我国野生越桔果资源及其速冻开发研究

我国野生越桔果资源及其速冻开发研究朱智明（黑龙江省远达进出口公司,哈尔滨１５０００１）越桔（Ｖａｃｃｉｎｉｕｍｖｉｔｉｓ－ｉｄａｅａＬ．）,俗名“牙疙瘩”、“亚格达”、“红豆果”,属于杜鹃花科越桔属,是一种常绿耐阴性匍匐小灌木。植株高１０－２０ｃｍ,...     

杜鹃花科揽胜（下）

诱人的越桔果在杜鹃花科中,如果说杜鹃花属以花朵美丽繁盛而取胜,那么越指届（Vaccinium）则以果实诱人而闻名。说到越桔属的果实,首先让人想到“北国红豆”。唐代诗人王维称思冷有“红豆生南国,春来发几枚”的岁句。诗中的南国红豆是豆科树种红豆树结的种子,而北国红豆则是人们对越桔属植物越桔（V,iiis－idaea）果实的赞美。越桔是一种常绿矮生半灌木,有地下铺匐茎,地上茎高仅10厘米左右。叶片革质,椭圆形或倒卵形,长l——2厘米,上部叶缘有小齿,下面散生腺体。短总状花序,花小巧玲拢,钟形,白色或水红色。果实为小圆珠形浆…     

笃斯越桔化学成分及其功能活性的研究进展

笃斯越桔(Vaccinium uliginosum)因其富含花青苷等生物活性成分而备受关注。迄今为止, 从笃斯越桔果实中已鉴定出24种花青苷、32种黄酮醇苷、24种有机酸、28种芳香成分及少量儿茶素及其低聚物。同时, 笃斯越桔还含有丰富的矿质元素、维生素及氨基酸等营养成分。大量的体内和体外实验结果表明, 笃斯越桔具有强大的抗氧化、抗衰老、抗炎、抗癌、提高记忆力、预防心血管疾病和保护视力等生理活性。该文介绍了笃斯越桔资源分布情况及其遗传背景, 综述了其果实和叶片中的主要功能成分、营养物质及芳香成分的组成和含量, 讨论了遗传和环境等因素对其活性物质合成和积累的影响, 以期为其新品种选育及综合利用提供参考依据。     

越桔红色素的初步研究

越桔(Vaccinium Vitis—idaea L·)也叫做红豆、牙疙瘩,属杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)越桔属(Vaccinium)植物。它主要分布于我国的东北,以及苏联、朝鲜、日本和北美州等十几个国家。目前美国有人工栽培,其他国家为野生状态。越桔果实成熟后呈红色,含有色素。据Sakamura报导,早熟蔓越桔(V·macrocarpon Ait)每克含粗制色素为70毫克(鲜重);Zapsalla等鉴定色素的主要成分为四种,它们是矢车菊甙元—3—单半乳糖甙、芍药     

植物激素对越桔组织培养中侧芽增殖的影响(简极)

十九世纪初,越桔属(Vaccinium)在欧美各国开始驯化种植,目前,越桔已成为一种新型水果,深受消费者的欢迎。已栽培和利用的越桔分为三类:兔眼越桔(V.ashei)、高丛越桔(V.corymbosum)和矮丛越桔(V.ahgustifolium)。越桔繁殖通常采用扦插法,但繁殖速度慢,应用组织培养进行越桔的快速繁殖是解决这一问题的有效途径。有关越桔组织培养快速繁殖已有许多报道。植物生长调节物质在组织培养中所表     

红豆树种子化学成分及其抗氧化和抑菌活性研究

为研究红豆树种子的化学组成及生物活性。本文采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其甲醇提取物的化学成分进行了鉴定,并首次采用不同极性溶剂对红豆树种子的生物活性物质进行萃取;同时,利用DPPH法、ABTS法和抑菌圈法评价红豆树种子生物活性物质的体外抗氧化及抑菌活性。结果表明,从红豆树种子萃取物中共检测出化合物12个,占萃取物总量的89.03%;种子萃取物的主要成分为5-羟甲基糠醛(52.98%)、D-阿洛糖(7.24%)、2,3-二甲氧基-10,11-二氢二苯并(b,f)恶庚英-10-醇(6.51%)、甲基丁香酚(4.53%)、2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮(4.45%)、黄樟素(3.75%)、α-松油醇(3.31%)、2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(2.01%),此8种成分占总量的84.78%。红豆树种子正丁醇、乙酸乙酯和石油醚等萃取物对DPPH和ABTS自由基均具有显著的抗氧化活性,且抗氧化活性与萃取物浓度呈线性相关。当红豆树种子正丁醇、乙酸乙酯和石油醚等萃取物浓度为10.0 mg/mL时,正丁醇萃取物对大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的抑菌效果最佳;乙酸乙酯萃取物对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌效果最佳;石油醚萃取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌的抑菌效果最佳。研究结果为红豆树种子资源的开发和综合利用提供了数据支持。     

