玉米花药培养和单倍体育种的研究新进展

利用花药培养获得单倍体,从而加速育种进程,是一项新兴的生物技术,目前在玉米育种中广泛应用。本文综合近几年来国内外玉米的花药培养、单倍体育种以及基因工程等方面的研究进展,重点对影响玉米花药培养效率的诸多因素进行了详细论述,并讨论了利用单倍体植株进行基因转导的潜力。     

林木花药培养研究进展及展望

多数林木在遗传上高度杂合,给育种和遗传研究带来很多不便。与农作物相比,林木花药培养的意义更为重大。对国内外林木花药培养的现状及影响花药培养的主要因素进行了概述,讨论了其在21世纪分子生物技术时代的应用前景,旨在促进林木花药培养技术的完善并开拓其应用领域。     

水稻单倍体、二倍体和三倍体的同工酶研究

通过花药培养得到的单倍体植株生活力比较低,白苗率较高。在花药培养中有大量的愈伤组织甚至不分化出根和芽,不能形成植株,严重地妨碍了花药培养应用于育种实践。特别是秈稻品种通过花药培养得到的植株成功率很低,急待提高。     

林木花药培养研究进展及展望

多数林木在遗传上高度杂合,给育种和遗传研究带来很多不便。与农作物相比,林木花药培养的意义更为重大。对国内外林木花药培养的现状及影响花药培养的主要因素进行了概述,讨论了其在21世纪分子生物技术时代的应用前景,旨在促进林木花药培养技术的完善并开拓其应用领域。     

陆地棉花药愈伤组织的诱导和继代培养

花药培养是自６０年代以来发展起来的一项生物技术,旨在诱导出单倍体花粉植株,应用于育种实践和基础研究〔１〕。以单倍体植株为基础的单倍体育种被认为在以下几个方面具有优越性：第一,缩短育种年限;第二,排除杂种优势对后代选择的干扰〔２,３〕。此外,花药培养在...     

玉米花药培养和单倍体育种的研究新进展

利用花药培养获得单倍体,从而加速育种进程,是一顶新兴的生物技术,目前在玉米育种中广泛应用,本文综合近几年来国内外玉米的花药培养、单位体育种以及基因工程等方面的研究进展,重点对影响玉米花药培养效率的诸多因素进行了详细论述,并讨论了利用单7保体植株进行基因转导的潜力。     

甘蔗花粉植株诱导成功

甘蔗现有品种基本上都是远缘的种间杂种,杂合 程度很高。若能通过花药培养获得双单倍体植株,就 为获得甘蔗的纯系建立了极其有效的方法。甘蔗的纯 系不仅可用于遗传学研究,还可直接用于选配优良的 杂交组合,在甘蔗育种业中充分利用杂种优势,可大 大提高蔗糖的产量。甘蔗花药培养方法的建立为甘蔗 单倍体诱变开辟了广阔的前景,可使诱变育种效率大 大提高。美国在夏威夷进行了多年花药培养的研究^[2], 菲律宾也进行了这方面的研究甘蔗现有品种基本上都是远缘的种间杂种,杂合 程度很高。若能通过花药培养获得双单倍体植株,就 为获得甘蔗的纯系建立了极其有效的方法。甘蔗的纯 系不仅可用于遗传学研究,还可直接用于选配优良的 杂交组合,在甘蔗育种业中充分利用杂种优势,可大 大提高蔗糖的产量。甘蔗花药培养方法的建立为甘蔗 单倍体诱变开辟了广阔的前景,可使诱变育种效率大 大提高。美国在夏威夷进行了多年花药培养的研究^[2], 菲律宾也进行了这方面的研究^[2],但仅得到来源于花 粉的多细胞球。我国台湾省曾进行了甘蔗花药培养的 研究,但尚未见获得花粉小植株的报道。,但仅得到来源于花 粉的多细胞球。我国台湾省曾进行了甘蔗花药培养的 研究,但尚未见获得花粉小植株的报道。     

