小鼠胰腺大部分切除后再生集中区来源的初步探索

目的：探讨胰腺在某些损伤或病理条件下,由于细胞活跃增殖产生再生集中区域的细胞来源。方法：将27只成年ICR系小鼠分为9组,每组3只,其中1组进行假手术,其余8组进行小鼠胰腺大部分切除,分别在切除后12h,24h、36h、48h、3d、5d、7d、10d取材及冰冻切片,采用H-E染色、免疫荧光染色方法检测损伤后各时间段胰腺组织的形态变化和细胞增殖率。结果：H-E染色发现,胰腺手术72h后,剩余胰腺中就出现由细胞角蛋白阳性导管样结构组成的再生集中区,此区域细胞随后分化为功能性细胞类型,10d后消失检测不到。对胰腺再生集中区的定位研究表明,它们仅出现于切除后的伤口边缘。BrdU标记表明,胰腺再生集中区为细胞快速增殖区域,其出现与总导管增殖率提高同时发生,主/大导管和小导管增殖率上升都晚于再生集中区的出现。结论：小鼠胰腺大部分切除后再生集中区可能来源于腺泡细胞的快速增殖,而不是经由总-主/大-小导管-快速增殖区这一途径引起的来源于导管上皮细胞。     

睡眠剥夺上调小鼠胰腺TNF-α的表达

目的探讨睡眠剥夺对小鼠胰腺形态、功能的影响以及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)表达变化的病理意义。方法 C57雄性小鼠随机分为正常对照组,睡眠剥夺24 h、48 h和60 h组,观察各组小鼠的精神活动状态及体重变化;检测血清淀粉酶(serum amylase,AMS)水平;采用HE染色和免疫组织化学法观察各组小鼠胰腺的组织学特征及TNF-α表达情况;Western Blot检测TNF-α的表达水平。结果随睡眠剥夺时间的延长,模型组小鼠体重较正常对照组明显下降。AMS水平在睡眠剥夺24 h显著升高,48 h达到峰值后维持至60 h。HE染色可见睡眠剥夺组小鼠出现胰岛细胞排列紊乱、胞质浓缩、细胞间隙扩大;外分泌部细胞酶原颗粒消失,细胞空泡化等病理改变;免疫组化及免疫印迹显示,睡眠剥夺组小鼠胰腺中TNF-α的表达随剥夺时间的延长而明显上调。结论睡眠剥夺后不仅导致小鼠全身衰竭,并通过活化TNF-α而诱导胰腺的炎症反应,导致其形态和功能损伤。     

调节性T细胞参与调控新生小鼠心肌再生

为探究调节性T（regulatory T,Treg）细胞在新生小鼠心肌损伤后再生中的作用,首先建立新生小鼠心肌再生模型。C57BL/6J（C57）新生1 d小鼠20只随机分成2组。实验组进行心尖切除（apex resection,AR）,假手术（Sham,SH）组只进行开胸。术后7 d取心脏组织,利用在细胞核表达的增殖标志物磷酸化组蛋白H3（phospho-histone H3,pH3）和Ki67分别与在心肌细胞胞质特异表达的α-辅肌动蛋白（alpha-actinin cytoskeletal isoform,α-actinin）,进行免疫共染检测心肌细胞增殖。结果显示,与SH组相比,AR组pH3+及Ki67+的心肌细胞明显增多。而且Masson三色染色结果显示,术后21 d被切除的心肌组织完全再生。为研究Treg细胞是否参与调控新生小鼠心肌损伤后的再生,Western印迹检测Treg细胞特异转录因子叉头/翼状螺旋转录因子3（forkhead box P3,Foxp3）蛋白表达水平。结果显示,术后7 d、14 d,AR组心和脾中Foxp3与SH组相比显著升高（P<0.05）。同时,免疫组化染Foxp3结果显示,术后7 d、14 d, AR组与SH组相比,心尖处有大量的Treg细胞富集。为更直观地检测AR后Treg细胞的数目变化,利用流式细胞仪检测术后7 d Treg细胞数目。结果显示,AR组心和脾中Treg细胞数目与SH组相比显著增多（P<0.01）。为研究Treg细胞对AR后心肌再生的影响,引入注射白喉毒素（diphtheria toxin,DT）的Foxp3DTR小鼠,可特异性敲除Treg细胞。实时定量PCR结果显示,AR+DT组与AR+PBS组相比,抑炎因子白介素IL（interleukin,IL）-10、IL-13与转化生长因子TGF（transforming growth factor,TGF）-β表达均降低（P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01）。而促炎因子IL-6、IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α）表达均升高（P<0.01,P<0.001,P<0.01）。免疫荧光染色检测结果显示,AR+DT组与AR+PBS组相比,术后7 d pH3+及Ki67+的心肌细胞明显减少;并且Masson三色染色结果显示,术后21 d AR+DT组被切除的心肌组织不能再生。综上所述,敲除Treg细胞会加剧AR后的炎症反应,抑制心肌细胞增殖,最终导致新生小鼠心肌再生能力丢失。     

