1株含H9N2内部基因的H5N1亚型基因重配禽流感病毒的全基因测序及遗传进化分析

在对华东地区家养水禽中流感病毒的带毒状况的流行病学监测过程中,从表观健康家鸭体内分离到一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Shandong/009/2008(简称Dk/SD/009/08)。为了解该毒株的基因组构成,对该分离株进行全基因测序。测序结果显示:该毒株HA裂解位点处的氨基酸序列为PLRERRRK-R/GL,符合高致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征,且参照H5N1国际统一命名准则,Dk/SD/009/08的HA基因属于2.3.4进化支。BLAST结果显示,HA、NA、NP及NS基因均与H5N1亚型病毒的核苷酸一致性最高,而RNA聚合酶基因(PB2、PB1、PA)及M基因则与H9N2亚型病毒的亲缘关系最近,故推测该分离株可能是一株天然重组病毒;遗传进化分析进一步表明,流行于华南地区鹌鹑中的G1-like H9N2亚型病毒可能为该分离株提供部分的内部基因。     

水禽流感病毒分离株A/Duck/Yangzhou/233/02(H6N2)膜蛋白基因遗传进化分析

采用常规的血清学收验和特异性RT-PCR方法对华东地区家养水禽中流感病毒的带毒状况进行两年多的监测,分离鉴定出多株H6亚型禽流感病毒。对其中的一株A/Duck/Yangzhou/233/02(H6N2)(简称DkYZ23302)(H6N2)的表面膜蛋白基因进行了序列测定,并与GenBank中收录的其它序列进行了比较,遗传进化结果表明DkYZ23302的血凝素基因(HA)与近年香港分离的鸭源毒株DkHK346199(H6N1)、中国台湾鸡源毒株CkTaiwanna398的亲缘关系最近;而神经氨酸酶基因(NA)遗传进化分析结果表明DkYZ23302(H6N2)的NA基因起源于禽源H9N2亚型流感病毒,这可能是不同亚型禽流感病毒在水禽体内发生基因重配的结果。DkYZ23302(H6N2)的HA推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为P-Q-I-E-T-R-D,为典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列,与对SPF鸡的致病力试验相吻合。     

鸽源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒株的HA和NA基因特征性分析

本研究自行设计合成两对特异性引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出1株鸽源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）两个基因的cDNA片段,将它们成功克隆于pMD18-T载体上,然后进行序列测定。结果表明,HA基因全长1707bp,编码568个氨基酸, HA基因有7个糖基化位点,在裂解位点附近有连续6个碱性氨基酸（R-R-R-K-K-R）的插入,具有高致病性毒株的分子特征。受体结合位点的氨基酸分别为YWIHELY,左侧壁氨基酸为SGVSSA,右侧壁为NGQSGR;NA基因全长1350bp,编码446个氨基酸,NA基因有3个糖基化位点。     

浙江省首例人禽流感病例的病原学与分子生物学研究

为确认浙江省首例疑似人禽流感病例,进行病原学分析,对患者气管吸出物进行核酸RT-PCR、荧光定量RT-PCR检测以及病毒分离,并对患者血清进行HI抗体测定.结果表明患者气管吸出物H5N1亚型和A型流感病毒特异核酸均呈阳性,分离到禽流感病毒A/Zhejiang/16/06(H5N1)株;双份血清中禽流感病毒(H5N1)HI抗体滴度分别为1320和1640,从病原学和血清学上证实为人禽流感病例.分离毒株测序结果显示,A/Zhejiang/16/06(H5N1)株在HA裂解位点为多个碱性氨基酸,符合高致病性禽流感病毒特征;该毒株的HA、NA、PB2、NP、M和NS基因序列均为禽源,与2005年我国福建、安徽等地禽流感病毒分离株高度同源,而与越南、泰国以及香港1997年分离到的禽流感病毒株之间存在明显差异.     

