大蕉苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆、鉴定和表达分析

为了研究苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因与大蕉(Musa ABB cv. Dongguandajiao)抗枯萎病的关系,利用 RT-PCR 和 RACE技术克隆了大蕉苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因全长 cDNA。此 cDNA 长 1 300 bp,包含一个长为 1 191 bp,编码 397 个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框(ORF),推导的氨基酸序列与水稻 PAL 基因氨基酸序列同源性达 89%,将此基因命名为 M-PAL。Southern杂交结果表明大蕉中存在一个包含 4-5 个 PAL基因的基因家族,将此基因克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体 pET32(a )中,表达的蛋白质分子量大小与推导的相一致,并且表达的蛋白质表现出 PAL 酶活性。对接种香蕉枯萎病菌 4 号生理小种(Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. cubense (FOC) race 4 )后大蕉叶片中 M-PAL基因的转录谱进行研究表明,在接种枯萎病菌后,M-PAL基因在叶片中的转录水平提高,因此推测 M-PAL基因的表达可能与香蕉枯萎病抗性相关。     

施肥处理对不同抗性品种香蕉枯萎病的防控效果

【目的】随着香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种热带型(简称Foc TR4))在云南的入侵、传播和蔓延,对云南的香蕉产业产生严重的威胁。通过实时荧光定量PCR分析蕉园定植香蕉后7个月内的土壤中枯萎病病原菌TR4含量动态变化,明确不同香蕉品种的大田抗性表现以及不同肥料的防控效果,为枯萎病的防控提供技术参考。【方法】选用巴西蕉、桂蕉1号、南天黄和自主选育的云蕉1号为供试品种开展田间试验,设置虾肽有机肥+虾肽特护+虾肽果叶康(简称:虾肽有机肥处理)、常规有机肥+微生物制剂(简称:微生物处理)和常规有机肥(简称:对照)3个处理,调查4个品种在4个时间段的枯萎病发病率和3种肥料的防治效果。【结果】在月平均枯萎病病原菌TR4含量均超过2000拷贝的土壤条件下,4个品种的发病率在3个施肥处理中均表现出差异性,南天黄、云蕉1号的发病率与其他2个主栽感病品种的发病率差异达显著水平;3种施肥处理间的发病率达显著差异,发病率从高到低表现为对照虾肽有机肥处理微生物处理。【结论】施用微生物制剂对降低枯萎病发病率起一定的作用。南天黄的抗病性较强,云蕉1号也表现出较强的抗性,但还有待进一步改良和提高抗性。     

基于多基因序列分析对尖孢镰孢菌古巴专化型（香蕉枯萎病菌）生理小种的鉴定

由尖孢镰孢菌古巴专化型Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Foc引起的香蕉枯萎病是香蕉生产上的毁灭性病害,自1996年以来已对我国华南地区香蕉生产造成了严重危害。传统上香蕉枯萎病菌生理小种的鉴定主要采用人工接种鉴别寄主尔后测定病菌致病性的方法,但实验周期长,且受季节影响。以来自澳大利亚的香蕉枯萎病菌生理小种1号（BW1）、2号（Race 2）、3号（Race 3）以及亚热带4号（BW4）为对照,对分离自我国华南地区主要香蕉产区（广东、广西、海南、福建等省区）的14株香蕉枯萎病菌的单孢菌株进行致病性测定,并结合热带4号小种（TR4）和亚热带4号小种（ST4）的分子特异检测方法,确定其生理小种类型;同时,利用ITS、TEF-1α、IGS、histone H3、β-tubulin等 5个主要用于镰孢菌系统发育学研究的基因,研究不同地区不同来源的Foc菌株之间的亲缘关系及其与非病原尖孢镰孢菌的关系,并评价这5个基因在香蕉枯萎病菌生理小种鉴定上的应用价值。研究结果表明：（1）来源于我国华南地区的4号小种主要为热带4号小种;（2）TEF-1α、IGS、histone H3等3个基因片段能够将Foc中不同生理小种的菌株划分成不同的系统发育谱系,与致病性测定的结果具有对应关系,也能较好地反映尖孢镰孢菌种内菌株的亲缘关系,可用于香蕉枯萎病菌生理小种鉴定;（3）我国Foc 1号生理小种的遗传多样性高于4号生理小种,Foc 1号生理小种的菌系与来自香蕉果实上的非病原尖孢镰孢菌的亲缘关系比其与Foc 4号生理小种的菌系的亲缘关系更近。     

