以浮游植物评价巢湖水质污染及富营养化

对巢湖浮游植物在22个样点,四季采样,进行了种类组成、种群数量、优势种、污染指示种,多样性指数及硅藻指数等群落生态学的初步研究。选用其中种群数量、优势种、污染指示种、硅藻指数对巢湖水质污染及营养水平进行了总评与分区评价。就巢湖总体而论,藻量年均值达111×10~6个/升(细胞数,或个体数为14.7×10~6个/升),硅藻指数96.7,群落组成种类中,污染指示种占64.2％,除冬季外,各样点多以微囊藻、鱼腥藻为主的蓝藻占优势,其分布频度年平均达98.8％,多度年平均达79.7％,而在夏、秋季,两者则分别为100和99.7％,表明巢湖已受到中等程度的污染,属蓝藻型富营养湖泊;与过去巢湖浮游植物的调查资料对比,表明最近几年来,人为富营养化进程在加速。     

大辽河水系夏季浮游植物群落结构特征及水质评价

作为建立中国水环境生态学基准的基础性工作,于2010年7月,按照相关规范的要求,对大辽河水系浮游植物群落结构和水质状况进行了调查.结果表明:调查期间大辽河水系共检出5门124种或变种,其中以绿藻和硅藻为主,分别占43.55％和31.45％;总细胞密度在2.05×105～1.46×107个·L-1,平均6.35×106个·L-1,绿藻和硅藻占优势;主要优势种是硅藻的颗粒直链藻极狭变种(Melosira granulata var.angustissima);共检出污染指示种44种,其中β-中污带指示种居多,有36种,占所有指示种的81.81％;Shannon多样性指数为1.43 ～2.68,Margalef指数为1.00～1.78,Pielou均匀度指数为0.52 ～0.83;综合水体中浮游植物的密度、优势种类、指示种、生物多样性指数评价表明,大辽河水系处于富营养化状态、中等程度污染水平.     

三峡水库坝前水域浮游植物群落时空动态研究

于20122013 年对三峡水库坝前水域浮游植物组成、优势种、密度、生物量及多样性进行了周年季度调查, 共鉴定浮游植物151 种属, 其中绿藻门71 种, 硅藻门47 种, 蓝藻门20 种, 隐藻门和甲藻门各4 种,裸藻门和金藻门各2 种, 黄藻门1 种。浮游植物优势种的季节更替明显, 夏季和秋季优势种类为硅藻和绿藻,冬季为硅藻、蓝藻和绿藻, 春季为绿藻、硅藻和隐藻。浮游植物年均密度和生物量分别为3.95106 ind./L 和4.078 mg/L, 空间差异表现为支流和库湾远高于干流, 季节动态表现为夏季最高, 春季和冬季次之, 秋季最低。三峡水库坝前水域浮游植物多样性指数偏低, 水体污染类型属于-中污染。研究为客观了解三峡水库坝前水域浮游植物群落的空间分布与季节变化特征提供一定的参考依据。       

汉江中下游浮游植物群落结构及水质评价

南水北调中线工程调水后,汉江中下游水华频发引起社会关注。为掌握调水后汉江中下游浮游植物的群落结构特征,于2017年11月、2018年2月、4月和8月在汉江中下游的8个断面对浮游植物进行了定量调查。调查结果显示:共鉴定浮游植物163种,群落组成以硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)、绿藻门(Chlorophyta)为主,其次是蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)。浮游植物优势种主要为硅藻门的梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、颗粒直链藻最窄变种(Melosira granulata var.)、变异直链藻(Melosira varians)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata),隐藻门的卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata),蓝藻门的弯曲颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)和伪鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena sp.),且都有较高的优势度。浮游植物密度和生物量的季节变化范围分别为0. 33×106cells/L～1. 82×106cells/L和0. 49 mg/L～7. 38 mg/L。基于Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数以及优势种评价法对汉江中下游的水质进行评价,判断汉江中下游水质整体处于中污状态。     