越桔亚科植物化学成分研究进展

本文综述了近年来越桔亚科植物的研究进展。分别介绍了越桔属,红梅苔子属等化学成分研究的概况。     

三类重要真菌生物活性物质及其研究方法概述

对高等真菌、内生真菌和海洋真菌活性物质的研究现状进行了概述,并对活性物质的筛选和分离方法等进行了介绍。     

樟叶越桔组培苗生根和移栽技术研究

为解决樟叶越桔(Vaccinium dunalianum)组培苗生根质量不佳、移栽成活率低的问题,该研究以樟叶越桔继代苗为材料,采用单因子试验从激素类型及浓度、培养基类型和蔗糖质量浓度对其生根的适宜条件进行筛选,进一步研究了不同基质配比对樟叶越桔移栽苗存活率的影响。结果表明:激素类型和浓度、培养基类型对樟叶越桔生根率的影响最大,其次为蔗糖质量浓度;最适合樟叶越桔生根的激素及浓度为IBA2.0 mg·L~(-1)、基本培养基类型为1/4MS、蔗糖质量浓度为15 g·L~(-1),樟叶越桔组培苗最佳生根培养基为1/4MS+IBA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+活性炭0.1 g·L~(-1)+蔗糖15 g·L~(-1),生根率达100%,平均生根数为每株7.67条;根系呈辐射状、基部无愈伤组织,组培苗生长健壮、叶色浓绿;樟叶越桔组培苗移栽时以全腐殖土基质为佳,成活率为83.7%,植株叶片舒展,生长状况良好。该研究建立的优化体系有效地提高了樟叶越桔组培生根苗的生根率和生根质量,解决了后期移栽成活困难的问题,为优良的樟叶越桔植株规模化生产提供了科学依据和技术支持。     

红豆草根瘤侵染细胞中液泡内含物的超微结构特征

用透射电镜研究了红豆草（Onobrychis viciifolia）根瘤侵染细胞中液泡内含物的超微结构特征。结果表明,早期发育侵染细胞的液泡中只含有少量的纤维状物质。随着细胞的发育,液泡不断变大,液泡中的纤维状物质和膜状物质越来越多。在中央液泡形成后,液泡中的纤维状物质逐渐减少,类细胞质、泡状和膜状物质明显增多,它们常由一层来自液泡膜的膜包围,其形状一般近似圆形或椭圆形。液泡内含物的大量出现可能与红豆草及其根瘤具有高度的抗旱件有关。     

高效液相色谱法分析测定越桔果渣中的黄酮甙元

采用高效液相色谱法对越桔果渣中黄酮甙元进行定性和定量分析.用甲醇和水（60：40）以0.8 mL/min流速进行洗脱,368 nm波长检测越桔果渣水解液中黄酮类成分并测定其含量.结果：越桔果渣中黄酮甙元主要有杨梅素和槲皮素,其含量分别为：0.0206%和0.0686%.该方法测定样品简单易行,分离效果佳,灵敏度高,重现性好,结果准确可靠.     

Effects of water and mineral nutrient supply on a deciduous and an evergreen dwarf shrub: Vaccinium uliginosum L. and V. vitisidaea L.

The effects of irrigation and fertilization on nutrient content, shoot growth and photosynthetic rate of the deciduous Vaccinium uliginosum L. and the evergreen V. vitis-idaea L. were studied in a field experiment at Abisko, Swedish Lapland. V. vitis-idaea responded to fertilization with a greater increase in leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations, as well as with a relatively greater change in shoot growth than V. uliginosum . Also to irrigation did V. vitis-idaea respond more strongly. Decreased leaf longevity was indicated in both irrigated and fertilized plants of V. vitis-idaea . It is concluded that no general response pattern for evergreen and deciduous plants can be expected to emerge unless one also takes other plant characteristics, and also site characteristics, into consideration.     