胡萝卜花药培养诱导出单倍体小植株

六十年代以来,花药培养研究进展迅速,据不完全统计,已有153种植物通过花药培养获得成功。并已在少数作物的单倍体育种实践中发挥效益。然而,胡萝卜作为植物组织培养著名的模式植物,其花药培养迄今尚未见有成功的报道。两年来,我们进     

西瓜花粉植株的诱导及其后代初步观察

单倍体育种已做为一种新技术,在多种作物上得到广泛地应用,并成功地培育出烟草、水稻、小麦、甜椒等作物新品种。实践证明,单倍休育种新技术对缩短育种周期、加快新品种的培育起到很重要的作用。西瓜属葫芦科植物,较难通过花药培养获得植株,因此,对西瓜花药结养技术的研究甚少。1981年我们首次在“琼酥”品种的花药培养上,成功地诱导出花粉植株。1983年又在“周至红”品种的花药培养上获得了花粉植株。通过对花粉植株后代表现性状的初步观察,发现“琼酥”花培植株H₂代中有1株结瓜量和抗病性超过原“琼酥”品种,说明西瓜花药培养有可能直接选育出优良新品种,为西瓜育种提供一条新途径。本文将试验和观察结果报告如下。     

籼稻花药培养中简化培养基的研究

花药培养作为一种新的育种技术,已在我国广泛地进行了研究,但常用的合成培养基成份复杂,其中有些药物价格昂贵,且不易得到,加之配制手续繁琐,从而大大地限制了这一技术的应用与推广。为了大搞群众运动,使这一技术更好地运用于育种实践,为农业大干快上服务,我们在1974年早造开始进行籼稻花药培养的简化培养基研究,现将试验结果简要报道如下。     

Early anther ablation triggers parthenocarpic fruit development in tomato

Fruit set and fruit development in tomato is largely affected by changes in environmental conditions, therefore autonomous fruit set independent of fertilization is a highly desirable trait in tomato. Here, we report the production and characterization of male‐sterile transgenic plants that produce parthenocarpic fruits in two tomato cultivars (Micro‐Tom and Moneymaker). We generated male‐sterility using the cytotoxic gene barnase targeted to the anthers with the PsEND1 anther‐specific promoter. The ovaries of these plants grew in the absence of fertilization producing seedless, parthenocarpic fruits. Early anther ablation is essential to trigger the developing of the transgenic ovaries into fruits, in the absence of the signals usually generated during pollination and fertilization. Ovaries are fully functional and can be manually pollinated to obtain seeds. The transgenic plants obtained in the commercial cultivar Moneymaker show that the parthenocarpic development of the fruit does not have negative consequences in fruit quality. Throughout metabolomic analyses of the tomato fruits, we have identified two elite lines which showed increased levels of several health promoting metabolites and volatile compounds. Thus, early anther ablation can be considered a useful tool to promote fruit set and to obtain seedless and good quality fruits in tomato plants. These plants are also useful parental lines to be used in hybrid breeding approaches.     

Meiotic metaphase I to telophase II as the most responsive stage during microspore development for callus induction in tomato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum lycopersicum</Emphasis>) anther cultures

The generation of homozygous doubled haploid lines through induction of androgenesis is a promising alternative to the classical inbreeding and selection programs. However, this technology is poorly developed in tomato, where doubled haploid tomato plants have only been obtained through anther culture. Despite the fact that anther culture is routinely used in a number of economically interesting crops, there are still many drawbacks that prevent tomato breeders from adopting this technique, and improvements in methodology are required. One key issue is the correct identification of the optimal stage for anther excision and culture. In this paper we characterise in vivo microsporogenesis in tomato, defining the different microspore stages and relating them to the length of the donor flower bud. In parallel, we cultured anthers of these stages to obtain embryogenic callus, and followed the microscopic development of the callus contained within the anther. Our data suggest that the stage with the highest response, in terms of callus generation, is meiosis. In particular, we propose the window from metaphase I to telophase II, including tetrad cellularisation, as the timeframe where induction can be accomplished in tomato anther cultures.     

