几种果渣提取物抗氧化活性能力的研究和比较

目的：探究果渣的抗氧化能力,为果渣的开发提供科学依据。方法：以乙醇为提取溶剂,利用超声辅助提取法提取苹果渣、橘子渣和猕猴桃果渣中的活性成分,通过测定总抗氧化能力,以及对DPPH·、·OH和O-2·的清除率,探究不同果渣醇提物的抗氧化能力并进行对比。结果：同等质量的果渣所获得的提取物均具有较强的总抗氧化能力,苹果渣、橘子渣和猕猴桃果渣对DPPH· 的清除率分别为76.12%、58.94%、80.56%,对·OH的清除率分别达到86.73%、64.83%、94.05%,对O 2· 的清除率分别为73.90%、75.84%、85.40%。结论：苹果渣、橘子渣和猕猴桃果渣中均含有很好的抗氧化活性成分,其抗氧化能力比较为：猕猴桃果渣>苹果渣>橘子渣。     

玫瑰花渣中黄酮类化合物的检测与提取纯化

玫瑰精油的提取会产生大量玫瑰花渣,对环境产生很大污染。同时,玫瑰花渣中含有大量黄酮类化合物,具有显著的药理作用。出于对玫瑰花渣资源开发利用之目的,本研究从工业化角度研究了玫瑰花渣中黄酮类化合物的检测方法及提取和纯化工艺。结果表明,与氯化铝显色法相比,硝酸铝显色法稳定可靠,更适于玫瑰花渣的黄酮含量测定。70%乙醇有利于从玫瑰花渣中提取黄酮类化合物,提取物中黄酮含量为14.60%,提取得率达2.63%。经AB-8大孔树脂纯化后,黄酮含量为53.23%,回收率达35.84%。本研究结果可为玫瑰花渣资源开发提供参考。     

不同采收期银杏叶总内酯及黄酮甙的含量测定

采用ＨＰＬＣ法对不同采收期银杏叶总内酯及黄酮甙含量进行测定,结果表明,八至九月采收的银杏叶总内酯及黄酮甙含量均较高。     

胀果甘草的化学成分

本文报道从甘肃产胀果甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.)中分出12种成分,其中8种为黄酮类化合物,即甘草查尔酮甲（licochalcona A.),甘草查尔酮乙（licochalcone B),甘草黄酮（licoflavone),甘草甙（liquiritin),甘草甙元（liquiritigenin),异甘草甙元（isoliquiritigenin),芒柄花甙（ononin)和4,7－二羟基黄酮（4,7－dihydroxyflavone),另外3种为三萜类化合物,即甘草酸（glycyrrhizic acid),甘草次酸（glycyrrhetinic acid)和11－脱氧甘草次酸（11－deoxyglycyrrhetinic acid)以及β-谷甾醇（－sitosterol)。其中除甘草查尔酮甲外,其余均为首次从胀果甘草中分得,4,7－二羟基黄酮和芒柄花甙为首次从本属植物中分得。     

胀果甘草的化学成分

本文报道从甘肃产胀果甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.)中分出12种成分,其中8种为黄酮类化合物,即甘草查尔酮甲（licochalcona A.),甘草查尔酮乙（licochalcone B),甘草黄酮（licoflavone),甘草甙（liquiritin),甘草甙元（liquiritigenin),异甘草甙元（isoliquiritigenin),芒柄花甙（ononin)和4,7－二羟基黄酮（4,7－dihydroxyflavone),另外3种为三萜类化合物,即甘草酸（glycyrrhizic acid),甘草次酸（glycyrrhetinic acid)和11－脱氧甘草次酸（11－deoxyglycyrrhetinic acid)以及β-谷甾醇（－sitosterol)。其中除甘草查尔酮甲外,其余均为首次从胀果甘草中分得,4,7－二羟基黄酮和芒柄花甙为首次从本属植物中分得。     

银杏根中黄酮类化合物的研究

采用丙酮浸泡、回流从银杏根中提取得到黄酮,以紫外分光光度法测定提取物中总黄酮含量为6．93％,以HPLC法测定其中槲皮素含量为0．064％;结果表明：银杏根黄酮存在槲皮素甙,不含山奈酚、异鼠李素等物质。     

小柴胡黄酮的分离及结构鉴定

本文对贵州产小柴胡(B.tenue Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)黄酮成分进行了研究。从其乙醇浸膏的水溶性物质中分离出四种黄酮醇类成分。根据光谱分析、衍生物制备、酸水解及理化常数测定,分别鉴定为芸香甙(槲皮素-3-芸香糖甙)、水仙甙(异鼠李素-3-芸香糖甙)、山萘酚和槲皮素。此类成分在该种植物中首次分离得到。     

