黑龙江省野生浆果资源——笃斯越桔

黑龙江省野生浆果资源——笃斯越桔张欣（黑龙江省农科院园艺所,哈尔滨１５００６９）笃斯越桔（ＶａｃｉｎｉｕｍｕｌｉｇｉｎｏｓｕｍＬ．）别名：甸果、地果、笃斯、都柿为杜鹃花科（Ｅｒｉ－ｃａｃｅａｅ）越桔属（ＶａｃｃｉｎｉｕｍＬ．）亚灌木野生植物。分布于中...     

笃斯越桔化学成分及其功能活性的研究进展

笃斯越桔(Vaccinium uliginosum)因其富含花青苷等生物活性成分而备受关注。迄今为止, 从笃斯越桔果实中已鉴定出24种花青苷、32种黄酮醇苷、24种有机酸、28种芳香成分及少量儿茶素及其低聚物。同时, 笃斯越桔还含有丰富的矿质元素、维生素及氨基酸等营养成分。大量的体内和体外实验结果表明, 笃斯越桔具有强大的抗氧化、抗衰老、抗炎、抗癌、提高记忆力、预防心血管疾病和保护视力等生理活性。该文介绍了笃斯越桔资源分布情况及其遗传背景, 综述了其果实和叶片中的主要功能成分、营养物质及芳香成分的组成和含量, 讨论了遗传和环境等因素对其活性物质合成和积累的影响, 以期为其新品种选育及综合利用提供参考依据。     

长白山落叶松林下笃斯越桔群落生物量的空间分布

以长白山区落叶松林下笃斯越桔群落为研究对象,调查其群落的地上、地下各部分的生物量及其空间分布规律。结果表明:地上部枝条生物量主要分布在50cm高度以下,基径3～5mm粗枝的生物量在地上部分各级别中所占比重最大。笃斯越桔地下部生物量较大,占总生物量的75.2%～92.6%;地下部生物量主要集中在死苔藓层内,占总根量的66.3%～85.0%,而其中<1mm细根所占比重最大,为该层总根量的42.6%～82.7%。在泥炭层内笃斯越桔根系占总根量的12.3～29.7%,比重较小。笃斯越桔的根系生物量占所有植物根系生物量的8.8%～60.7%,笃斯越桔以细根为主。本研究结果为笃斯越桔资源的合理开发与保护利用以及生态系统碳汇功能评估等提供了基础。     

野生笃斯果的营养和经济价值评述

笃斯是生长在我国北方边远山区的一种野生寒带小?果灌木,俗称"都柿",学名笃斯越桔(Vaccinium Uliginosum L.),属于杜鹊花科越桔属.果实蓝紫色,有光泽;果面附着较厚的白色粉霜;呈球形,椭球形或扁球形;直径约7-13mm,多数在10mm左右,平均单果重0.5g,7月下旬成熟;果皮较薄,含水90%左右,出汁率较高;果汁呈艳丽透明的宝石红色,味酸甜适口.笃斯果生长在远离人烟,无城市公害污     

笃斯越橘菌根真菌多样性

【目的】为了了解大兴安岭北部地区野生笃斯越橘的菌根真菌多样性状况。【方法】采用形态学和r DNA ITS序列分析相结合的方法。【结果】从笃斯越橘根样中分离得到的真菌分为6个类群:膜盘菌属(Hymenoscyphus)、Phialocephala、粒毛盘菌属(Lachnum)、Cadophora、担子菌小皮伞属(Marasmius)和担子菌小菇属(Mycena)。子囊菌Ascomycotina占87.10%,担子菌Basidiomycotina占12.90%。【结论】与笃斯越橘根共生的真菌类群较丰富,且是一个异源的群体,这些共生真菌在笃斯越橘的整个生长期的侵染时间不同。     

粤东野生壳斗科果树资源

报道了粤东地区壳斗科野生果树资源的调查结果,记录到该地区壳斗科野生果树资源有4属、17种,分别占全国野生壳斗科果树4属、48种的100%、35.4%,同时分析了部分壳斗科果树的利用价值,并提出开发利用的建议。     

云南及周边地区野菜和野果资源

本文是根据“云南及周边地区生物资源调查”项目的系统调查结果汇总的。云南及周边地区野菜和野果资源,指的是该地区栽培蔬菜、果树及其野生近缘植物之外的可食的野菜和野果。云南及周边地区是多个少数民族聚居区,各少数民族都有采食野菜和野果的习俗,并且在长期采食野菜和野果中,积累了丰富的食用方法。本文介绍云南及周边地区的野菜和野果,旨在为深入研究和开发利用这些资源,并为国家制定野生植物保护有关政策提供基础数据和信息。     