海南省香蕉枯萎菌生理小种的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法对海南省香蕉枯萎病菌2个生理小种(小种1和小种4)进行遗传多样性分析,以筛选出的15个随机引物对采自海南省各市县发病蕉区的分别属于1号生理小种和4号生理小种的16个代表菌株及广东省2个1号和4号生理小种对照菌株进行RAPD-PCR扩增,结果产生97个RAPD分子标记,其中多态性的条带有76条,通过聚类分析探讨了供试小种间的亲缘关系,并寻找到了1、4号生理小种的特异性条带,为在分子水平上进行香蕉枯萎病菌生理小种鉴定提供更为便利的手段。     

利用KASP标记筛选含rhg1和Rhg4位点的大豆抗病资源

大豆胞囊线虫(SCN,soybean cyst nematode)病是一种世界性大豆病害,培育抗SCN大豆品种是防治SCN的重要措施。本研究利用来自抗SCN主效位点rhg1和Rhg4的2个KASP标记,对487份大豆材料进行筛选,选择含有抗性位点且农艺性状优异的材料;通过室内接种大豆胞囊线虫2号、4号、5号生理小种和新小种X12,进行抗性鉴定验证其抗性水平,为培育抗病品种提供抗源材料。标记筛选结果表明,20份材料含有rhg1和Rhg4这2个主效抗性位点,其中,2份材料仅含有Rhg4位点。表型抗性鉴定结果表明,在接种的22份材料中,有1份材料对3个小种表现中抗,5份材料对2个小种表现抗或中抗。其中,1份材料对2号小种表现抗病、4份表现中抗;2份材料对4号小种表现中抗;4份材料对5号小种表现抗病、14份表现中抗;22份材料对新小种X12均表现出感病或中感。因此,本研究从487份材料中筛选出20份含有2个SCN抗性位点并具优异农艺性状的材料,可通过rhg1和Rhg4位点的累加培育抗病品种。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌SC1150 的抑菌活性及其液体发酵条件的优化

通过比较解淀粉芽孢杆菌SC1150 菌株发酵液对香蕉枯萎病菌4 号生理小种的抑菌活性, 对解淀粉芽孢杆菌SC1150 菌株液体发酵条件进行了优化研究。结果显示: 在固体培养条件下解淀粉芽孢杆菌SC1150 菌株对测试的8 种作物病原菌均有抑制作用, 其中对香蕉枯萎病菌4 号生理小种的抑制作用特别强烈, 其抑菌圈直径达到23.31 mm。以香蕉枯萎病菌4 号生理小种为指示菌, 对该活性SC1150 菌株的液体发酵条件进行优化, 液体发酵培养基各组分的最佳配比为0.5%可溶性淀粉(碳源)、1.5%蛋白胨+酵母粉(1︰1)的混合氮源、0.1%NaCl; 最佳培养条件: pH 6.5、30 ℃、摇床转速确180 rmin–1。优化后SC1150 菌株对香蕉枯萎病菌4 号生理小种的抑菌圈直径达到 28.33 mm。     