用反向遗传操作技术产生致弱的H5亚型重组流感病毒

选择一株鹅源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒 (AIV) ,缺失其HA基因裂解序列的 4个碱性氨基酸、使HA裂解模式由高致病性的PQRERRRKKR↓GL突变为低致病性的PQRESR↓GL ,将修饰的HA基因克隆入转录 表达载体pHW2 0 0 0、构建质粒pHW5 2 4_HA ,将该毒株和H9N2亚型毒株的NA全基因分别克隆入pHW2 0 0 0 ,构建质粒pHW5 0 6_NA和pHW2 0 6_NA。将pHW5 2 4_HA与pHW5 0 6_NA或pHW2 0 6_NA组合、均用A WSN 33(H1N1)提供 6个内部基因 ,两个组合的 8个质粒分别共转染COS_1细胞 ,产生了H5N1和H5N2两个亚型的基因重排病毒。通过在鸡胚中的连续传代和适应 ,2个重组病毒血凝价上升到 1∶2 9、表面基因稳定、对 6周龄SPF鸡不表现致病性 ,H5N2重组病毒对鸡胚的毒力低于H5N1病毒。这种尝试证明反向遗传操作技术是研究AIV致病性和构建疫苗候选株的有用工具     

浙江省首例人禽流感病例的病原学与分子生物学研究

为确认浙江省首例疑似人禽流感病例,进行病原学分析,对患者气管吸出物进行核酸RT-PCR、荧光定量RT-PCR检测以及病毒分离,并对患者血清进行HI抗体测定。结果表明:患者气管吸出物H5N1亚型和A型流感病毒特异核酸均呈阳性,分离到禽流感病毒A/Zhejiang/16/06(H5N1)株;双份血清中禽流感病毒(H5N1)HI抗体滴度分别为1:320和1:640,从病原学和血清学上证实为人禽流感病例。分离毒株测序结果显示,A/Zhejiang/16/06(H5N1)株在HA裂解位点为多个碱性氨基酸,符合高致病性禽流感病毒特征;该毒株的HA、NA、PB2、NP、M和NS基因序列均为禽源,与2005年我国福建、安徽等地禽流感病毒分离株高度同源,而与越南、泰国以及香港1997年分离到的禽流感病毒株之间存在明显差异。     

广州市两株人感染H5N6禽流感病毒全基因组序列特征分析

H5N6禽流感是重要的人兽共患病,给公共卫生带来严重威胁。为研究人感染H5N6禽流感病毒的基因特征,本文对广州市两株人感染H5N6禽流感病毒进行全基因组序列扩增,应用生物信息学软件分析分子变异和遗传进化特征。结果显示:两毒株各基因片段同源性存在差异,血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)基因同源性最高为98.3%,PB2基因同源性最低为85.2%。A/Guangzhou/41641/2014(H5N6)病毒的HA、神经氨酸酶(Neuraminidase,NA)、聚合酶碱性蛋白2(Polymerase basic protein 2,PB2)基因与猫源毒株A/feline/Guangdong/1/2015(H5N6)亲缘关系较近,推测可能起源于共同祖先。两株病毒均为禽源高致病性病毒,HA和NA表面蛋白受体结合位点、裂解位点和耐药位点未发生变异。内部基因重要位点均有不同程度的变异,其中以41641病毒变异较大,并发生PB2蛋白E627K突变。两株病毒均发生与不同亚型病毒之间的重组现象,41641病毒的内部基因分别与H5和H9N2/H7N9发生重组,其中PB2和PB1基因分别与2013年暴发的华南分支和华东分支H7N9禽流感病毒亲缘关系相近,A/Guangzhou/37845/2015(H5N6)病毒的内部基因与H5N1/H5N6病毒发生重组。因此,广州市两株人感染H5N6禽流感病毒进化起源不同,属于两种不同的基因型,本研究推测2013年暴发的H7N9禽流感病毒在新型H5N6重组病毒的进化过程中起到重要作用。     

青海湖地区5株 H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列进化分析

2012年7~9月从来源于青海湖地区活禽市场的环境样本中分离到5株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒,为了了解其基因遗传进化情况,本研究通过RT-PCR技术扩增分离毒株的8个基因片段,并进行全基因序列测定。对其分子特征及全基因序列进行遗传进化分析。结果显示5株病毒的HA基因片段的核苷酸相似度为93.2%~99.1%。NA基因核苷酸的相似度为94.5%~99.8%。A/environment/qinghai/017/2012的裂解位点为PSKSSRGLF,其它4个毒株的HA裂解位点均为PSRSSRGLF。5个病毒的HA基因第226位受体结合位点均为L。M1基因片段中发生了N30D和T215A替换。遗传进化分析表明5株病毒同2005年湖南分离的A/chicken/Hunan/5260/2005(H9N2)毒株类似,为一种重配基因型禽流感病毒。其中HA、NA、NS基因片段属于Y280-like支系,MP基因片段属于G1-like支系,NP、PB1、PB2、PA四个基因片段属于F98-like支系。     