云南普洱市野生果类植物资源研究

初步查明普洱市常见的野生果类植物有59种,隶属于25科37属。对部分特色野果作了叙述,并阐述了野生果类植物开发利用的现状,提出了合理开发利用野生果类植物资源的建议。     

广西野生果树资源调查研究

广西有丰富的野生果树资源,计有野生果树50科99属290种(含变种、变型),其科属种分别占全国野生果树73科173属1157种(含变种、变型)的68.49%、57.23%、25.07%。蔷薇科(46种)、猕猴桃科(38种)、壳斗科(29种)、葡萄科(12种)、芸香科(12种)和桑科(11种)六个科共有148种,共占广西野生果树种类的51.03%。这六个科是广西野生果树的优势科。根据目前广西野生果树开发利用状况、技术经验、经济价值等,将广西野生果树分为具备成熟开发条件的种类(48种),进一步研究可开发种类(33种)以及亟待开发种类(209种)。对具备成熟开发条件的种类和进一步研究可开发种类的分布、生境、果熟期、果实用途等进行了详细介绍。提出了保护和合理开发利用广西野生果树资源的建议。     

大亮子河国家森林公园野生浆果资源产业化开发利用前景分析

为了摸清大亮子河具有开发利用价值的野生浆果资源的种类、分布、用途及蕴藏量,我们于2005—2007年6—9月,通过线路调查、样地调查和访问调查的方法,对该地区野生浆果资源进行了研究。结果表明该地区有开发利用价值的野生浆果资源达20种,隶属19属14科。并对该地区野生浆果资源的产业化开发利用潜力和优势进行了深入分析,认为该地区野生浆果资源开发利用具有广阔的市场前景,最后提出开发利用过程中需要注意的问题。因此,本研究可为今后大亮子河野生浆果资源的可持续开发利用和合理保护提供科学依据。     

粤东地区野果植物资源

本文报道了粤东地区野生水果植物资源的调查结果,记录到该地区野生水果植物有57科、101属、205种(含变种),分别占全国野生果树73科、173属、1157种(变种)的78．1％、58．4％、17．7％,含15种以上的科有蔷薇科、壳斗科、芸香科、桑科4个科,为该地区野生水果的优势科,这说明粤东地区的野生水果植物资源极为丰富．     

福建九阜山野生果树资源及其开发利用

调查发现,福建尤溪九阜山省级自然保护区野生果树资源有31科41属85种7变种。种类最多的科是蔷薇科,有5属18种1变种,占总种数的20.7%;种类最多的属是悬钩子属,有11种,占总种数的12.0%;6种以上的大科有蔷薇科、壳斗科、桑科、葡萄科4科,共50种,占总种数的54.3%。开发潜力较大的种类主要有枳椇、南酸枣、乌饭树、构树、胡颓子、多花山竹子、金樱子、地菍、三叶木通和壳斗科栲属、蔷微科悬钩子属、葡萄科等种类。文中列出所有92种(含变种)野生果树的学名、性状、果期、果实用途及适生生境,并提出保护与开发利用建议。     

Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on a sub-arctic forest heath ecosystem

An experiment is described which studies the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation (simulating a 15% reduction in the Ozone layer) and elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ (600 ppm) on the dwarf shrub layer of a sub-arctic forest heath ecosystem at Abisko, North Sweden. The experimental treatments were first applied in 1993, and have covered most of the snow-free season (late May to early September) 1993–1995. Effects of the treatments on the four dwarf shrub species have been recorded largely using non-destructive measures (Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium myrtillus – deciduous species and Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Empetrum hermaphroditum – evergreen species). Effects of the treatments on stem growth and leaf thickness have so far been small, although CO₂ treatments initially stimulated stem extension in Vaccinium myrtillus 1993 and depressed growth in V. vitis idaea in 1994 and E. hermaphroditum during 1995. UV-B treatments stimulated fruit production in V. myrtillus in both 1994 and 1995, but there was no effect on reproductive phenology. There were also marked effects of UV-B treatments on insect herbivory in the deciduous dwarf shrubs; with leaf area loss being greater than the control in the UV-B treatment in V. myrtillus and less in V. uliginosum. The results point to the possibility of important effects of the treatments on physiological and chemical processes within the plants. The ecological results of such effects may not be immediately apparent, but may be far reaching, pointing to the need for long-term in situ experimentation in predicting the effects of these global change variables.     