pH值对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种生长的影响

【背景】香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种(镰刀菌)是香蕉产业的致命威胁。已有研究表明土壤pH值越高,香蕉枯萎病发病率越低,但是现有pH值对镰刀菌影响的研究大都是用强酸强碱调节pH值,pH值没有缓冲体系保护,而且尚未检测试验终点时介质的pH值。此外,关于pH值对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种(Foc4)影响的研究尚不系统,难以用于指导生产实践。【目的】为系统地了解土壤酸碱度对Foc4生长的影响。【方法】在pH 3.0-11.0之间设定9个pH值梯度,模拟酸性到碱性土壤pH值条件,于室内培养条件下系统研究pH值对Foc4生长、产孢、孢子萌发的影响及其生长过程对环境pH值的影响。【结果】弱酸性至中性环境(pH 5.0-7.0)最适宜于香蕉枯萎病菌的生长、产孢和孢子萌发。弱碱性处理(pH8.0和pH9.0)孢子平均萌发率较弱酸性环境处理(pH5.0和pH6.0)下降了73.1%。与pH 6.0酸性处理相比,pH 8.0和pH 9.0处理的产孢量分别下降了52.3%和68.1%。【结论】香蕉枯萎病菌Foc4生长和萌发过程会产酸,但是在缓冲体系液体培养基中,除了pH 9.0和pH10.0处理终点培养液pH值分别下降了0.34和0.27个单位外,其它处理起始和终点的pH值无差异。说明在缓冲体系液体培养基中的研究结果可以反映环境pH值对Foc4生长和萌发的影响。在作物可以生长的pH值范围内(pH5.0-9.0),碱性和微碱性条件(pH8.0-9.0)能明显抑制Foc4生长、产孢和孢子萌发。     

菜豆炭疽菌生理小种鉴定及普通菜豆种质的抗性评价

对来源于黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、河北、云南等8个省（市）的15个菜豆炭疽菌分离物进行生理小种鉴定,鉴别出5个菜豆炭疽菌生理小种,其中81号小种出现的频率高达67％,是中国的优势小种。用81号小种对181份菜豆进行抗性鉴定,发现高抗材料2份,抗病材料43份,高感材料33份,说明我国菜豆种质资源对炭疽菌81号小种抗感差异显著,抗病资源丰富。     

农杆菌介导的棉花枯萎病菌转化体系的优化

【背景】海岛棉相对陆地棉更易感枯萎病,一旦发生很难根治,使得枯萎病逐渐成为威胁新疆海岛棉产业发展的主要病害,但其致病机理目前还不是十分明确。【目的】揭示棉花枯萎病菌的遗传变异和致病机理,同时获得带有绿色荧光蛋白(Green Fluorescent Protein,GFP)标记的棉花枯萎病菌转化子用于观察其侵染海岛棉的途径。【方法】采用农杆菌介导的遗传转化(Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation,ATMT)方法,对棉花枯萎病菌7号生理小种st89进行了遗传转化并对转化条件进行优化。【结果】农杆菌介导的遗传转化法转化棉花枯萎病菌的最佳条件为:150 mg/L的潮霉素浓度能完全抑制棉花枯萎病菌的生长,浓度为200 mg/L的头孢噻肟钠能完全抑制农杆菌LBA4404生长,农杆菌起始浓度OD_(600)为0.2,农杆菌预培养时间为8 h,棉花枯萎病菌分生孢子浓度为10~5个/mL,枯萎病菌孢子悬液和农杆菌LBA4404比例为1:1,乙酰丁香酮浓度为200μmol/mL,共培养时间为4 d,转化后培养温度25℃。利用优化的转化系统将GFP基因转入到棉花枯萎病菌中,转化效率最高可以达到252±7.37个转化子/10~5个孢子。PCR扩增以及荧光观察表明GFP基因能够正常表达。【结论】转GFP基因的枯萎病菌的获得为深入研究棉花枯萎病入侵的机理奠定了基础。     

香蕉林土壤可培养放线菌分离、鉴定及其抑菌活性

【背景】香蕉枯萎病是香蕉的顽固性疾病,制约着香蕉产业的发展,因此,筛选出对香蕉枯萎病菌(尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种,简称Foc4)具有抑制活性的生防菌株具有重要意义。【目的】分离香蕉林土壤样品中放线菌并进行物种的初步鉴定,测定其对包括香蕉枯萎病致病菌的7种病原菌的拮抗活性,获得高活性菌株,以获得解决香蕉枯萎病的生物防治策略。【方法】采集多份广西地区香蕉林土壤样品,采用超声波等手段对其预处理,设置多种特异性培养基从中分离放线菌资源,对获得的放线菌进行基于16SrRNA基因序列的物种鉴定,以7种病原菌为靶标,采用平板对峙法从中筛选抑菌活性菌株,最后采用菌丝生长速率法对Foc4的抑菌率进行测定。【结果】从香蕉林土壤中分离出138株放线菌均为链霉菌,其中5株为潜在新种,分别为X1085、X1052、X2052、X3059和X4046;筛选出具有抑菌活性的菌株77株,阳性率为55.8%。20株对Foc4具有抑制活性,其中4株拮抗效果明显,抑制率大于80%,菌株X4050的抑菌率高达93.76%。【结论】初步明确了香蕉林土壤中可培养放线菌的物种信息,其中部分放线菌为未知物种,活性分析显示一半...     

