枇杷花中三萜类物质的分析与评价

为评价枇杷[Eriobotrya japonica(Thunb.)Lindl.]花中三萜类物质的组成特点,采用HPLC法对53份代表性枇杷种质花中的科罗索酸、熊果酸和齐墩果酸的含量进行了测定。结果表明,枇杷花中3种三萜类物质含量平均为0.439%,其中科罗索酸、熊果酸和齐墩果酸分别占19.1%、65.6%和15.3%。不同枇杷种质资源中三萜类物质含量存在丰富多样性,以科罗索酸含量的变异系数最大(29.34%),齐墩果酸含量差异最大(最高和最低分别相差6.7倍)。来源于广东的枇杷花中科罗索酸和齐墩果酸含量变异最大,而来源于云南的枇杷花熊果酸含量变异最大。根据枇杷种质资源花中三萜类物质含量聚类分析,提出了高、中、低分级指标。在8个主栽枇杷良种中贵妃和长红3号花中三萜类物质含量处于高含量区位。因此,经综合筛选,三萜类物质含量高的枇杷种质有3份:贵妃、香钟1号和长红3号。     

18份广东香蕉种质对枯萎病的抗性评价

【背景】香蕉枯萎病是世界性的香蕉毁灭性病害,尚无有效药剂防控,筛选抗病品种是目前理想的防治方法。【方法】采用组培苗伤根接种法,研究了18份香蕉种质对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种的抗性水平,并根据病情指数进行抗性分级。【结果】在供试的18份香蕉种质中,2份(东莞大蕉、抗枯5号)高抗,2份(碧盛、大丰)抗病,3份(抗枯1号、粉杂、农科1号)中抗,7份(粤优抗1号、广东-741、泰国B9、大蕉、台湾8号、海贡蕉、威廉斯8818)感病,4份(巴西、广东2号、广粉1号、粉蕉)高感。【结论与意义】不同香蕉种质对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种的抗病性存在较大差异,本研究初步筛选出7份抗枯萎病的香蕉种质,为香蕉枯萎病抗病育种提供了依据,为病区种植香蕉品种提供了有效参考。     

灯盏花产黄酮内生放线菌筛选及产黄酮能力的初步研究

通过黄酮类物质特异颜色反应和可见分光光度法,筛选产黄酮的灯盏花内生放线菌,研究灯盏花产黄酮内生放线菌在PDA、高氏1号和淀粉3种培养基上的产黄酮能力。结果表明:59株灯盏花内生放线菌中,8株菌的镁粉+浓盐酸、氯化铝、浓氨水3种颜色反应均成阳性,能够产生黄酮。形态学观察初步鉴定这8株菌均为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)。3种培养基中,在PDA培养基上灯盏花产黄酮内生放线菌的菌丝体生物量、黄酮含量和产量较高。8株灯盏花产黄酮内生放线菌中,菌株RA′1-7生长较好,菌株ELA′3-2和RA2-1菌丝体黄酮含量较高,菌株ELA′3-2菌丝体黄酮产量较高。     

水培条件下花生对缺铁的生理反应

通过对5份花生(中国3份和印度2份)种质资源在水培缺铁条件下各种生理性状的研究,明确花生耐铁的生理或农艺指标,为花生耐缺铁种质资源的筛选和利用提供理论和实践依据。结果表明,缺铁明显影响品种(中花5号、远杂9102和ICG 11855)的生物产量;7d内中花8号、远杂9102和ICG 12672培养液的pH值下降3个单位,而中花5号和ICG11855仅下降2个单位。缺铁处理25d后,中花5号、远杂9102和ICG 11855幼叶的叶绿素含量、SOD、POD和CAT活性下降非常明显,而中花8号和ICG 12672幼叶的叶绿素含量、SOD、POD和CAT活性基本维持不变,这说明缺铁对中花8号和ICG 12672的叶绿素含量降低和细胞膜伤害较小。从膜氧化产物MDA的变化值也印证了缺铁对中花8号和ICG 12672的细胞膜伤害较小。综上所述,认为中花8号和ICG 12672对缺铁不敏感,而中花5号、远杂9102和ICG 11855对铁敏感,同时表明利用水培技术研究花生耐铁是一种简单有效的方法。根据相关分析,选择缺铁处理25 d后的叶绿素含量作为耐缺铁筛选的指标。     