丹江口水库浮游植物时空动态及影响因素

2007年7月至2008年6月对丹江口水库浮游植物进行了为期一年的调查和分析,共采集到浮游植物8门、60属、110种及变种.种类组成以绿藻门、硅藻门和蓝藻门为主,其中绿藻门占优势,共计46种(42％),其次为硅藻35种(32％).藻类年平均密度为4.17×106 celVL,最高密度为6.10×107 cell/L,最低密度为5.16×103 cell/L.各季节浮游植物优势种差异显著,春季为一种颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)和尖针杆藻(Synedra acus),夏秋两季为啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa),冬季转为倪氏拟多甲藻(Peridiniopsis niei).空间分布上,丹江、汉江库区以及取水口3个区域浮游植物优势种为尖针杆藻,五青入库区则以倪氏拟多甲藻占优势.磷浓度是驱动丹江口水库藻类密度的主要影响因子.根据建库几十年来的对丹江口水库较为全面的4次调查资料,分析了丹江口水库的浮游植物群落演替及变化趋势.自1958年以来,50年间,整个水库浮游植物密度增加了16倍,水库富营养化程度有增加的趋势.种类组成由适应河流的固着型硅藻,经过硅藻-绿藻-蓝藻型逐渐发展为硅藻-甲藻-隐藻-蓝藻型.     

肇庆星湖浮游植物状况及其富营养化评价

研究了 1 996年 4月至 1 997年 7月肇庆星湖 5个子湖泊浮游植物种类和数量变化。在 1 996年 4月至 1 997年 7月 6次采样中 ,共鉴定出浮游植物 82种 ,其中绿藻门 37种 ,其次为硅藻和蓝藻门 ,优势种有鼓藻、栅藻、衣藻、席藻、直链藻、多甲藻和裸藻等。大多数采样点年平均浮游植物密度为 1 0 4 个 /L至 1 0 5个 /L,整个湖泊年平均密度为 4.2 8× 1 0 5个 /L。星湖各子湖泊全年的总氮、总磷含量分别低于 1 mg/L和 0 .1 mg/L ,以叶绿素 a、总氮、总磷、氨氮、COD和 BOD为参数的营养状态指数 (TLI) ,除波海湖外均小于 50。根据浮游植物种类和密度及综合营养状态指数评价结果 ,星湖的富营养化状况属于中营养化至富营养化之间 ,其中波海湖已达到富营养化水平 ,5个湖泊的富营养化程度由高至低依次为 :波海湖、仙女湖、里湖、青莲湖、中心湖。     

大庆库里泡浮游植物群落结构及多样性研究

2012年5月—10月, 大庆库里泡浮游植物的种类组成、丰度、优势种及多样性调查研究结果表明, 库里泡共鉴定浮游植物380个分类单位(349种29变种2变型), 隶属于8门11纲22目41科104属。库里泡浮游植物群落组成主要是绿藻—硅藻型, 浮游植物种类数随季节的变化顺序为: 8月>6月>7月>5月>9月>10月。浮游植物丰度季节性变化明显, 变化范围为5.94×105—119×105 ind•L–1。浮游植物优势种不同季节间既有交叉又有演替, 优势种类大多为中营养型和中—富营养型指示种。多样性评价结果表明, 浮游动物被长期高强度捕捞后, 库里泡的浮游植物群落种类组成比较丰富, 群落结构复杂且稳定性较好, 水体处于β—中污染至轻污染水平。     

云南高原湖泊沿岸带底栖藻类群落的分布

对云南6个高原湖泊沿岸带底栖藻类的群落结构、现存量等进行了调查,研究期间发现底栖藻类群落主要由绿藻门的刚毛藻(Cladophora spp.)和硅藻门的一些附植种类组成,除硅藻群落在泸沽湖占优势外,其它湖泊中绿藻群落的相对比率高于硅藻.底栖藻类现存量(chl a)以星云湖最高(24 μg·cm-2);底栖硅藻密度以泸沽湖的鸟岛最高,为9.3×106 cells·cm-2.分析不同湖泊底栖硅藻的群落结构发现:底栖硅藻Epithemia sorex和Cocconeis klamathensis分别是泸沽湖和抚仙湖的绝对优势种,Amphora pediculus是阳宗海和滇池金宝的绝对优势种,洱海、星云湖和滇池又一村的优势种类较多,其中相对丰富度较高的主要是一些附植性种类.结果表明沿岸带的光照、营养水平和基质类型可能是影响底栖藻类群落分布的主要环境因子.     