新生小鼠小肠Cajal间质细胞增殖的实验研究

Cajal间质细胞（interstitial cells of Cajal,ICC）是胃肠道运动的起搏细胞,本研究拟探讨在新生小鼠小肠的发育过程中ICC是否出现增殖。采用新生2d（P2d）,14d（P14d）和24d（P24d）的小鼠小肠,采用BrdU腹腔注射,24h后取材,Kit和BrdU免疫荧光染色。Kit免疫荧光显示,Kit阳性的ICC在肌间神经丛周围呈网络状分布,     

利用假型反转录病毒对大部分胰腺切除后再生细胞的世系追踪

胰腺是一个重要的内外分泌混合腺, 胰腺发生损伤后能够再生。为了探讨胰腺活体细胞世系追踪的方法和胰腺损伤后再生细胞的来源,分别通过胰腺伤口涂抹并胰内注射、尾静脉注射及腹腔注射三种方法, 利用假型反转录病毒对成体小鼠大部分切除后胰腺的细胞进行世系追踪。结果发现在活体条件下, 与尾静脉注射及腹腔注射法相比, 胰腺伤口涂抹并胰腺内注射反转录病毒的方法能够更有效的标记胰腺细胞; 而且, 通过对标记细胞的世系追踪研究证明, 在胰腺损伤后, 胰腺腺泡细胞能够接受损伤信号刺激发生再生。为今后进一步利用反转录假病毒对活体胰腺进行细胞命运追踪研究奠定基础, 为利用反转录病毒载体进行胰腺疾病的基因治疗提供线索。     

利用假型反转录病毒对大部分胰腺切除后再生细胞的世系追踪

胰腺是一个重要的内外分泌混合腺, 胰腺发生损伤后能够再生。为了探讨胰腺活体细胞世系追踪的方法和胰腺损伤后再生细胞的来源,分别通过胰腺伤口涂抹并胰内注射、尾静脉注射及腹腔注射三种方法, 利用假型反转录病毒对成体小鼠大部分切除后胰腺的细胞进行世系追踪。结果发现在活体条件下, 与尾静脉注射及腹腔注射法相比, 胰腺伤口涂抹并胰腺内注射反转录病毒的方法能够更有效的标记胰腺细胞; 而且, 通过对标记细胞的世系追踪研究证明, 在胰腺损伤后, 胰腺腺泡细胞能够接受损伤信号刺激发生再生。为今后进一步利用反转录假病毒对活体胰腺进行细胞命运追踪研究奠定基础, 为利用反转录病毒载体进行胰腺疾病的基因治疗提供线索。     