鹌鹑源H9N2亚型流感病毒的分离鉴定及其生物学特性研究

本研究从人感染H7N9活禽交易市场的鹌鹑体内分离到1株H9N2亚型流感病毒并命名为A/Quail/Hangzhou/1/2013(H9N2),并分析了该毒株的基因组特性及其对鸡的致病力。序列分析结果显示:基因组中HA、NS基因属于类CK/BJ/1/94分支,NA、NP、PA、PB1基因属于类SH/F/98分支,M和PB2属于类G1/97分支。关键氨基酸位点分析结果显示:HA的裂解位点为PSRSSR↓GL,HA蛋白具有人样流感病毒受体结合位点Leu226,NA颈部出现63-65位氨基酸的缺失,M2蛋白Asn31和NS1蛋白Ser42、Ala149发生了突变。该毒株的IVPI为0.36。雏鸡感染性试验的结果显示:所有接种鸡在感染后的第3天从呼吸道和消化道都可检测到排毒,直至第11天停止排毒。同居感染动物于放入后的第2天达到排毒高峰,排毒率为100%,持续至第8天停止排毒。感染动物的病毒再分离结果显示:肺和气管的带毒时间可达5天,其他组织为3天。以上结果表明:该毒株是一株H9N2大陆流行谱系的低致病性禽流感病毒。本研究为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的预防和监控提供了一定的理论依据。     

A型猪流感病毒山东分离株鉴定及其HA基因序列分析

从山东各地疑似流感发病猪分离到10株流感病毒,经国家流感中心鉴定均为A型流感病毒H9N2亚型.将其中一株Sw/SD/1/2003(H9N2)的血凝素全基因(HA)进行克隆与测序,与GenBank收录的其它猪流感和禽流感H9N2 亚型的HA基因进行比较,发现Sw/SD/1/2003(H9N2)的血凝素基因在核苷酸序列方面同广西1999年分离的禽流感毒株Ck/GX/99(H9N2)和2000年云南分离的禽流感毒株Ck/YN/2000(H9N2)的同源性最高;进化树分析表明Sw/SD/1/2003 (H9N2) 起源于禽源的H9N2亚型流感病毒;Sw/SD/1/2003 的HA氨基酸裂解位点与其他H9N2亚型不同,Sw/SD/1/2003 的HA氨基酸裂解位点是R-S-L-R-G, 而其它猪流感和禽流感H9N2亚型都是R-S-S-R-G.     

Complete Genomic Sequence of an H5N1 Influenza Virus from a Parrot in Southern China

An H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) designated A/Parrot/Guangdong/C99/2005 (H5N1) was first isolated from a sick parrot in Guangdong in southern China in 2005. The complete genome of this strain was analyzed. Genome sequence analysis showed that all 8 gene segments of the virus nucleotide had 99.0% homology to A/chicken/Henan/12/2004 (H5N1). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all 8 gene segments of the virus were derived from the Eurasian lineage. The availability of genome sequences is useful to investigate the host range and genetic evolution of the H5N1 avian influenza virus in Southern China.     

一株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒广东分离株的基因组序列分析

从广东省疑似流感发病猪分离到1株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(A/Swine/Guangdong/01/2005(H3N2)),对其各个基因进行克隆与测序,并与GenBank中收录的其它猪流感、禽流感和人流感的相关基因进行比较,结果表明,HA全基因与广东2003~2004年分离的H3N2猪流感毒株的核苷酸序列同源性在99%以上,与纽约90年代末分离的H3N2人流感毒株同源性在98.5%以上;NA基因与纽约1998~2000年分离的H3N2人流感毒株的核苷酸序列同源性在99%以上;NS基因、M基因的核苷酸序列与H1N1亚型猪流感毒株A/swine/HongKong/273/1994(H1N1)的核苷酸序列同源性较高,分别为97.9%、98.4%,与美洲A/swine/Iowa/17672/1988(H1N1)的核苷酸序列同源性分别为96.7%、97.1%;其他基因的核苷酸序列与H3N2人流感毒株具有很高的同源性。因此,推测其M和NS基因来源于H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,HA、NA及其他基因均来源于H3N2亚型人流感病毒。表明此H3N2亚型猪流感病毒为H3N2亚型人流感病毒和H1N1亚型猪流感病毒经基因重排而得到的重组病毒。     