稻虾共作水体浮游植物群落结构特征分析

为认识稻虾共作水体浮游植物群落结构特征, 于2016年4月至12月对江汉平原4处稻虾共作水体浮游植物和理化因子开展了逐月调查与分析。共鉴定出浮游植物7门124种, 其中绿藻78种、蓝藻16种、硅藻15种、裸藻3种、隐藻2种、甲藻7种、金藻3种。6—9月浮游植物的种类数、细胞密度、叶绿素a含量达到最大值, 最小值出现在12月份; 浮游植物细胞密度波动范围在1.37×105—2.93×108 cells/L, 叶绿素a含量的变化范围为0.15—208.60 μg/L。调查期间浮游植物的优势种共28种, 主要优势种有颤藻、蓝纤维藻、微囊藻、小球藻、隐藻等。浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数周年变化范围为0.64—6.3, 多样性指数最高出现在10月份, 最低出现在8月份。结果显示, 稻虾共作水体浮游植物群落结构较复杂, 细胞密度变化显示时空的一致性, 优势种组成以及优势度存在明显的空间差异(P<0.05), 稻田的浅水环境以及小龙虾的养殖行为显著影响浮游植物群落的结构。鉴于藻类作为初级生产者对于水生态环境和小龙虾健康具有重要作用, 关注种养结合水体中藻类群落的演变规律对于保障稻田种养的综合效益具有积极意义。     

杭州西湖初步治理后的浮游植物现状

本文记录了杭州西湖初步治理后的浮游植物种类组成、相似性、数量分布与环境理化因子的关系,以及根据指示种类评价了西湖水质。在1985年2月至1986年2月周年调查的20个站位中,共鉴定了浮游植物7门92属229种、变种和变型;其中蓝藻门19属39种;绿藻门35属87种8变种1变型;硅藻门24属54种7变种1变型等。西湖浮游植物的数量分布以外湖最高,年均值为529.1×105个/L,三潭内湖最低,仅1.76×105个/L。全湖每升水样含浮游植物细胞密度年均值为614×105个,并且以蓝藻占绝对优势,年均值为423×105个/L,绿藻、硅藻次之,分别为97.3×105个/L和77×105个/L。不同站位浮游植物种类组成的相似性指数值(sorensen 公式)在51.3-85.3范围。       

Plankton communities of three Central Florida lakes

A study of planktonic primary productivity and community structure was carried out on three lakes of varying morphometric and chemical features, but which were within a single watershed in Central Florida. Primary productivity in these lakes was evaluated by means of in situ light and dark bottle determinations as well as by calculations based upon chlorophyll and light data. Lake Mize, a deep sinkhole lake containing highly colored waters of low pH, proved to be a very unproductive lake, while Biven's Arm, a shallow-basin lake with alkaline waters and Newnan's lake, a shallow-basin like with highly colored waters both showed relatively high productivities. Phytoplankton components of the two productive lakes were quite similar to one another in being composed of bloom-forming blue-green and green algae, while the predominant forms in Lake Mize were chrysophytes, dinoflagellates and a diatom. Zooplanktonic forms were more uniform among the lakes than were the phytoplankton, though population levels reflected relative productivities among the lakes. Rotifers predominated in the Lake Mize plankton while cladocerans were relatively inabundant. This was opposite to the condition in Biven's Arm and Newnan's Lake. It is suggested that the constant presence of larval Chaoborus in the water column in Lake Mize may be partially responsible for the paucity of cladocera.     

西江下游浮游植物群落周年变化模式

西江肇庆段是珠江干流汇入珠三角河网水域的咽喉通道,对2009年该江段的浮游植物群落组成及变化进行系统阐析.调查期间共发现浮游植物7门,245种(包括变种、变型),其中硅藻和绿藻是浮游植物群落组成的最主要类群,分别占总种数的42.44％和34.69％,其次是裸藻和蓝藻.PCA分析结果显示,浮游植物各类群的种类丰富度和生物量的周年变化趋势主要受水温和径流量的影响.浮游植物种类丰富度的周年变化呈现明显的高温季节高,低温季节低的特征,除因大多数藻类物种直接喜好高温之外,径流量的增大有助于真浮游绿藻种类的外源注入及半浮游和偶然性浮游硅藻种类的增加.浮游植物生物量的周年变化呈现明显的双峰型,峰值分别出现在8月和11月.然而8月份第1个高峰出现之前,生物量波动不大,尽管水温的升高有助于生物量的增加,但是径流量增大所带来的稀释作用掩盖了水温上升对浮游植物生长的促进作用.真浮游植物生物量的变化趋势和数值与总浮游植物极其接近,主要得益于真浮游硅藻物种颗粒直链藻在总种群中的绝对优势地位.综上,水温升高对浮游植物种类丰富度和生物量的增长均有促进,径流量的增大虽然有助于种类丰富度的增加,但不利于生物量的增加.     

