肺损伤部分由JNK/MAPK通路的激活所介导。     

整合HA蛋白的HIV假病毒展示禽流感病毒感染宿主细胞机制

通过将高致病性禽流感病毒HA蛋白整合到HIV颗粒,包装成表达HA蛋白的假病毒粒子（命名为HIV/H5-HA）,并对所包装的假病毒的生物学功能进行了研究.通过RT PCR获得了H5N1亚型禽流感病毒完整的血凝素基因(HA)并克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)上,通过与假病毒构建体系的2种质粒pCMV△8.2和pHR′-CMVLacZ共转染293T细胞,包装成假病毒颗粒.利用LacZ染色和HA假病毒颗粒感染MDCK等6种细胞株并对标记基因LacZ进行检测.结果表明,HIV/H5-HA与天然的禽流感病毒相似,具有广泛的细胞嗜性; Western 印迹和FACS检测结果,和HA假病毒颗粒的电镜照片确认了HA基因在假病毒颗粒表面得到了表达;HIV/H5-HA能够凝集鸡红细胞,并且pH值依赖性测定表明,HA假病毒需要低pH值才能实现正确的入侵宿主细胞.本研究结果显示：禽流感病毒H5N1亚型的HA基因得到了有效的包装,并且所包装的假病毒颗粒能够表达具有高度生物活性的HA蛋白.同时,假病毒模型的建立为进一步研究禽流感病毒与宿主之间的免疫应答提供了一种新的途径.     

PB2 E627K对A/H6N1亚型禽流感病毒致病性的影响分析

目的利用A/H6N1亚型禽流感病毒的反向遗传平台,评估PB2 E627K对A/H6N1亚型禽流感病毒的致病性,探究A/H6N1流感病毒的致病性分子基础。方法通过A/H6N1亚型禽流感病毒A/Mallard/San-Jiang/275/2007株反向遗传操作系统和点突变技术拯救病毒rA/H6N1和PB2 E627K位点发生突变的rA/H6N1-627,两株拯救病毒分别以101EID50～106EID50的攻毒剂量人工感染BALB/c小鼠,通过体重变化、死亡率、病毒滴定等方面进行致病性分析。结果成功构建A/H6N1亚型禽流感病毒的反向遗传平台,rA/H6N1的8个基因片段完全源于A/H6N1的基因组,核苷酸序列及生物学特性与A/H6N1完全一致。rA/H6N1能够人工感染BALB/c小鼠,但不致死,对BALB/c小鼠呈现低致病性(MLD50>106.5EID50),病毒在小鼠体内的分布情况及各个脏器中的病毒滴度与A/H6N1保持一致;rA/H6N1-627能感染小鼠,引起小鼠体重下降,但不能引起所有106EID50组小鼠死亡,病毒能在小鼠的肺脏和脑部进行增殖。结论实验结果表明,在H5N1禽流感中发挥重要作用的PB2-E627K位点并非A/H6N1流感病毒的毒力决定因子。A/H6N1流感病毒致病性的分子基础还有待继续研究,该反向遗传操作系统和点突变技术的建立为研究该亚型流感病毒致病机制、传播机制及病毒基因功能奠定了基础,同时也为A/H6N1亚型禽流感病毒新型疫苗的研制开辟了新途径。     

H7N9流感病毒感染A549细胞蛋白质组学的初步研究

通过建立H7N9和H1N1流感病毒(H1N1pdm09)感染人肺癌上皮细胞(A549)模型,研究病毒感染细胞后细胞蛋白质组学差异变化,探讨H7N9流感病毒感染人类致病机制。将感染复数(MOI)为0.001的H7N9、H1N1pdm09流感病毒感染A549细胞24h、48h、72h后提取细胞总蛋白进行荧光双向差异凝胶电泳(2D-DIGE)和基质辅助激光解析串联飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS/MS)分析鉴定差异蛋白。质谱共鉴定出H7N9和H1N1pdm09流感病毒感染A549细胞24h、48h、72h上调或下调的差异蛋白分别为11、12、33个。对差异蛋白进行功能分析发现与H1N1pdm09感染组相比,(纤)丝状肌动蛋白成帽蛋白α1(F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1,CapZ-α1)、鸟氨酸氨基转移酶(Ornithine aminotransferase,OAT)、Poly(rC)-binding protein 1(PCBP1)、真核翻译起始因子5A-1(Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1,eIF5A)在H7N9感染A549细胞后表达量的下调加速了致细胞病变效应。血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶Ⅰb亚基β(Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolaseIb subunit beta,PAFAH1B2)在H7N9感染A549细胞后期表达量显著降低可能与该病毒感染患者的临床症状相关。     