4种蔷薇属植物叶片黄酮含量的季节性变化

采用ＨＰＬＣ法对刺梨（Ｒｏｓａ ｒｏｘｂｕｒｇｈｉｉ Ｔｒａｔｔ．）等４种蔷薇属植物在不同生长季节叶片的总黄酮甙含量和甙元配比进行了分析测定。结果表明,不同采摘期的华西蔷薇（Ｒ．ｍｏｙｅｓｉｉ Ｈｅｍｓｌ．ｅｔ Ｗｉｌｓ．）绣球蔷薇（Ｒ．ｇｉｏｍｅｒａｔａ Ｒｅｈｄ．ｅ Ｗｉｌｓ．）和峨嵋蔷薇（Ｒ．ｏｍｅｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｒｏｌｆｅ）的叶片总黄酮甙含量有较大的差异,一般在展叶期黄酮含量较低,随后叶片黄     

湘西产野葛不同部位中总黄酮及葛根素的含量测定

本文采用UV、TLC法对野葛不同部位总黄酮及葛根素的含量进行了测定,结果野葛块根比茎叶中黄酮和葛根素含量都高,其黄酮含量为4.12%,是叶的4.24倍;葛根素含量为2.43%,是叶的243倍。     

橄榄果渣乙醇提取物成分分析及抗氧化和抑菌性能研究

橄榄果渣中生物活性成分丰富。本文主要研究橄榄果渣提取物成分及其对灰葡萄孢的抑菌性能。首先以橄榄果渣为原料,采用加热回流法,分别以H₂O、50%乙醇、70%乙醇和90%乙醇为提取剂,得到四种提取物并采用HPLC和GC-MS对提取物进行成分分析。其次测定了提取物的总酚含量、抗氧化性和对灰葡萄孢的抑菌性能。研究表明,90%乙醇提取物的酚类含量较高,抗氧化水平优良,并且对灰葡萄孢有明显的抑制作用。该研究为橄榄果渣活性成分在抑菌性能方面的研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

大兴安岭北部林区野果资源及保护利用

调查了大兴安岭北部林区野生果树种质资源及其开发利用现状。记录到该地区野生肉果类10科,15属,29种。其中越桔和笃斯越桔是大兴安岭北部林区资源极其丰富的野果。蔷薇科有16种,为该地区野生果树的优势科。介绍了11种具有重要经济价值的野果。大兴安岭北部林区的野果资源已得到初步开发利用,越桔、笃斯越桔、山刺玫等数种野果已进入产业化阶段。提出了合理保护和利用对策。     

红豆越桔活性成分研究及开发利用

红豆越桔是一种新兴的水果,其果实根茎叶中含有丰富的活性物质——花青素、黄酮、有机酸等。这些活性物质具有抗氧化损伤、清除氧自由基、抑制癌细胞、提高视力等多种作用。本文综述了国内外近年来对红豆越桔活性物质的研究概况,以及对红豆越桔产品的开发现状,并对进一步的研究提出了展望。     

Contrasting strategies for UV-B screening in sub-Arctic dwarf shrubs

The content and distribution of UV-absorbing phenolic compounds was investigated in leaves of three species of Vaccinium co-existing at a site in north Sweden. Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., and Vaccinium uliginosum L. exhibit markedly different strategies, in terms of localization and content of leaf phenolics and in their responses to UV-B enhancement. Plants were exposed to either ambient radiation or to enhancement of UV-B corresponding to 15% (clear sky) depletion of stratospheric ozone for approximately 10 years prior to commencement of this study. Vaccinium myrtillus contained the highest concentration of methanol-extractable UV-B-absorbing compounds, which was elevated in plants exposed to enhanced UV-B. Fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that these compounds were distributed throughout the leaf, and were particularly concentrated in chlorophyll-containing cells. In V. vitis-idaea, most phenolic compounds were cell wall-bound and concentrated in the walls of the epidermis; this pool increased in response to UV-B enhancement. It is suggested that these two plants represent extreme forms of two divergent strategies for UV-B screening, the different responses possibly being related to leaf longevity in the two species. The response of V. uliginosum was intermediate between the other two, with high concentrations of cell wall-bound phenolics in the epidermis but with this pool decreasing, and the methanol-soluble pool tending to increase, after exposure to enhanced UV-B. One explanation for this response is that this plant is deciduous, like V. myrtillus, but has leaves that are structurally similar to those of V. vitis-idaea.     

On fruit eating by Scottish Red grouse

Fruit-eating behaviour of Red grouse was studied in the Grampians of Scotland from analyses of bird droppings for seeds and from direct observations of feeding birds. The commonest moorland species with edible fruits are blaeberry, Vaccinium myrtillus L., cowberry, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., and crowberry, Empetrum nigrum L.
The fruit-frugivore interaction is not species specific, as grouse ate berries of all the fruiting species, but almost all individuals showed high fruit specificity for one type of fruit. Fruit selection is density-dependent and probably depends on the formation by grouse of a search specific image of the commonest fruit available in the feeding area. This is well known in polyphagous predator-prey interactions in animals but has not so far been reported in animal-plant feeding interactions.
We related fruit selection to both relative fruit abundance and plant cover. Some birds were feeding highly selectively on crowberries which were low in fruit abundance but had high relative cover. This indicated that the fruit resource had been large but had become depleted. Such birds would eventually lose their specific searching image and, following a short period of random search, would form new searching images.
The fruit cues and effect of density dependent selection on the evolution of fruiting behaviour was discussed.     