7个香蕉品种对枯萎病的抗性评价及3种评价方法的对比

[目的] 评价香蕉自主选育品种对枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense）热带4号小种（tropical race 4, Foc TR4）的抗性。[方法] 以浸根法和2种灌注法将Foc TR4接种于不同抗性的香蕉品种上,分析接种后香蕉的发病情况,比较筛选这3种评价方法,并评价7个香蕉品种的苗期和田间抗性水平。[结果] 采用浓度为2×10⁵ 个·mL^-1的PDB培养基Foc TR4孢子悬浮液灌注法进行香蕉苗期抗性评价更为高效可行;综合苗期和田间抗性评价结果,7个香蕉品种的抗性由高到低为：南天黄>红研3号>红研5号>红研2号>滇蕉1号>巴西蕉>红研1号。[结论] 以南天黄作为高抗品种对照,以巴西蕉作为高感品种对照条件下,红研3号和红研5号抗性为中等抗性偏强,红研2号达到中抗水平,滇蕉1号为感病,红研1号为高度感病。     

Characterization of disease resistance gene candidates of the nucleotide binding site (NBS) type from banana and correlation of a transcriptional polymorphism with resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f.sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">cubense</Emphasis> race 4

Most plant disease resistance (R) genes encode proteins with a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat structure (NBS-LRR). In this study, degenerate primers were used to amplify genomic NBS-type sequences from wild banana (Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis) plants resistant to the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum formae specialis (f. sp.) cubense (FOC) race 4. Five different classes of NBS-type sequences were identified and designated as resistance gene candidates (RGCs). The deduced amino acid sequences of the RGCs revealed the presence of motifs characteristic of the majority of known plant NBS-LRR resistance genes. Structural and phylogenetic analyses grouped the banana RGCs within the non-TIR (homology to Toll/interleukin-1 receptors) subclass of NBS sequences. Southern hybridization showed that each banana RGC is present in low copy number. The expression of the RGCs was assessed by RT-PCR in leaf and root tissues of plants resistant or susceptible to FOC race 4. RGC1, 3 and 5 showed a constitutive expression profile in both resistant and susceptible plants whereas no expression was detected for RGC4. Interestingly, RGC2 expression was found to be associated only to FOC race 4 resistant lines. This finding could assist in the identification of a FOC race 4 resistance gene.     

Study of Resistance of Musa acuminata to Fusarium oxysporum using RAPD markers

Suckers collected from different populations of Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis were found to be highly resistant to race 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) suggesting that local wild banana populations co-evolved with the pathogen. Seedlings from these wild banana plants segregated for resistance to the pathogen. The infected seedlings were characterized based on external and internal symptoms and the variable response to FOC was mainly due to the genetic factors. Using the technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), 96 major amplification products from 15 primers were identified. Only 10 out of 96 markers were monomorphic and shared among the seed progenies, whereas the remaining 86 were highly polymorphic. Three primers showed banding patterns specific to resistant or susceptible seedlings. These results showed the great potential of the wild Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis as a source for banana improvement and also for the synthesis of segregating populations for linkage mapping, gene cloning and DNA markers related to FOC resistance.     