Effects of lake mixing with an axial flow pump on water chemistry and phytoplankton

This paper describes the effect of total lake mixing with an axial flow (Garton) pump on the limnology and phytoplankton of two Oklahoma lakes.The Garton pump destratified Ham's Lake (40 ha) in 3 days. Except for one small isolated basin, Ham's Lake remained completely destratified for the rest of the summer. Algal biomass declined, numbers of species of green algae increased, but numbers of species of blue-green algae did not decrease as expected. After destratification, pH remained high (> 8), carbonate alkalinity was observed and reactive phosphate was undetectable.An axial flow pump increased the heat content of Arbuckle Lake (951 ha) and caused the lake to destratify about one month earlier than usual. Increasing the heat content of the lake did not affect the concentration of most water quality parameters or the biomass of algae.     

Spatial and seasonal changes of net plankton and zoobenthos in Lake Tonle Sap, Cambodia

To clarify spatial and seasonal differences in net plankton and zoobenthos in Lake Tonle Sap, Cambodia, quantitative surveys were carried out at 14 stations in the north and south basins in high- and low-water seasons during 2003–2005. In the phytoplankton communities, a diatom Aulacoseira granulata dominated throughout the lake in the high-water seasons, while blue-green algae, mostly composed of Microcystis, surpassed other algae in the low-water season when the lake water was very turbid and the Secchi disk readings were only a few centimeters. In the low-water seasons, a bloom of floating blue-green algae occurred everywhere, especially prominent in the coastal areas. Protozoans and rotifers dominated the zooplankton communities. In the open-water stations, diversity was higher in high-water seasons in phytoplankton, while it was not significantly different between seasons in zooplankton. Composition of plankton communities in Lake Tonle Sap appears to have changed little since the 1950s, at least in phytoplankton, while the phytoplankton density appears to be higher in the present study. Among the macrozoobenthos, mollusks, oligochaetes and chironomids dominated in density, and mollusks exceeded others in biomass in both basins and seasons. The total densities of macrozobenthos were not high, being fewer than 1,300 m⁻² throughout the stations and seasons. Possible reasons for the low zoobenthos abundance in the lake may include high predation pressures by benthivorous fish or unfavorable unstable and flocculant substrates.     

Differences in nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes between planktonic and benthic microalgae

We compiled published data on the nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios of phytoplankton and benthic microalgae from lentic systems and explored the primary factors determining the isotope values among systems. Also, we investigated seasonal changes in nitrogen stable isotope ratios of phytoplankton and benthic microalgae in the strongly acidic lake, Lake Katanuma, which has only two dominant species, Pinnularia acidojaponica as a benthic diatom and Chlamydomonas acidophila, a planktonic green alga. From the published dataset, it may be concluded that δ¹³C of benthic diatoms were more enriched than those of phytoplankton at the same sites, although the nitrogen isotope of phytoplankton and benthic microalgae were similar. This differences in δ¹³C between benthic microalgae and phytoplankton could be explained by the boundary layer effect. On the other hand, nitrogen isotope values of both benthic microalgae and phytoplankton were primarily controlled by the same environmental factor, and boundary layer effects are not the primary factor determining the nitrogen isotope values of microalgae. Also, we showed temporal dynamics in nitrogen isotopes of benthic and planktonic microalgae species in Lake Katanuma, and the trends of nitrogen isotopes are similar between benthic and planktonic microalgae, as concluded from the published dataset.     

The distribution and abundance of algae in saline lakes of Saskatchewan,Canada

Collections of algae, mainly planktonic, were made from 41 saline lakes in southern Saskatchewan ranging in salinity from 3.2 to 428 g l^-1. Algae in 7 phyla, 8 classes, 42 families, 91 genera and 212 species and varieties were identified. Fourteen species were restricted to hypersaline (50 g l^-1) waters and eleven of these were diatoms. In general, species diversity was inversely related to lake salinity. Algae that were important community constituents over a broad spectrum of salinities were the green algae Ctenocladus circinnatus, Dunaliella salina and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum, the blue-green Lyngbya Birgei, Microcystis aeruginosa, Oscillatoria tenuis, O. Utermoehli and Nodularia spumigena and the diatoms Melosira granulata, Stephanodiscus niagarae and Chaetoceros Elmorei. In general green algae were dominant when lake salinity exceeded 100 g l^-1 although diatoms played important roles in most of these highly saline lakes except for Patience Lake.     