Patterns of carbon allocation above ground in a deciduous (Vaccinium uliginosum) and an evergreen (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) dwarf shrub

The carbon allocation to current-year shoots of the deciduous Vaccinium uliginosum L. and the evergreen V. vitis-idaea L. was studied in a field experiment using ¹⁴C. During the first week after labelling, 0–50% and 30–80% of the initially assimilated ¹⁴C was lost in V. vitis-idaea and V. uliginosum respectively. Later on, the losses were smaller. After leaf fall in V. uliginosum , 30, 10 and 8% of the initially assimilated ¹⁴C was recovered in the abscised leaves, in plants labelled 1 July, 1 August and 1 September, respectively. The amounts found in the old V. vitis-idaea leaves the year after labelling were 33, 20 and 10%. Only traces of past-year assimilates were found in the current-year V. vitis-idaea leaves, while it was estimated that the V. uliginosum leaves contained 10–15% of the past-year label. It is concluded that V. vitis-idaea is mainly dependent on early summer assimilates - produced by leaves that have overwintered – for the current year shoot growth, while past-years' assimilates probably make an important contribution to the leaf expansion in V. uliginosum. When fruits occurred, a large fraction of the ¹⁴C assimilates was allocated to them.     

Mechanisms that limit pollinator range in Ericaceae

Studies were conducted in 2001-2003 at Valdai National Park (Novgorod region) and at the Zvenigorod biological station of Moscow State University. The morphology of flowers, flowering dynamics and composition of insect visiting flowers of Ericaceae species: Andromeda polifolia, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Ledum palustre, Oxycoccus palustris, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum, and V. vitis-idaea L. were studied. Some species of insects visiting flowers were excluded from the list of pollinators on the basis of observation on their behavior. L. palustre was visited mainly by flies where as other investigated species were visited mainly by bumblebees. In some cases bumblebees were the only visitors of the investigated plants. Mechanisms that protect flowers from flies and short-tongued solitary bees visits and ensure a best pollination by bumblebees are various among different species of Ericaceae. Efficiency of nectary protection also differs among different plant species and is defined by particularities of their habitats and flowering phenology. As far as all species of this family during the flowering are dominants in typical habitats, a competition for the pollination with species of other families in most cases is megligible. Flowering periods of V. vitis-idaea and V. myrtillus in forest ecosystems overlapped weakly. Moreover, V. myrtillus is pollinated mainly by bumblebee queens where as pollinators of V. vitis-idaea are bumblebee workers, solitary bees and horse flies. The other investigated plant species inhabit only oligotrophic peat bogs. Thery are pollinated by bumblebees but periods of flowering are not overlapped and consequently follow one after another. L. palustre and V. uliginosum flower simultaneosly but they are pollinated by different pollinators.     

Contrasting strategies for UV-B screening in sub-Arctic dwarf shrubs

The content and distribution of UV-absorbing phenolic compounds was investigated in leaves of three species of Vaccinium co-existing at a site in north Sweden. Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., and Vaccinium uliginosum L. exhibit markedly different strategies, in terms of localization and content of leaf phenolics and in their responses to UV-B enhancement. Plants were exposed to either ambient radiation or to enhancement of UV-B corresponding to 15% (clear sky) depletion of stratospheric ozone for approximately 10 years prior to commencement of this study. Vaccinium myrtillus contained the highest concentration of methanol-extractable UV-B-absorbing compounds, which was elevated in plants exposed to enhanced UV-B. Fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that these compounds were distributed throughout the leaf, and were particularly concentrated in chlorophyll-containing cells. In V. vitis-idaea, most phenolic compounds were cell wall-bound and concentrated in the walls of the epidermis; this pool increased in response to UV-B enhancement. It is suggested that these two plants represent extreme forms of two divergent strategies for UV-B screening, the different responses possibly being related to leaf longevity in the two species. The response of V. uliginosum was intermediate between the other two, with high concentrations of cell wall-bound phenolics in the epidermis but with this pool decreasing, and the methanol-soluble pool tending to increase, after exposure to enhanced UV-B. One explanation for this response is that this plant is deciduous, like V. myrtillus, but has leaves that are structurally similar to those of V. vitis-idaea.     

Effects of water and mineral nutrient supply on a deciduous and an evergreen dwarf shrub: Vaccinium uliginosum L. and V. vitisidaea L.