用饲养层分离胚胎干细胞集落的实验初探

目的 用饲养层分离胚胎干细胞集落。方法 用胚龄为13~14 d的小鼠胚胎分离原代成纤维细胞,制成饲养层,用于囊胚的培养。结果 小鼠原代胚胎成纤维细胞（PMEF）贴壁能力较好,增殖快,易铺层。囊胚和内细胞团（ICM）在饲养层上贴壁生长良好,当培养4~5 d时,其增殖率为16/28（57%）。在ICM离散48 h后,各种胚胎干细胞（ES）集落开始出现。此种集落经碱性磷酸酶染色成阳性。结论 用饲养层分离胚胎干细胞获得初步成功。     

小鼠肝再生过程中ROS及线粒体代谢变化规律的研究

目的:肝脏是维持人体发挥功能的重要器官,同时肝脏再生能力十分强大。本文通过部分肝切除术后小鼠肝再生模型,观察肝再生过程中氧化应激及线粒体代谢变化规律,以期为将来的调控肝再生提供新的干预靶点。方法:选择雄性健康体重均匀的Balb/c小鼠,采用经典70%肝切除模型,随机分为假手术对照组(Sham组)以及70%肝切除组(70%PH组)。肝切除术后6 h、1d、2 d、3 d、5 d、7 d不同时间点取肝组织,制备冰冻切片检测活性氧(ROS)水平,Western blot分别检测细胞增殖相关蛋白PCNA、Cyclin D1;氧化应激相关蛋白SOD1、SOD2、CAT、GPX1;以及线粒体代谢相关蛋白PGC-1α、Nrf1、TFAM、Drp1、Fis1、Mfn1、Mfn2、OPA1的表达并分析其变化规律。结果:70%肝切除术后小鼠肝脏增长迅速,细胞增殖关键蛋白PCNA和Cyclin D1表达显著增加;在此过程中细胞ROS水平呈现先升高后降低的变化,细胞主要抗氧化酶SOD1、SOD2、CAT、Gpx1与ROS相一致出现先升高后降低的变化。线粒体生物合成调控因子PGC-1α、Nrf1、TFAM呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而线粒体分裂蛋白Drp1和Fis1呈现先降低后显著升高的趋势,线粒体融合相关蛋白Mfn1、Mfn2和OPA1总体为先降低后恢复至正常水平。结论:在小鼠70%肝切除再生过程中,存在着明显的氧化应激,线粒体生物合成增加,线粒体分裂/融合平衡偏向分裂,并且这些变化呈现具有一定的时间变化规律,这些变化及规律很可能作为将来调控肝再生的重要的潜在干预靶点。     

成人胰腺导管干细胞的体外分离、纯化、培养及鉴定

目的:建立人胰腺导管干细胞的体外分离、纯化、培养及鉴定的方法.方法:胶原酶分次消化剪切的人胰腺组织,经过Ficoll密度梯度离心后去除胰岛组织,培养于含,10%胎牛血清的CMRL1066培养液中,7-10天可行成单层细胞,用0.25%胰酶-EDTA消化并传代培养.取2-3代细胞利用免疫荧光染色和RT-PCR方法检测CK19、Pdx-1、Nestin、Insulin及Glucagon的表达.结果:经过胶原酶消化、Ficoll密度梯度离心及后续的培养,去除了胰岛组织及外分泌腺,可获得较纯化的鹅卵石样的胰腺导管细胞.免疫荧光结果示:胰腺导管细胞CK19、Pdx-1和Nestin染色呈阳性,阳性细胞率分别为(87.5±6.2)%、(77.5±8.6)%和(50.9±9.5)%,而Insulin染色为阴性.RT-PCR结果显示该细胞表达CK19、Pdx-1和Nestin基因,而未观察到Insulin及Glueagon基因的表达.结论:该方法可较好的分离纯化出人胰腺导管细胞,经鉴定获得细胞具有胰腺干细胞的特性.     