人高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1安徽株HA、M2蛋白双顺反子表达载体的构建及表达研究

将我国分离的人H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/Anhui/1/2005作为研究对象,扩增其HA和M2基因片段并克隆至DNA疫苗表达载体pVRC中,构建成真核表达质粒。为提高HA的表达量,按照人偏爱密码子将HA基因进行优化改造,经全基因合成后插入真核表达载体pVRC,以β-actin蛋白为内参比证明了优化后的HA蛋白表达效果明显提高。将M2基因和优化后的HA基因共同克隆入双顺反子表达载体pIRES中,获得同时表达HA或M2的双顺反子真核表达质粒;通过Western blot和间接免疫荧光检测方法,确认构建的重组质粒在真核细胞中成功地表达了目的蛋白HA和M2。通过上述结果为进一步开展人高致病性禽流感病毒安徽株HA和M2基因的功能与致病性研究及使用表达HA和M2蛋白进行新型人用禽流感双价疫苗研发奠定基础。     

一株鹅源H5N2亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

分离到一株鹅源 H5N2亚型高致病性禽流感病毒,SPF鸡静脉接种致病指数为2.99,但鸭子对该病毒不敏感．病毒感染小鼠后不致病,但能够在肺内有效复制,表明其具有感染哺乳动物的潜在风险．血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA)蛋白裂解位点上插入有多个连续的碱性氨基酸(-RRRKKR-),从分子上证实这是一株高致病性禽流感病毒．核酸序列比较分析表明,分离的流感病毒HA基因与A/chicken/Hubei/489/2004 (H5N1)同源率达到99.4%,神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase, NA)基因与A/chicken/Jilin/53/01(H9N2)同源率达到99.8%;氨基酸水平上,HA与2004年分离到的A/chicken/Hubei/489/2004(H5N1)、A/swan/Guangxi/307/2004(H5N1)、A/wildduck/Guangdong/314/　2004(H5N1)和A/chicken/Henan/210/2004(H5N1)同源率均为99.3%,NA 与A/chicken/Jilin/53/01(H9N2)同源率为99.6%．进化树分析结果表明,该流感病毒分离株可能是由H5N1和H9N2两个亚型病毒重排而来．     

High genetic and antigenic similarity between a swine H3N2 influenza A virus and a prior human influenza vaccine virus: A possible immune pressure-driven cross-species transmission

In late April of 2009, a global outbreak of human influenza was reported. The causative agent is a highly unusual reassortant H1N1 influenza virus carrying genetic segments derived from swine, human and avian influenza viruses. In this study, we compared the HA, NA and other gene segments of a swine H3N2 influenza A virus, A/Swine/Guangdong/z5/2003, which was isolated from pigs in 2003 in Guangdong Province, China, to the predominant human and swine H3N2 viruses. We found that the similarity of gene segments of A/Swine/Guangdong/z5/2003 was closer to Moscow/99-like human H3N2 virus than Europe swine H3N2 viruses during 1999-2002. These results suggest that A/Swine/Guangdong/z5/2003 may be porcine in origin, possibly being driven by human immune pressure induced by either natural H3N2 virus infection or use of A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-based human influenza vaccine. The results further confirm that swine may play a dual role as a “shelter” for hosting influenza virus from humans or birds and as a “mixing vessel” for generating reassortant influenza viruses, such as the one causing current influenza pandemic.     

密码子优化的人H5N1流感病毒HA基因在哺乳动物细胞中获得高效表达

为了提高人禽流感病毒血凝素HA的表达量,应对流感大流行疫苗的需求,按照人的偏爱密码子将H5N1(A/Anhui/1/2005)流感病毒的HA基因进行优化改造,经全基因合成后插人到真核表达载体pDC315中,构建了真核表达质粒pDC315-Mod.HA;将此质粒和含野生HA基因的真核表达质粒pDC315-Wt.HA分别转染293T细胞,比较HA蛋白的表达量.结果表明:经间接免疫荧光实验及Western blot实验比较和鉴定,密码子优化后,HA蛋白在293T细胞中的表达水平显著提高,为流感大流行疫苗的研究打下了基础.     