Reciprocal effects in anther cultures of wheat hybrids

This study was conducted to determine the reciprocal effects for anther culture response in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using a set of 4 × 4 full diallel crosses. Both reciprocal and nuclear genetic effects were highly significant for anther culture response and useful for selection and breeding purposes. General combining ability (GCA) effects were predominant for all investigated anther culture traits. Also, significant differences for specific combining ability (SCA) effects were detected between reciprocal crosses. Although significant reciprocal differences for responding anther, callus number and green plant regeneration were recorded in some reciprocal crosses, there were no significant reciprocal differences for albino plant regeneration. The use of one parent as male or female could lead to change at the production of green plants from the F₁ hybrids and screening of inbred lines for response to anther culture, without reciprocal effects, could decrease the utilization of breeding material.     

甜(辣)椒单倍体培养研究进展

介绍了甜(辣)椒花药培养和游离小孢子培养的研究概况,花药培养应用相对成熟,游离小孢子培养尚未获得突破性进展。对影响花药培养的各关键因素(包括材料基因型、供体植株生长状态、小孢子发育时期、培养基、培养方法、变温处理、培养条件等)进行了综述,并讨论了甜(辣)椒单倍体培养存在的问题和进一步研究方向。     

Doubled haploid production in Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)

There is a requirement of haploid and double haploid material and homozygous lines for cell culture studies and breeding in flax. Anther culture is currently the most successful method producing doubled haploid lines in flax. Recently, ovary culture was also described as a good source of doubled haploids. In this review we focus on tissue and plants regeneration using anther culture, and cultivation of ovaries containing unfertilized ovules. The effect of genotype, physiological status of donor plants, donor material pre-treatment and cultivation conditions for flax anthers and ovaries is discussed here. The process of plant regeneration from anther and ovary derived calli is also in the focus of this review. Attention is paid to the ploidy level of regenerated tissue and to the use of molecular markers for determining of gametic origin of flax plants derived from anther and ovary cultures. Finally, some future prospects on the use of doubled haploids in flax biotechnology are outlined here.     

Inheritance and expression of transgenes through anther culture of transgenic hot pepper

Anther cultures have been developed from transgenic donor peppers carrying HPT/J1-1. Eight out of sixteen plants produced from an anther culture set pepper fruits. Southern blot analysis of donors revealed two independent plants with a single copy of the integrated transgene. PCR and RT-PCR results showed the inheritance of HPT/J1-1 and expression of J1-1 in A1. All A1 progeny derived from transgenic anthers had resistance to hygromycin. They grew normally and showed similar phenotypes to the wild-type. Therefore, the use of an anther culture system coupled with genetic transformation in breeding programs will greatly facilitate the genetic improvement of pepper plants.     

Improved plant regeneration from wheat anther and barley microspore culture using phenylacetic acid (PAA)

Summary The effect of the auxin phenylacetic acid (PAA) on wheat anther and on barley anther/microspore culture was investigated. With PAA the induction response was not usually significantly different from controls but a significantly higher number of green plants were produced in wheat anther and barley microspore culture. For wheat anther culture 100 mg/L PAA was beneficial. For barley microspore culture the optimum levels were from 1 to 100 mg/L, depending on genotype. In barley anther culture there were no improvements using PAA. In wheat anther culture, 145 green plants/100 anthers were obtained with cultivar VeeryS, while the average response from twelve F₁ hybrids in the breeding program was 332 green plants/100 anthers. At least 1000 green plants were obtained using isolated microspores from 100 anthers in barley cv. Igri. With cv. Bruce, regeneration occurred only when 100 mg/L PAA was used. The influence of PAA appears at the embryogenic phase of the culture system. The possible mechanisms by which PAA may improve regeneration are discussed.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.