苦荞重组自交系群体籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状分析

为揭示影响苦荞籽粒黄酮含量的主要因素,获得高黄酮含量的苦荞种质,该文以“小米荞×晋荞2号”重组自交系(RILs)群体为材料,采用酶标仪检测籽粒黄酮含量,调查了百粒重、籽粒长宽比、株高、分枝数及籽粒产量等性状的变异,并探究籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状之间的相关关系,比较了不同粒色、不同粒型苦荞株系的籽粒黄酮含量的差异,基于聚类分析筛选了高黄酮含量和高产优异株系。结果表明:(1)父本‘晋荞2号’的籽粒黄酮含量、籽粒产量、百粒重和籽粒长宽比均极显著高于母本‘小米荞’;RILs群体中籽粒黄酮含量的范围是1.34%~3.05%,变异系数为12.23%;产量性状的变异系数范围在9.38%~25.17%,其中籽粒产量最大,百粒重次之,籽粒长宽比最小;籽粒黄酮含量和产量性状呈现连续地近似正态分布,并存在明显的双向超亲现象。(2)苦荞籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状均不存在显著相关性;籽粒产量与百粒重、株高存在极显著正相关。(3)不同粒色和不同果壳类型的株系间籽粒黄酮含量差异不显著。(4)在欧式距离为17.6~20.6处,219个株系可聚为6类,其中C3类群和C6类群籽粒黄酮含量最高,均值分别为2.39%和2.35%,C2类群在籽粒产量、株高、分枝数、百粒重、籽粒长宽比等方面表现良好。     

基于D-甘露糖和葡萄糖含量的白木通种质资源评价

本研究以D-甘露糖和葡萄糖含量作为定点评价指标对白木通种Akebia trifoliata(Thunb.)Koidz.var.australis(Diels)Rehd.质资源进行评价,筛选葡萄糖含量/D-甘露糖含量(C 葡/C甘)比值较低且稳定的白木通种质.采用RP-HPLC系统检测白木通不同种质果皮中的D-甘露糖和葡萄糖含量.研究结果表明,在两年的同一区域试验点和不同区域试验点上白木通种质'黔通1号'的D-甘露糖含量均表现最高,C葡/C甘比值均较低,但各个区域试验点的结果差异较大,达到显著及极显著水平;白木通种质'黔通2号'和'黔通3号'的D-甘露糖和葡萄糖含量在同一试验点和不同试验点上呈不稳定状态.三份白木通种质D-甘露糖和葡萄糖含量受环境因子的影响大于其自身遗传因子的影响,'黔通1号'种质D-甘露糖和葡萄糖代谢遗传稳定性较'黔通2号'和'黔通3号'种质稳定,适合作药用种质加以推广.     

枇杷属植物4个种的花序性状多样性研究

在相同的种植和管理条件下,对普通枇杷、栎叶枇杷、大瑶山枇杷和南亚枇杷等4个种210份种质资源的8个花序性状多样性进行鉴定,旨在为进一步的分类鉴定、利用研究提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)枇杷属种质资源的花序支轴姿态、花序支轴密度、花序支轴数、花序形状、花序长度、花序宽度、花瓣颜色、花冠直径Shannon-Weaver多样性指数1.352～2.951,存在丰富的多样性。(2)不同来源地的种质资源花序性状多样性水平差异较大,多样性指数最高的为云南(2.108),其次是贵州(1.962)、四川(1.953)、福建(1.900),美国的最低(1.137)。(3)云南、贵州的枇杷种质资源花序长度、宽度显著或极显著地大于其他地区;野生资源的花序长度、花序宽度和花冠直径均极显著地大于地方品种、选育品种。     