一株H5N2亚型鹦鹉源禽流感病毒分子进化分析

2005年在广东进行流行病学调查时分离到一株鹦鹉源禽流感病毒,经鉴定为H5N2亚型禽流感病毒(A/Parrot/Guangdong/268/2005)。该毒株的HA裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为RETRGLF,只含有一个碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性禽流感病毒的HA裂解位点附近氨基酸序列的分子特征;与H5N2亚型禽流感代表毒株相比,该毒株HA和NA基因的糖基化位点、HA基因的受体结合位点编码区、NA基因的耐药性位点均未发生变异。将该毒株全基因组序列与GenBank已公布的19株H5N2亚型禽流感病毒株的相应序列进行比较分析并绘制系统进化树后发现:其与低致病性禽流感毒株A/Pheasant/NJ/1355/1998(H5N2)-like的亲缘关系最近,位于以A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1/1983(H5N2)为代表的美洲进化分支。     

应用HA、NA、M1和M2蛋白制备H5N1高致病性禽流感病毒样颗粒

目的:应用重组杆状病毒表达系统制备由HA、NA、M1和M2蛋白组成的H5N1高致病性禽流感病毒样颗粒,为研究H5N1高致病性禽流感疫苗奠定基础。方法:构建能共表达A/chicken/Jilin/2003(H5N1)禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)、A/PR/8/34(H1N1)流感病毒基质蛋白(M1)和离子通道蛋白(M2)的2个二元重组杆状病毒,共同感染HighFive细胞,同时表达HA、NA、M1和M2蛋白,使这4种蛋白在感染的细胞内自主组装成病毒样颗粒。经差速离心和蔗糖密度梯度超速离心收获病毒样颗粒,通过Western印迹鉴定病毒样颗粒的组成,透射电镜观察病毒样颗粒形态,血凝试验测定病毒样颗粒的活性。结果:HA、NA、M1、M2蛋白在昆虫细胞中共表达,并组装成病毒样颗粒;电镜观察到病毒样颗粒的形态与流感病毒一致,直径约80 nm;血凝试验显示该病毒样颗粒具有凝集鸡红细胞的活性。结论:应用该方法可以制备流感病毒样颗粒,为H5N1流感疫苗研究提供了可行方案。     

Genome Wide Host Gene Expression Analysis in Chicken Lungs Infected with Avian Influenza Viruses

The molecular pathogenesis of avian influenza infection varies greatly with individual bird species and virus strain. The molecular pathogenesis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) or the low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infection in avian species remains poorly understood. Thus, global immune response of chickens infected with HPAI H5N1 (A/duck/India/02CA10/2011) and LPAI H9N2 (A/duck/India/249800/2010) viruses was studied using microarray to identify crucial host genetic components responsive to these infection. HPAI H5N1 virus induced excessive expression of type I IFNs (IFNA and IFNG), cytokines (IL1B, IL18, IL22, IL13, and IL12B), chemokines (CCL4, CCL19, CCL10, and CX3CL1) and IFN stimulated genes (OASL, MX1, RSAD2, IFITM5, IFIT5, GBP 1, and EIF2AK) in lung tissues. This dysregulation of host innate immune genes may be the critical determinant of the severity and the outcome of the influenza infection in chickens. In contrast, the expression levels of most of these genes was not induced in the lungs of LPAI H9N2 virus infected chickens. This study indicated the relationship between host immune genes and their roles in pathogenesis of HPAIV infection in chickens.     