Characterization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus isolated from an ostrich

The continued spread of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus among poultry and wild birds has posed a potential threat to human public health. An influenza pandemic happens, when a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans emerges. Almost all of the influenza pandemics in history have originated from avian influenza viruses (AIV). Birds are significant reservoirs of influenza viruses. In the present study, we performed a survey of avian influenza virus in ostriches and H5N1 virus (A/Ostrich/SuZhou/097/03, China097) was isolated. This H5N1 virus is highly pathogenic to both chickens and mice. It is also able to replicate in the lungs of, and to cause death in, BALB/c mice following intranasal administration. It forms plaques in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells in the absence of trypsin. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the virus is genetically similar to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1) and belongs to clade 0. The HA sequence contains multiple basic amino acids adjacent to the cleavage site, a motif associated with HPAI viruses. More importantly, the existence of H5N1 isolates in ostriches highlights the potential threat of wild bird infections to veterinary and public health.     

一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的分离与鉴定

2004年1月湖北宜昌某鸡场暴发疫病,从该鸡场濒死鸡肺组织中分离到了一株病毒,电镜切片观察到典型的禽流感病毒粒子;采用ELISA检测禽流感抗原为阳性;RT-PCR扩增HA、NA基因并测序,经BLAST分析,HA基因与A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96(H5N1)HA基因同源性为97％;NA基因与A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96(H5N1)NA基因同源性为96％,确定该分离株为禽流感病毒H5N1亚型(A／Chicken／Yichang／Lung-1／04(H5N1))。     

Molecular genetic characterization of H5N1 influenza virus strains isolated from poultry in the Kurgan region in 2005

In the second half of 2005, a large-scale outbreak of influenza in poultry and wild birds was caused by a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Russia. The level of pathogenicity is a polygenic trait, and most individual genes contribute to the influenza A virus pathogenicity in birds, animals, and humans. The full-length nucleotide sequences were determined for H5N1 strains isolated in the Kurgan region (Western Siberia). The structure of viral proteins was analyzed using the deduced amino acid sequences. The receptor-binding site of hemagglutinin (HA) in strains A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 and A/duck/Kurgan/08/2005 was typical for avian influenza viruses and contained Glu and Gly at positions 226 and 228, respectively. The structure of the basic amino acid cluster located within the HA cleavage site was identical in all isolates: QGERRRKKR. According to the neuraminidase structure, all H5N1 isolates from the Kurgan region were assigned to the Z genotype. Amino acid residues typical for the avian influenza virus were revealed in 30 out of 32 positions of M1, M2, NP, PA, and PB2, determining the host range specificity. One of the strains contained Lys at position 627 of PB2. Isolates from the Kurgan region were shown to have a remantadine-sensitive genotype. Both strains contained Glu at position 92 of NS1, indicating that the virus is interferon-resistant. Phylogenetic analysis related the Kurgan isolates to subclade 2 of clade 2 of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses.     

Cooperation between the Hemagglutinin of Avian Viruses and the Matrix Protein of Human Influenza A Viruses

To analyze the compatibility of avian influenza A virus hemagglutinins (HAs) and human influenza A virus matrix (M) proteins M1 and M2, we doubly infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells with amantadine (1-aminoadamantane hydrochloride)-resistant human viruses and amantadine-sensitive avian strains. By using antisera against the human virus HAs and amantadine, we selected reassortants containing the human virus M gene and the avian virus HA gene. In our system, high virus yields and large, well-defined plaques indicated that the avian HAs and the human M gene products could cooperate effectively; low virus yields and small, turbid plaques indicated that cooperation was poor. The M gene products are among the primary components that determine the species specificities of influenza A viruses. Therefore, our system also indicated whether the avian HA genes effectively reassorted into the genome and replaced the HA gene of the prevailing human influenza A viruses. Most of the avian HAs that we tested efficiently cooperated with the M gene products of the early human A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus; however, the avian HAs did not effectively cooperate with the most recently isolated human virus that we tested, A/Nanchang/933/95 (H3N2). Cooperation between the avian HAs and the M proteins of the human A/Singapore/57 (H2N2) virus was moderate. These results suggest that the currently prevailing human influenza A viruses might have lost their ability to undergo antigenic shift and therefore are unable to form new pandemic viruses that contain an avian HA, a finding that is of great interest for pandemic planning.