不结球白菜种质资源对TuMV的抗性鉴定与评价

分别利用苗期人工接种鉴定及ELISA检测方法,对127份不结球白菜种质资源进行芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)的抗性鉴定。结果显示,苗期人工接种鉴定的病情指数(DI)分布在3.55~95.68之间,不同种质间表现出较大的抗性差异。不同抗性级别的次数分布图基本符合正态分布,略向感病区域偏离。基于病情指数的聚类分析结果与抗病性分级基本一致。通过苗期鉴定共筛选获得高抗TuMV的不结球白菜种质6份,抗病种质13份,其主要农艺性状表现出一定的多样性。其中叶面皱缩和具有刺毛的抗病材料所占比例较高,可能与TuMV抗性存在一定的相关性。ELISA检测结果显示,117份供试种质的P/N值分布在3.10~25.37之间,不同种质间表现出病毒含量的差异,但与DI值未呈现明显相关性,可作为抗病材料筛选的辅助指标。     

江苏东山山地枇杷果实品质与果园土壤、叶片和果实矿质元素的关系

以江苏省苏州吴中区山地种植的24个枇杷果园的‘白玉’枇杷为研究对象,采用典型相关分析法研究土壤、叶片和果实矿质元素间及其与果实品质指标的相关性,应用多元线性回归分析法筛选影响枇杷果实品质的土壤、叶片和果实的主要矿质元素和影响叶片矿质元素的主要土壤矿质养分因子,为改善枇杷果实品质的果园营养管理技术提供理论参考依据。结果表明:(1)枇杷果实品质指标在不同果园间存在较大差异。(2)枇杷果实品质主要受其叶片和果实矿质元素含量影响,其中:枇杷单果质量与叶片中N含量呈显著正相关,与果实中N含量呈显著负相关;可溶性固形物含量与叶片中N和Mg元素含量呈极显著正相关,与果实中P、Mn元素含量呈极显著正相关,与果实中Ca、Mg元素含量呈极显著负相关;可滴定酸含量与叶片中N和Zn元素含量呈显著负相关,与果实中N、Mn元素含量呈显著负相关,与果实中Ca元素含量呈显著正相关。(3)果实品质指标与土壤矿质养分含量的相关性较弱,土壤矿质养分主要通过影响叶片矿质元素含量,进而间接影响果实品质,其中土壤中P、K、Ca、Mn、Cu元素对叶片中矿质元素含量影响较大。研究认为,提高土壤中P、K、Zn含量并减少土壤Ca含量是东山山地枇杷果园土壤管理的关键技术途径;提高叶片中N含量以及果实中N、P、Mn含量和减少果实中Ca、Mg含量是改善东山山地枇杷果实品质的关键措施。     

花生种质资源表型性状的综合评价及指标筛选

分析花生种质资源表型性状的变异规律,构建花生种质资源的综合评价体系,筛选最优的评价指标。本研究以40份花生种质资源的17个表型性状为研究对象,利用变异系数与Shannon-Weaver指数对表型性状的多样性进行分析,采用聚类分析、主成分分析以及逐步回归分析对花生种质资源进行了综合评价和鉴定指标的筛选。结果表明:17个表型性状的变异系数变化范围为4.15%~31.82%,油酸、亚油酸以及蔗糖含量等性状变异丰富,出仁率、粗脂肪及蛋白质含量等性状较稳定;多样性指数变化范围为1.39~2.06,主茎高、百仁重及蛋白质含量等性状分布比较均匀,油酸、亚油酸及棕榈酸等性状分级及分布较不均匀。聚类分析把40份花生种质资源分为4个类群。主成分分析把17个表型性状归为5个主成分(累计贡献率80.41%,反映出17个表型性状的大部分信息),依次为花生籽粒含油量因子、籽粒含糖量因子及丰产性因子,以上因子可以较准确的评价花生种质。花生种质表型性状的综合评价由F值大小判定,F值均值为0.73,开农176的F值最高,阜花12号的F值最低。由逐步回归分析筛选出8个表型性状:单株鲜果重、百果重、出仁率、粗脂肪、蛋白质含量、棕榈酸、油酸和蔗糖含量。花生种质资源遗传多样性较丰富,综合评价F值可以为花生种质资源评价提供参考,筛选的8个表型性状可以作为花生种质资源性状评价指标。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.