The structure and dynamics of the phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Kinneret, Israel

The phytoplankton of Lake Kinneret, a warm monomictic lake,is dominated by a Pyrrhophyta-Chlorophyta assemblage. Four stagesof succession of planktonic algae occur in the lake, startingwith thermal and chemical destratification and ending with stratification. The index of diversity of the phytoplankton communities is highduring the destratification and mixed periods. The index reachesminimal values during late summer, when the ecosystem is subjectto strong physical, chemical and biological stresses. The diversityin Lake Kinneret increases with the increase in nutrients andnot with the increase in temperature. During most of the year, the nanoplanktonic forms are in greaternumbers than the netplankton species. This fact is correlatedwith the amounts of available nutrients in the lake. The annual averages of the wet autotrophic biomass in Lake Kinneretare very high in comparison with other warm lakes. The contributionof the nanoplanktonic species to the total algal biomass isvery small during the Peridinium bloom, but represents approximatelyhalf of the total algal biomass during the rest of the year. The concentration of nutrients in the water, together with theadverse competitive effect of Peridinium on other algae, areto a large extent responsible for the composition, successionand abundance of the phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Kinneret.     

The trophic state of Lake Ladoga as indicated by late summer phytoplankton

As a part of the joint Russian-Finnish evaluation of human impact on Lake Ladoga, we studied the phytoplankton of the lake in order to find biological indicators for eutrophication. A second aim of the investigation was intercalibration of sampling and phytoplankton counting techniques between the Russian and Finnish laboratories. Phytoplankton samples were collected from 27 sampling stations in the lake and from the rivers Volkhov and Neva in 9–13 August 1993. In surface water samples the phytoplankton fresh weight biomass varied in the range 218–3575 mg m^–33. Highest biomass values were encountered in Sortavala Bay, and lowest ones in the western central part of the lake. Phytoplankton species composition varied considerably in the lake; blue-green and green algae predominated near-shore areas and Cryptophyceae in the offshore stations. Canonical correspondance analysis revealed close grouping of eutrophy indicating communities, dominated mainly by greens and blue-greens, in the most nutrient-rich parts of Lake Ladoga, the Volkhov and Svir Bays. Samples from the vicinity of the inflows of Vuoksi and Burnaya Rivers and off Pitkaranta formed a separate group, dominated by diatoms, most of which were typical to mesotrophic or eutrophy lakes. As judged by phytoplankton biomass values and chlorophyll a concentrations, Lake Ladoga may generally be classified as mesotrophic. Eutrophicated areas are found in the northern archipelago of the lake and in the areas influenced by large rivers.     

Diurnal fluctuations within a littoral plankton community in oligotrophic Lake Pääjärvi, southern Finland

SUMMARY. The plankton community within an Equisetum fluviatile stand in oligotrophic Lake Pääjärvi had distinct diurnal fluctuations in the total cell volume and species composition of algae and in the abundance of microcrustaceans ( Bosmina coregoni ). Diurnal fluctuations in pH, oxygen saturation and temperature of the water were also recorded. Within the littoral region, daytime pH values > 9 were recorded, whereas in the pelagial region of the lake, values remained near pH 7. Diatoms and green algae dominated the littoral phytoplankton especially in the innermost parts of the macrophyte stand, with cryptophytes (dominant in the pelagial area) occurring only in small numbers. At the outer parts of the macrophyte stand, water movements between the pelagial and littoral areas might rapidly increase the contribution of cryptophytes in the phytoplankton. The fall in algal cell volume during the night may have resulted from settling out of cells in the absence of wind-induced water movements, perhaps together with increased grazing pressure from dense swarms of Bosmina (up to 3000 individuals per litre) which appeared during the night.     

博斯腾湖浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因子分析

2011年对博斯腾湖大湖区17个采样站位的浮游植物及水体主要理化因子进行了4次系统调查。结果表明, 在17个站位共鉴定出浮游植物127种（属）, 其中优势种（属）9种。浮游植物群落全年均以硅藻为主导, 冬、春季节, 浮游植物组成呈硅藻-甲藻型, 优势类群主要为贫-中营养型浮游藻类, 到夏、秋季节逐渐形成硅藻-绿藻型, 以富营养型的浮游藻类为优势类群。浮游植物总平均生物量为（2.512.95） mg/L, 生物量季节变动显著, 峰值出现在夏季, 冬季最低。基于Canoco的多变量分析表明: 环境变量共解释了浮游植物群落总变异的54.5%, 水温是影响浮游植物分布最重要的环境因子, 其次为枝角类丰度。水中氮含量是影响浮游植物丰度的主要因子, 同时浮游植物对水体有机物含量也有较大的影响。