以支持细胞为饲养层培养小鼠精原干细胞

为探索精原干细胞(Spermatogonialstemcells,SSCs)体外自增殖的条件以及SSCs体外快速扩增的方法,以6-8日龄昆明乳鼠为材料,分离小鼠睾丸细胞,采用Percoll梯度离心法富集SSCs;以经丝裂霉素C处理的Sertoli细胞作饲养层,以DMEM为基本培养基,加入5%胎牛血清和103u/ml的白血病抑制因子(Leukemiainhibitoryfactor,LIF),体外培养SSCs;运用免疫荧光技术,以SSCs特异性表面分子Thy1为标志,对原代培养20d和传代培养14d的细胞进行鉴定。该培养体系下,SSCs贴壁时间为6h-9h,48h后可见细胞分裂,迅速增殖出现在接种12d以后。接种后第20d形成数十至上百个细胞的细胞团,细胞总数比接种时增加了45-245倍,100倍显微镜下观察可见,单位视野内细胞团数为26±4个。传代后细胞增殖较快。原代培养20d和传代培养14d的细胞均为Thy1阳性;而传代20d后,细胞周缘不整,有伪足出现,呈现出死亡迹象。该培养条比较适合SSCs短期快速增殖。     

Amyloid formation in response to beta cell stress occurs in vitro, but not in vivo, in islets of transgenic mice expressing human islet amyloid polypeptide.

BACKGROUND: Human, but not mouse, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is amyloidogenic. Transgenic mice overexpressing human IAPP in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans should be useful in identifying factors important for the deposition of IAPP as insoluble amyloid fibrils. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transgenic mice expressing human IAPP were examined using several experimental models for the production of persistent hyperglycemia, as well as for the overstimulation and/or inhibition of beta cell secretion. Obesity was induced by aurothioglucose. Persistent hyperglycemia was produced by long-term administration of glucocorticosteroids or by partial pancreatectomy. Inhibition of normal beta cell exocytosis by diazoxide administration, with or without concurrent dexamethasone injections, was carried out to increase crinophagy of secretory granules. The human IAPP gene was also introduced into the ab and ob mouse models for diabetes. Finally, isolated islets cultivated in vitro at high glucose concentration were also examined. RESULTS: No amyloid deposits were found in the pancreata of any of the animals, either by light microscopy after Congo red staining or by electron microscopy after immunogold labeling with antibodies specific for human IAPP. Aurothioglucose treatment resulted in increased numbers of granules in the beta cell and the appearance of large lysosomal bodies without amyloid. However, islets from db and ob mice expressing human IAPP cultivated in vitro in the presence of glucocorticosteroid and/or growth hormone, were found to contain extracellular amyloid deposits reacting with antibodies to human IAPP. CONCLUSIONS: Oversecretion of human IAPP or increased crinophagy are not sufficient for amyloid formation. This indicates that other factors must influence amyloid deposition; one such factor may be the local clearance of IAPP.     