The effects of irrigation and fertilization on nutrient content, shoot growth and photosynthetic rate of the deciduous Vaccinium uliginosum L. and the evergreen V. vitis-idaea L. were studied in a field experiment at Abisko, Swedish Lapland. V. vitis-idaea responded to fertilization with a greater increase in leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations, as well as with a relatively greater change in shoot growth than V. uliginosum . Also to irrigation did V. vitis-idaea respond more strongly. Decreased leaf longevity was indicated in both irrigated and fertilized plants of V. vitis-idaea . It is concluded that no general response pattern for evergreen and deciduous plants can be expected to emerge unless one also takes other plant characteristics, and also site characteristics, into consideration.     

Surface morphology, leaf and cuticle thickness of four dwarf shrubs from a sub-Arctic heath following long-term exposure to enhanced levels of UV-B

In 1991 a field experiment was established in subarctic heathland at Abisko (68°35'N, 18°82'E), northern Sweden, to investigate the effects of enhanced UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation, simulating 15% ozone depletion, on plants in their natural environment. Leaves of the four dominant dwarf shrubs, the deciduous Vaccinium myrtillus L. and V. uliginosum L. and the evergreen V. vitis-idaea L. and Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup were examined after 7 years of UV-B treatment. SEM and ESEM were used to visualize surface features and to determine trichome density. Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy showed that UV-B absorbing compounds were localized in the trichomes of all species. Trichomes varied in size, number and distribution between the species. Enhanced UV-B reduced adaxial trichome density significantly (by approximately 25%) in only one species, V. uliginosum . This effect could be of importance for the UV-B absorbing potential of the adaxial epidermis of V. uliginosum . Epicuticular wax structures were found only on the abaxial surface of V. uliginosum and were unaffected by enhanced UV-B. The cuticular surfaces of all other species were smooth and featureless. Leaf thickness, adaxial and abaxial cuticle thickness varied between the species although there was no apparent effect of enhanced UV-B. It is concluded that long-term enhancement of UV-B has an effect on adaxial trichome density in V. uliginosum , but that there is no general effect on leaf morphology of the other species.     

Warming effects on growth,production, and vegetation structure of alpine shrubs: a five-year experiment in northern Japan

Warming effects on shoot growth, production, reproductive activity, and vegetation structure of alpine shrubs were measured over 5 years in a mid-latitude alpine fellfield in northern Japan. Open-top chambers (OTC) increased the daily mean air-temperature by 1.5-2.3 degrees C throughout the growing season but the effect on soil temperature was small. Two evergreen species, Ledum palustre and Empetrum nigrum, tended to increase their annual shoot production and aboveground-mass accumulation in the OTCs, whereas flower production did not differ. Two deciduous species, Vaccinium uliginosum and Arctous alpinus, increased their flower production in the OTCs, whereas the vegetative growth and mass accumulation did not change. No significant differences in vegetative and flower production were detected in Vaccinium vitis-idaea between the OTCs and control plots. The shoot survival and growth in terms of height of most species increased in the OTCs relative to the control treatment, and the growth rate was significantly different among species. As a result, interspecific competition seemed to be accelerated in the OTCs, and the less competitive V. vitis-idaea was suppressed by other plant species. The response to the warming observed in this study was rather different from that seen in arctic and subarctic plants even within the same species, indicating that the warming effect may cause different responses between arctic and mid-latitude alpine ecosystems. We concluded that the artificial warming over 5 years accelerated the growth of a few restricted species and lead to the change in vegetation structure in the mid-latitude alpine ecosystem.     

Micro-site performance of evergreen and deciduous dwarf shrubs in a subarctic heath in relation to nitrogen status

The relationship between micro-site nitrogen status (total soil N conc., total vegetation N, and leaf N conc.) and performance (biomass) for two evergreen and two deciduous dwarf shrubs was studied in a subarctic heath. One deciduous species, Vaccinium uliginosum , dominated on sites having the highest vegetation nitrogen content and highest leaf nitrogen concentrations. The evergreen Empetrum hermaphroditum dominated on sites with a low total vegetation nitrogen content and low leaf nitrogen concentrations. Two other species, V. myrtillus (deciduous) and V. vitis-idaea (evergreen), showed intermediate patterns that were not clearly separated from either V. uliginosum or Empetrum . Soil nitrogen content showed no significant differences between micro-sites. Possible physiological reasons for the observed patterns are discussed.