Effects of water and mineral nutrient supply on a deciduous and an evergreen dwarf shrub: Vaccinium uliginosum L. and V. vitisidaea L.

The effects of irrigation and fertilization on nutrient content, shoot growth and photosynthetic rate of the deciduous Vaccinium uliginosum L. and the evergreen V. vitis-idaea L. were studied in a field experiment at Abisko, Swedish Lapland. V. vitis-idaea responded to fertilization with a greater increase in leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations, as well as with a relatively greater change in shoot growth than V. uliginosum . Also to irrigation did V. vitis-idaea respond more strongly. Decreased leaf longevity was indicated in both irrigated and fertilized plants of V. vitis-idaea . It is concluded that no general response pattern for evergreen and deciduous plants can be expected to emerge unless one also takes other plant characteristics, and also site characteristics, into consideration.     

Late Holocene deforestation of a tree line site: estimation of pre-fire vegetation composition and black spruce cover using soil charcoal

Anatomical identification of soil charcoal fragments was used to reconstruct the pre-fire vegetation composition of a tree line site that burned ca 930 cal. AD in northern Québec, Canada. Soil charcoal was also used as a proxy to estimate black spruce Picea mariana palaeo-cover. The site (a low-elevated hilltop) is presently devoid of spruce trees and dominated by dwarf birch Betula glandulosa , lichens, ericaceous shrubs ( Ledum decumbens , Vaccinium vitis-idaea ) and sedges. In contrast, black spruce dominated before the fire with an understory of Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium vitis-idaea . Pre-fire black spruce cover was estimated at 32%, giving an indication of the potential for warming-induced natural reforestation of the forest-tundra.     

蕨菜黄酮苷元的组成及含量测定研究

以80%乙醇浸提经乙醚脱脂预处理的干蕨菜粉,减压回收乙醇得浓缩液.浓缩液以8%硫酸沸水浴水解3 h后,加入20%NaOH中和至弱酸性,过滤,滤渣以三氯甲烷索氏提取获总蕨菜黄酮苷元.TLC法检测总黄酮苷元的组成,HPLC法测定其主要苷元的含量.结果表明,通过酸水解获得总蕨菜黄酮苷元,其主要成分为山奈酚,含量约占蕨菜干重的1.9%.     

Patterns of carbon allocation above ground in a deciduous (Vaccinium uliginosum) and an evergreen (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) dwarf shrub

The carbon allocation to current-year shoots of the deciduous Vaccinium uliginosum L. and the evergreen V. vitis-idaea L. was studied in a field experiment using ¹⁴C. During the first week after labelling, 0–50% and 30–80% of the initially assimilated ¹⁴C was lost in V. vitis-idaea and V. uliginosum respectively. Later on, the losses were smaller. After leaf fall in V. uliginosum , 30, 10 and 8% of the initially assimilated ¹⁴C was recovered in the abscised leaves, in plants labelled 1 July, 1 August and 1 September, respectively. The amounts found in the old V. vitis-idaea leaves the year after labelling were 33, 20 and 10%. Only traces of past-year assimilates were found in the current-year V. vitis-idaea leaves, while it was estimated that the V. uliginosum leaves contained 10–15% of the past-year label. It is concluded that V. vitis-idaea is mainly dependent on early summer assimilates - produced by leaves that have overwintered – for the current year shoot growth, while past-years' assimilates probably make an important contribution to the leaf expansion in V. uliginosum. When fruits occurred, a large fraction of the ¹⁴C assimilates was allocated to them.     

红豆越桔VviDREB1基因转化烟草的研究

通过构建pVB4215植物双元表达载体,采用农杆菌介导法转化烟草,研究VviDREB1在植物体中的异源表达特性.结果显示,实验获得了25个Hyg抗性株系,经过PCR、RT-PCR和GUS组织化学染色检测及Hyg基因的PCR复检等多点验证,证实表达载体边界内序列完整地整合到2个烟草株系的基因组中.转基因烟草株系在4℃低温处理20 h后,恢复生长5 h,叶片光系统PSⅡ抗寒性分析结果表明,转基因植株的叶片快速叶绿素荧光曲线OJIP各点数值高于对照植株,VviDREB1基因能够显著提高烟草的荧光产量,最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和以吸收光能为基础的性能指数PIABS较对照高,说明VviDREB1对保护植物组织细胞内光合系统PSⅡ有明显的作用,转VviDREB1基因烟草对低温有一定的忍耐能力.     

分布尼泊尔至台湾的少齿越桔组(越桔属)

对越桔属Vaccinium中曾经被认为属于越桔组sect.Vitis-idoea的种或与之相关的76个运算上的分类单位进行数值分析,并记录了44个特片,解析如下:Vaccinium sect.Vitis-idoea应是局限于越桔V.vitis-idaca这个种而言;5个喜马拉雅的分类单位:V.nummularia,V.paucicrenatum,V．delavayi,V.retusum,V.moupinense,有2个表面上类似V.vitis-idaea的分类单位,运算上部是聚类在一起都被归入少齿越桔组scet.Aethopus.其余20个操作分类单位(OTU)包含10个分类单位,每个都十分特殊,但没有显著的片段的祥式可分辨。