抗体滴定在血液细胞流式细胞术中的应用

流式细胞术（flow cytometry）可以实现高速、逐一的细胞定量分析和分选，是研究和诊断血液病的重要手段之一。但是由于不同实验所用细胞和实验条件不同，经常存在抗原阴性细胞非特异染色等问题。利用抗体滴定法，可通过计算、比较染色指数，得到使抗原阳性细胞群和阴性细胞群达到最佳分离效果的实验条件。为了优化血液细胞流式细胞术中荧光抗体染色的实验条件，以小鼠骨髓细胞为被标记细胞，选择利用非串联荧光染料FITC标记的大鼠抗小鼠CD11b抗体（FITC Rat Anti-Mouse CD11b）和串联荧光染料APC-eFluor780标记的大鼠抗小鼠CD11b抗体（APC-eFluor780 Rat Anti-Mouse CD11b）进行标记。通过计算不同浓度抗体标记小鼠骨髓细胞的染色指数进行抗体滴定，确定合适的抗体浓度区间，进而分析细胞数量、染色时间及固定步骤对抗体染色指数的影响，探究影响血液细胞抗体染色的关键因素。结果显示，FITC Rat Anti-Mouse CD11b和APC-eFluor780 Rat Anti-Mouse CD11b的浓度分别在0.156~2.500 μg·mL-1和0.25~1.00 μg·mL-1范围内染色指数较高，但是超出这个范围的抗体浓度会使染色指数降低；抗体浓度、染色时间一定时，FITC Rat Anti-Mouse CD11b和APC-eFluor780 Rat Anti-Mouse CD11b分别在细胞数量为1.56×105~5.00×106 cells·管-1和1.56×105~3.12×105 cells·管-1范围内染色指数较高，但是超出这个范围的细胞数量会使染色指数降低；抗体浓度、细胞数量一定时，对于FITC Rat Anti-Mouse CD11b，随着染色时间的延长，染色指数降低，而APC-eFluor780 Rat Anti-Mouse CD11b与之相反；通过比较固定前后染色指数的高低发现，FITC Rat Anti-Mouse CD11b和APC-eFluor780 Rat Anti-Mouse CD11b在固定后染色指数均显著下降（P<0.01和P<0.05）。研究结果提供了一种通过抗体滴定优化流式分析血液细胞的方法，并指出在特定实验中根据抗体滴定结果选择合适的抗体浓度、细胞数量、染色时间和固定步骤对标记血液细胞进行流式检测的研究至关重要。     

Intraportal autotransplantation of cryopreserved porcine islets of Langerhans

Mechanically prepared isolated islets of Langerhans were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for a period of 4 days. Intraportal autotransplantation studies were performed on two groups of six pigs rendered diabetic by total pancreatectomy (group 2) or by partial pancreatectomy combined with streptozotocin (group 4) and compared with two control groups (groups 1 and 3, respectively). The pigs were assessed for survival, weight gain, glycosuria, polyuria, systemic blood sugar and insulin, and, in selected pigs, intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Results showed that partial pancreatectomy with streptozotocin was the better tolerated experimental diabetes. Variable control of hyperglycemia was obtained over an experimental period of 3 months. Random blood glucose returned to normal in one of six pigs in the totally pancreatectomized group and three of six pigs in the partial pancreatectomy and streptozotocin group. Despite these normal circulating glucose levels, imperfect glucose homeostasis was achieved as shown by the response to glucose tolerance testing. These results report blood glucose control after cryopreserved islet autotransplants in diabetic pigs but further study is still necessary to achieve consistency.     

Decreased alpha2-adrenergic receptor in the brain stem and pancreatic islets during pancreatic regeneration in weanling rats

Sympathetic stimulation inhibits insulin secretion. alpha(2)-Adrenergic receptor is known to have a regulatory role in the sympathetic function. We investigated the changes in the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in the brain stem and pancreatic islets using [(3)H]Yohimbine during pancreatic regeneration in weanling rats. Brain stem and pancreatic islets of experimental rats showed a significant decrease (p<0.001) in norepinephrine (NE) content at 72 h after partial pancreatectomy. The epinephrine (EPI) content showed a significant decrease (p<0.001) in pancreatic islets while it was not detected in brain stem at 72 h after partial pancreatectomy. Scatchard analysis of [(3)H]Yohimbine showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in B(max) and K(d) at 72 h after partial pancreatectomy in the brain stem. In the pancreatic islets, Scatchard analysis of [(3)H]Yohimbine showed a significant decrease (p<0.001) in B(max) and K(d) (p<0.05) at 72 h after partial pancreatectomy. The binding parameters reversed to near sham by 7 days after pancreatectomy both in brain stem and pancreatic islets. This shows that pancreatic insulin secretion is influenced by central nervous system inputs from the brain stem. In vitro studies with yohimbine showed that the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors are inhibitory to islet DNA synthesis and insulin secretion. Thus our results suggest that decreased alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors during pancreatic regeneration functionally regulate insulin secretion and pancreatic beta-cell proliferation in weanling rats.     