Contrasting strategies for UV-B screening in sub-Arctic dwarf shrubs

The content and distribution of UV-absorbing phenolic compounds was investigated in leaves of three species of Vaccinium co-existing at a site in north Sweden. Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., and Vaccinium uliginosum L. exhibit markedly different strategies, in terms of localization and content of leaf phenolics and in their responses to UV-B enhancement. Plants were exposed to either ambient radiation or to enhancement of UV-B corresponding to 15% (clear sky) depletion of stratospheric ozone for approximately 10 years prior to commencement of this study. Vaccinium myrtillus contained the highest concentration of methanol-extractable UV-B-absorbing compounds, which was elevated in plants exposed to enhanced UV-B. Fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that these compounds were distributed throughout the leaf, and were particularly concentrated in chlorophyll-containing cells. In V. vitis-idaea, most phenolic compounds were cell wall-bound and concentrated in the walls of the epidermis; this pool increased in response to UV-B enhancement. It is suggested that these two plants represent extreme forms of two divergent strategies for UV-B screening, the different responses possibly being related to leaf longevity in the two species. The response of V. uliginosum was intermediate between the other two, with high concentrations of cell wall-bound phenolics in the epidermis but with this pool decreasing, and the methanol-soluble pool tending to increase, after exposure to enhanced UV-B. One explanation for this response is that this plant is deciduous, like V. myrtillus, but has leaves that are structurally similar to those of V. vitis-idaea.     

大兴安岭北部林区野果资源及保护利用

调查了大兴安岭北部林区野生果树种质资源及其开发利用现状。记录到该地区野生肉果类10科,15属,29种。其中越桔和笃斯越桔是大兴安岭北部林区资源极其丰富的野果。蔷薇科有16种,为该地区野生果树的优势科。介绍了11种具有重要经济价值的野果。大兴安岭北部林区的野果资源已得到初步开发利用,越桔、笃斯越桔、山刺玫等数种野果已进入产业化阶段。提出了合理保护和利用对策。     

分布尼泊尔至台湾的少齿越桔组(越桔属)

对越桔属Vaccinium中曾经被认为属于越桔组sect.Vitis-idoea的种或与之相关的76个运算上的分类单位进行数值分析,并记录了44个特片,解析如下:Vaccinium sect.Vitis-idoea应是局限于越桔V.vitis-idaca这个种而言;5个喜马拉雅的分类单位:V.nummularia,V.paucicrenatum,V．delavayi,V.retusum,V.moupinense,有2个表面上类似V.vitis-idaea的分类单位,运算上部是聚类在一起都被归入少齿越桔组scet.Aethopus.其余20个操作分类单位(OTU)包含10个分类单位,每个都十分特殊,但没有显著的片段的祥式可分辨。     

红豆越桔VviDREB1基因转化烟草的研究

通过构建pVB4215植物双元表达载体,采用农杆菌介导法转化烟草,研究VviDREB1在植物体中的异源表达特性.结果显示,实验获得了25个Hyg抗性株系,经过PCR、RT-PCR和GUS组织化学染色检测及Hyg基因的PCR复检等多点验证,证实表达载体边界内序列完整地整合到2个烟草株系的基因组中.转基因烟草株系在4℃低温处理20 h后,恢复生长5 h,叶片光系统PSⅡ抗寒性分析结果表明,转基因植株的叶片快速叶绿素荧光曲线OJIP各点数值高于对照植株,VviDREB1基因能够显著提高烟草的荧光产量,最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和以吸收光能为基础的性能指数PIABS较对照高,说明VviDREB1对保护植物组织细胞内光合系统PSⅡ有明显的作用,转VviDREB1基因烟草对低温有一定的忍耐能力.     