一株人感染高致病性禽流感(H5N1)病毒基因组分子特征分析

【背景】H5N1禽流感病毒可以感染人类导致重症呼吸道感染,致死率高。【目的】研究我中心确认的一例人感染高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒A/Nanjing/1/2015的可能起源及基因组分子特征。【方法】对病人痰液样本中的H5N1病毒进行全基因组测序,使用CLC Genomics Workbench 9.0对序列进行拼接,使用BLAST和MEGA 5.22软件进行同源性比对和各片段分子特征分析。【结果】该株禽流感病毒属于H5亚型的2.3.2.1c家系,其8个片段均与江浙地区禽类中分离的病毒高度同源,未发现有明显的重配。分子特征显示,该病毒血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)蛋白裂解位点为PQRERRRR/G,受体结合位点呈现禽类受体特点,但出现D94N、S133A和T188I氨基酸置换增强了病毒对人类受体的亲和性。神经氨酸酶(Neuraminidase,NA)蛋白颈部在49-68位缺失20个氨基酸,非结构蛋白1 (Non-structure protein,NS1)存在P42S置换和80-84位氨基酸的缺失。其他蛋白中也存在多个增强病毒致病力和对人类细胞亲和力的氨基酸突变。对耐药位点分析发现存在对奥司他韦的耐药突变H_274Y,病毒对金刚烷胺仍旧敏感。【结论】人感染高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒A/Nanjing/1/2015属于2.3.2.1c家系,禽类来源,关键位点较保守,但仍出现了多个氨基酸的进化与变异使其更利于感染人类。H5N1禽流感病毒进化活跃,持续动态监测不能放松。     

An overview of the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus

Since the first human case of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection was reported in 1997, this highly pathogenic virus has infected hundreds of people around the world and resulted in many deaths. The ability of H5N1 to cross species boundaries, and the presence of polymorphisms that enhance virulence, present challenges to developing clear strategies to prevent the pandemic spread of this highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. This review summarizes the current understanding of, and recent research on, the avian influenza H5N1 virus, including transmission, virulence, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, treatment and prevention.     

Ocular tropism of influenza A viruses: identification of H7 subtype-specific host responses in human respiratory and ocular cells

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7 virus infection in humans frequently results in conjunctivitis as a major symptom. However, our understanding of what properties govern virus subtype-specific tropism, and of the host responses responsible for eliciting ocular inflammation and pathogenicity following influenza virus infection, are not well understood. To study virus-host interactions in ocular tissue, we infected primary human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells with H7, H5, and H1 subtype viruses. We found that numerous virus subtypes were capable of infecting and replicating in multiple human ocular cell types, with the highest titers observed with highly pathogenic H7N7 and H5N1 viruses. Similar patterns of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production following influenza virus infection were observed in ocular and respiratory cells. However, primary ocular cells infected with HPAI H7N7 viruses were found to have elevated levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a cytokine previously implicated in ocular disease pathology. Furthermore, H7N7 virus infection of corneal epithelial cells resulted in enhanced and significant increases in the expression of genes related to NF-κB signal transduction compared with that after H5N1 or H1N1 virus infection. The differential induction of cytokines and signaling pathways in human ocular cells following H7 virus infection marks the first association of H7 subtype-specific host responses with ocular tropism and pathogenicity. In particular, heightened expression of genes related to NF-κB-mediated signaling transduction following HPAI H7N7 virus infection in primary corneal epithelial cells, but not respiratory cells, identifies activation of a signaling pathway that correlates with the ocular tropism of influenza viruses within this subtype.     