A histochemical comparison of methylene-blue/acid fuchsin with hematoxylin and eosin for differentiating calcification of stromal tissue

Benign and malignant connective tissue tumors consist of a fibrous component that contains varying amounts of one or more types of bone or other calcified tissue. Diagnosis of these connective tissue tumors often poses challenges for pathologists, because it is difficult to differentiate the organic matrix of osteoid from hyalinized stroma. To establish a definitive diagnosis, it sometimes is advantageous to demonstrate histologically by special staining either the type of calcification or the presence or absence of calcification. We compared the efficacy of methylene blue-acid fuchsin (MB-AF) to hematoxylin and eosin (H-E) for connective tissue tumors suspected to contain calcifications and to devise an optimal staining technique for calcification that would be specific, simple, and cost- and time-effective. We examined 50 benign and 45 malignant connective tissue tumors that were suspected to contain calcifications. Sections were stained with H-E and MB-AF and evaluated. MB-AF stained bone pink, which contrasted with blue soft tissue. After MB-AF staining, osteoid was faint pink in a blue stromal background. Osteoid was not visualized in H-E stained sections; it was stained the same shade of pink as stromal tissue. Dystrophic calcification and cementum could be identified equally well using either staining technique, but contrast was better after H-E staining. MB-AF staining of bone was comparable to H-E staining and could be used effectively to stain bone and osteoid. MB-AF is a simple, single step procedure. It also stains cementum blue with faint blue rimming and dystrophic calcification bluish-pink, but it cannot be used as a specific stain for types of calcification other than bone and osteoid.     

高碘酸-硝酸银染色法鉴定糖蛋白

对传统的糖蛋白染色方法(高碘酸-Schiff法)进行了改进。蛋白质的氧化采用高碘酸法,染色时采用硝酸银染色法。此方法灵敏度是高碘酸-Schiff法的100倍,而且比高碘酸-Schiff法节省16~18h。     

The functional state of the thyroid gland following partial pancreatectomy]

In Wistar rats a study was made of a functional condition of the thyroid gland 1, 6 and 24 hours after partial pancreatectomy. The following signs-served as criteria of a functional condition of the gland: the amount of neutrone-activated iodine in iron, iodine-absorptive capacity of the gland by I131, the amount of protein-bound stable and radioactive iodine in the blood, a morphological condition of the gland structures. It was demonstrated that, despite the initial intensification of the process of synthesis and secretion in the thyroid gland, its secretory activity fell by the end of the experiment. This reduction is regarded as an adaptive response to partial insulin deficiency.     

Functional evaluation of cultured cells under hypotonic conditions by intravital staining with neutral red

A high stability of pig embryo kidney-cells to hypotony was shown with neutral red vital staining. In the medium, diluted 1 : 1, the cells kept their ability to make granules during 6 days. In the medium diluted by water 1 : 3, both granular and diffuse staining of cells was shown within 6-12 hours. Later (18-48 hours) the cell ability to make granules was kept, but the neutral red was deposed as large vacuoles. In the normal medium the cell ability to make granules was kept too. In the medium, diluted by water 1 : 7, the cells lost their ability to make granules. The ability was recovered when cells were returned to the normal medium. Thus, after 6-18 hours of incubation in such a hypotonic medium, the cells produced small granules of neutral red, and 24-48 hours later they made large granules.     

核酸染料Genefinder使用方法的比较

目的:使用核酸染料Genefinder检测琼脂糖凝胶中的核酸,通过比较预染样品法、胶内染色法和后染法三种染色方法的染色效果,了解该染料的染色特性,以期找到性能稳定,染色效果好的染色方法.方法:在琼脂糖凝胶电泳中,以不同的染色方法使用核酸染料Genefinder进行染色,对染色结果进行比较分析.结果:使用电泳后染色方法染色效果较好,胶内染色法次之,预染样品法效果最差.结论:核酸染料Genefinder会干扰DNA的迁移效率,因此,使用Genefinder进行电泳后染色是一种较好的染色方法.