Influence of Fusarium wilt toxin(s) on carnation cells

The influence of culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi which causes Fusarium wilt was investigated on growth and viability of carnation tissue cultures and leaf segments. Culture filtrates of avirulent race 1 of this fungus did not affect calli and leaf segments of cultivars both susceptible and resistant to Fusarium wilt. However, culture filtrates of virulent race 2 decreased viability and suppressed growth of callus of the susceptible cultivar. In contrast, callus of the resistant cultivar showed resistance to the culture filtrates. The results of these experiments may provide information on methods of selection of new wilt resistant carnation varieties.Abbreviations A270 absorbance at 270 nm - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - CF-MCD culture filtrate of 16064 grown in MCD medium - MCD medium modified Czapeck-Dox medium - MS medium basal medium of Murashige and Skoog - MW molecular weight - PD medium potato dextrose medium - TTC 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride     

Induction of defence-related enzymes in susceptible variety of banana: role of Fusarium-derived elicitors

Elicitor prepared from the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense (Foc) isolated from infected banana rhizosphere induced the accumulation of resistance-associated enzymes in leaves of susceptible and resistant variety of banana. Roots of Grand Naine (susceptible) and robusta (resistant) variety were inoculated with 1 g/l Foc elicitors. Distinct difference in peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase and phenolics was observed in control plants of resistant and susceptible varieties. Induced defence-related enzymes in susceptible variety were increased tothe level of untreated resistant variety. This depicted that Fusarium-derived elicitor effectively induced defence in susceptible variety to the apparent level of untreated resistant variety.     

耐热木霉菌株筛选及其对热作区香蕉促生效应的研究

【目的】为筛选安全、高效的耐热木霉功能菌株,有效促进热作区香蕉的生产,本研究从热作区土壤分离筛选适温范围较宽的木霉菌株,研制木霉生物有机肥,并研究其对香蕉枯萎病发病率、果实产量及品质的影响。【方法】通过稀释涂布法筛选出木霉菌株,根据菌株在不同温度下的生长情况、拮抗尖孢菌能力及酶活强弱进行菌株复筛;将复筛所得菌株试制成生物有机肥,在田间条件下,研究木霉生物有机肥的施用对香蕉发病率、产量及品质的影响;最后结合菌株ITS及tef1序列分析鉴定所选菌株的分类信息。【结果】从海南土壤中筛选出4株耐热木霉菌株,其在20–40°C能生长,其中菌株JS84在40°C高温下生长速度最快,对尖孢镰刀菌4号生理小种抑制率最高,产酶活力能力最强。田间试验结果表明:施用JS84木霉生物有机肥(JS84)显著降低了香蕉枯萎病发病率;有效改善了香蕉果实品质并提高了土壤养分;该处理产量显著高于不施肥对照、化肥处理、有机肥处理和商品木霉生物有机肥处理(NJAU4742),分别增产32%、18%、8%和6%。ITS结合tef1序列分析结果表明,JS84菌株为桔绿木霉菌(Trichoderma citrinoviride)。【结论】从热作区土壤中成功筛选到一株桔绿木霉JS84,其适宜生长温度宽,研制的木霉生物有机肥对热区香蕉具有显著的抗枯萎病及增产作用。     

Improved Technique for Rapid and Non-Destructive In Vitro Differentiation between Resistant and Susceptible Banana Clones of Fusarium Oxysporum f. sp. Cubense

Culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense were applied to field-grown banana leaves of susceptible and resistant clones. The difference in leaf lesions, measured after 48 h, varied from 13 to 51 mm2 depending on the composition of the growth medium.     

Interaction of Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp. Cubense with Pseudomonas Fluorescens Precolonized to Banana Roots

Effect of precolonization of banana cv Neeypovan roots with Pseudomonas fluorescens on infection with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense was studied. Under in vitro conditions Pseudomonas fluorescens clearly inhibited Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-tagged antibodies raised in a rabbit system for Pseudomonas fluorescens and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense separately were used to study the spread of both organisms in banana root. It was observed that precolonization with Pseudomonas fluorescens could reduce Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense colonization by 72%, and also correlated with a number of structural changes in the cortical cells, mainly with densely stained amorphous material and polymorphic wall thickenings as revealed by light and electron microscopic studies. Massive depositions of unusual structures at sites of fungal entry was also noticed, which clearly indicated that bacterized root cells were signalled to mobilize a number of defence structures for preventing the spread of pathogen in the tissue. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.