The continued pandemic threat posed by avian influenza viruses in Hong Kong

In 1997, a highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was transmitted directly from live commercial poultry to humans in Hong Kong. Of the 18 people infected, six died. The molecular basis for the high virulence of this virus in mice was found to involve an amino acid change in the PB2 protein. To eliminate the source of the pathogenic virus, all birds in the Hong Kong markets were slaughtered. In 1999, another avian influenza virus of H9N2 subtype was transmitted to two children in Hong Kong. In 2000-2002, H5N1 avian viruses reappeared in the poultry markets of Hong Kong, although they have not infected humans. Continued circulation of H5N1 and other avian viruses in Hong Kong raises the possibility of future human influenza outbreaks. Moreover, the acquisition of properties of human viruses by the avian viruses currently circulating in southeast China might result in a pandemic.     

Conservation of T cell epitopes between seasonal influenza viruses and the novel influenza A H7N9 virus

A novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus recently emerged in the Yangtze River delta and caused diseases, often severe, in over 130 people. This H7N9 virus appeared to infect humans with greater ease than previous avian influenza virus subtypes such as H5N1 and H9N2. While there are other potential explanations for this large number of human infections with an avian influenza virus, we investigated whether a lack of conserved T-cell epitopes between endemic H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses and the novel H7N9 virus contributes to this observation. Here we demonstrate that a number of T cell epitopes are conserved between endemic H1N1 and H3N2 viruses and H7N9 virus. Most of these conserved epitopes are from viral internal proteins. The extent of conservation between endemic human seasonal influenza and avian influenza H7N9 was comparable to that with the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Thus, the ease of inter-species transmission of H7N9 viruses (compared with avian H5N1 viruses) cannot be attributed to the lack of conservation of such T cell epitopes. On the contrary, our findings predict significant T-cell based cross-reactions in the human population to the novel H7N9 virus. Our findings also have implications for H7N9 virus vaccine design.     

Inhibition of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus replication by RNA oligonucleotides targeting NS1 gene

H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) has caused widespread infections in poultry and wild birds, and has the potential to emerge as a pandemic threat to human. In order to explore novel approaches to inhibiting highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection, we have developed short RNA oligonucleotides, specific for conserved regions of the non-structural protein gene (NS1) of AIV. In vitro the hemagglutination (HA) titers in RNA oligonucleotide-treated cells were at least 5-fold lower than that of the control. In vivo, the treatment with three doses of RNA oligonucleotides protected the infected chickens from H5N1 virus-induced death at a rate of up to 87.5%. Plaque assay and real-time PCR analysis showed a significant reduction of the PFU and viral RNA level in the lung tissues of the infected animals treated with the mixed RNA oligonucleotides targeting the NS1 gene. Together, our findings revealed that the RNA oligonucleotides targeting at the AIV NS1 gene could potently inhibit avian H5N1 influenza virus reproduction and present a rationale for the further development of the RNA oligonucleotides as prophylaxis and therapy for highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in humans.     

Rapid death of duck cells infected with influenza: a potential mechanism for host resistance to H5N1

Aquatic birds are the natural reservoir for most subtypes of influenza A, and a source of novel viruses with the potential to cause human pandemics, fatal zoonotic disease or devastating epizootics in poultry. It is well recognised that waterfowl typically show few clinical signs following influenza A infection, in contrast, terrestrial poultry such as chickens may develop severe disease with rapid death following infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza. This study examined the cellular response to influenza infection in primary cells derived from resistant (duck) and susceptible (chicken) avian hosts. Paradoxically, we observed that duck cells underwent rapid cell death following infection with low pathogenic avian H2N3, classical swine H1N1 and 'classical' highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses. Dying cells showed morphological features of apoptosis, increased DNA fragmentation and activation of caspase 3/7. Following infection of chicken cells, cell death occurred less rapidly, accompanied by reduced DNA fragmentation and caspase activation. Duck cells produced similar levels of viral RNA but less infectious virus, in comparison with chicken cells. Such rapid cell death was not observed in duck cells infected with a contemporary Eurasian lineage H5N1 fatal to ducks. The induction of rapid death in duck cells may be part of a mechanism of host resistance to influenza A, with the loss of this response leading to increased susceptibility to emergent strains of H5N1. These studies provide novel insights that should help resolve the long-standing enigma of host-pathogen relationships for highly pathogenic and zoonotic avian influenza.