Patterns of carbon allocation above ground in a deciduous (Vaccinium uliginosum) and an evergreen (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) dwarf shrub

The carbon allocation to current-year shoots of the deciduous Vaccinium uliginosum L. and the evergreen V. vitis-idaea L. was studied in a field experiment using ¹⁴C. During the first week after labelling, 0–50% and 30–80% of the initially assimilated ¹⁴C was lost in V. vitis-idaea and V. uliginosum respectively. Later on, the losses were smaller. After leaf fall in V. uliginosum , 30, 10 and 8% of the initially assimilated ¹⁴C was recovered in the abscised leaves, in plants labelled 1 July, 1 August and 1 September, respectively. The amounts found in the old V. vitis-idaea leaves the year after labelling were 33, 20 and 10%. Only traces of past-year assimilates were found in the current-year V. vitis-idaea leaves, while it was estimated that the V. uliginosum leaves contained 10–15% of the past-year label. It is concluded that V. vitis-idaea is mainly dependent on early summer assimilates - produced by leaves that have overwintered – for the current year shoot growth, while past-years' assimilates probably make an important contribution to the leaf expansion in V. uliginosum. When fruits occurred, a large fraction of the ¹⁴C assimilates was allocated to them.     

Late Holocene deforestation of a tree line site: estimation of pre-fire vegetation composition and black spruce cover using soil charcoal

Anatomical identification of soil charcoal fragments was used to reconstruct the pre-fire vegetation composition of a tree line site that burned ca 930 cal. AD in northern Québec, Canada. Soil charcoal was also used as a proxy to estimate black spruce Picea mariana palaeo-cover. The site (a low-elevated hilltop) is presently devoid of spruce trees and dominated by dwarf birch Betula glandulosa , lichens, ericaceous shrubs ( Ledum decumbens , Vaccinium vitis-idaea ) and sedges. In contrast, black spruce dominated before the fire with an understory of Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium vitis-idaea . Pre-fire black spruce cover was estimated at 32%, giving an indication of the potential for warming-induced natural reforestation of the forest-tundra.     

Leaf habit influences nitrogen remobilization in Vaccinium species.

The effect of N supply on plant growth and leaf demography of a deciduous and an evergreen Ericaceae was studied in relation to their internal cycling of N. Mature ramets of Vaccinium myrtillus (deciduous) and Vaccinium vitis-idaea (evergreen) were established in sand culture for 1 year with an adequate supply of a balanced nutrient solution. During one growing season, the plants were given two levels of N supply enriched with 15N and eight sequential destructive harvests were taken. Recovery of unlabelled N in the new shoot was used to determine the remobilization of N from storage. Initially, growth was unaffected by N supply. After May, High N enhanced growth for both species but the nature of their growth response differed. For both species, new shoot biomass and leaf number increased but root biomass production was affected for V. myrtillus only. Whole plant biomass production was similar for both species under High N, but was greater for V. vitis-idaea under Low N. The amount of N remobilized to support new shoot growth was similar for the two species and was independent of N current supply. N was remobilized predominantly from previous year leaves for V. vitis-idaea and from previous year stems and roots for V. myrtillus. The contribution of remobilization to new shoot N was similar for the two species, but depended on N supply. Remobilization was faster in V. myrtillus, but lasted longer in V. vitis-idaea. The results are discussed in relation to species growth in N-poor environments, focusing on the extent to which species-differences in the dynamic of N remobilization and growth may explain their adaptation to constant and/or changeable N supply.     

Mechanisms that limit pollinator range in Ericaceae

Studies were conducted in 2001-2003 at Valdai National Park (Novgorod region) and at the Zvenigorod biological station of Moscow State University. The morphology of flowers, flowering dynamics and composition of insect visiting flowers of Ericaceae species: Andromeda polifolia, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Ledum palustre, Oxycoccus palustris, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum, and V. vitis-idaea L. were studied. Some species of insects visiting flowers were excluded from the list of pollinators on the basis of observation on their behavior. L. palustre was visited mainly by flies where as other investigated species were visited mainly by bumblebees. In some cases bumblebees were the only visitors of the investigated plants. Mechanisms that protect flowers from flies and short-tongued solitary bees visits and ensure a best pollination by bumblebees are various among different species of Ericaceae. Efficiency of nectary protection also differs among different plant species and is defined by particularities of their habitats and flowering phenology. As far as all species of this family during the flowering are dominants in typical habitats, a competition for the pollination with species of other families in most cases is megligible. Flowering periods of V. vitis-idaea and V. myrtillus in forest ecosystems overlapped weakly. Moreover, V. myrtillus is pollinated mainly by bumblebee queens where as pollinators of V. vitis-idaea are bumblebee workers, solitary bees and horse flies. The other investigated plant species inhabit only oligotrophic peat bogs. Thery are pollinated by bumblebees but periods of flowering are not overlapped and consequently follow one after another. L. palustre and V. uliginosum flower simultaneosly but they are pollinated by different pollinators.