成果导向教育理念(OBE)下的环境工程微生物学课程教学改革与实践

环境工程微生物学是环境类专业的学科基础课,该课程对学生的知识架构以及应用技能的培养起到了重要支撑作用。为了实现该课程定位目标,达到课程的学习预期,我们将成果导向教育理念(Outcomes-based education,OBE)引入到环境工程微生物学课程教学改革实践中,提出在环境工程微生物学课程教学中实施逆向设计、正向实施的原则,即根据课程定位制定环境工程微生物学的预期学习产出,在预期学习产出的基础上优化教学过程,如对教学内容进行取舍,增强环境工程微生物学与其他课程的协调性,在教学实施中强化学生的主体地位,通过教学方法的改革促成预期学习产出,构建合理的学习评价体系。尽管将OBE理念引入到教学实施中取得了一些成效,但该体系的建设还有待于进一步完善。     

微生物学数字课程的设计与应用

微生物学数字课程是以微生物学知识内容构建、借助高等教育出版社云课程平台传播的课程。作者编著的《微生物学数字课程》已由高等教育出版社出版,本文介绍了微生物学数字课程的设计与教学应用。该课程结构设计包括章节名称、作业、基本问题、小组专题讨论、课程论文、自由讨论区;资源设计包括教学录像、电子资源(教学课件、动画等)、网上自测;交互设计包括讨论、留言、疑难解答等;构建出课前教师在平台发布课程资源和学习任务—学生登录平台观看资源—课中教师进行疑难问题解答及知识总结—学生进行问题讨论、课题成果汇报—课后学生提交作业及网上自测的教学模式。教学实践结果表明,微生物数字课程对提高学生的学习兴趣、合作学习能力、信息技术素养及学习能力具有积极的作用。     

“互联网+”背景下“微生物学实验”课程的改革与实践

"互联网+"技术应用于教育使高校教学在教学场景、教师角色和学生学习特点等方面发生巨大变化。为适应"互联网+"时代的教学特点以及学生个性化学习和创新能力培养的需要,将智慧教学工具引入到"微生物学实验"课程教学以及在互联网学习平台上建设在线开放课程。雨课堂教学工具将智能手机转变为学生的学习工具,提高了学生学习的积极性、加强了师生间的互动、实现了教学效果的及时反馈,学生的学习数据有助于教师更客观地评价学习效果和更好地开展个性化教学。其次,在江苏省在线课程中心平台上开展了江苏省在线开放课程"微生物学模块化实验"的建设工作。课程建设需及时更新教学理念,提高教师参与课程建设的积极性;加强在线开放课程建设的岗前培训;课程内容应考虑大学生的学习特点、制作成本和学习成本等因素。在线课程的建设为开展翻转课堂教学和混合式教学提供支撑条件,为"互联网+"背景下的"微生物学实验"教学改革奠定基础。     

微生物生理学课程建设与教学改革体会

在一流本科人才培养中,打造一流"金课"要求严格围绕"两性一度"的标准,即"高阶性、创新性和挑战度"进行课程建设。南开大学国家级微生物学教学团队在"微生物生理学"课程已有的基础上,重新精心编排了教学内容,制作了微生物生理学在线课程。课程组利用在线课程开展了翻转课堂及线上线下的混合式教学,在课程内容上增加了难度,学生课上课下需要较多的时间进行学习和思考;课程内容上增加了前沿性和时代性;教学形式上则通过IT辅助教学工具等充分体现了教学方式的先进性和互动性;教学中严格把控课堂教学管理的各个环节,利用雨课堂、蓝墨、智慧树等新技术新手段进行辅助教学,包括考勤、课堂激活、课堂随堂测验、有效测评和总结等教学活动;通过开展互动式、探究式教学,组织学生进行高质量的课堂讨论,培养学生主动学习、主动思考和主动表达的能力;采用多元化的作业设计体系和课程考核方式,加大对学生学习的全过程考核,培养学生独立思考、学以致用的能力。该课程已成功在"中国大学慕课"平台上线。通过微生物生理学在线课程的建设和运用,成功地将此课程从"知识传授型"课程转变为"能力培养型"课程。     

生物工艺学课程教学改革的探索与实践

介绍内蒙古工业大学生物工程专业在生物工艺学课程教学改革中引入"课程设计"和"半自助式教学模式",以激发学生的学习兴趣,培养学生的学习能力与团队合作精神;在实践教学中实施"专业实验"和"专业综合实训",以强化学生动手操作能力和工程实践能力。经过几年的教学实践,生物工艺学教学得到不断改进和完善,并收到了良好的效果。     

网络教学平台在研究生“高级微生物学”教学中的应用实践

网络教学平台资源丰富,功能强大,越来越多地运用于高校教学。探索将网络教学平台引入研究生"高级微生物学"课程的教学改革。结果表明,"高级微生物学"网络教学平台激发了研究生的学习兴趣,提高了学生的自主学习能力,增加了师生互动,增强了学生的创新意识。     

基于“以学为中心”的微生物学课程设计的探索与实践

课程建设是解决当前教学问题的着力点,而课程设计是课程建设的重中之重,决定着一门课程能否达成教学目标。本次教学改革依据"以学为中心"的教学理念和"一致性建构"的原则,采用Dee Fink教授的"整合性课程设计"框架,重新设计微生物学课程的学习目标、学习活动和学习测评。尤其是"学习目标"中,不仅涵盖核心知识、学以致用和触类旁通,更强调人性维度、志趣情怀和学会学习。同时运用"对分课堂"教学模式组织教学。课程结束一年后,问卷调查结果显示,学生对达成各学习目标的认同度在64%-87%之间。这说明,"以学为中心"的课程设计一定程度上达到了预期效果,值得进一步探究。     

微信公众平台在生物化学教学中的应用

生物化学是一门医学院校公认的难教难学的专业基础课。针对生物化学内容多、难理解的课程特点,我校通过融合信息技术,借助"河北中医生化"的微信公众号,推动教学改革。微信公众平台应用于生物化学的教学中,一方面,学生可以利用该平台接受课程信息,进行测试练习,从而了解自身学习情况,改进学习方法,提高学习效率;另一方面,教师可以利用该平台进行在线教学,通过平台的各类统计数据帮助教师了解教学效果,改进教学方法,提高教学质量。     

基于工程教育认证的“发酵工程”课程教学设计与实践

"发酵工程"是生物工程专业的核心主干课程,实践性和应用性较强。基于工程教育认证的产出导向理念,设定了"发酵工程"合理具体的课程目标,聚焦学生的工程知识掌握及问题分析、工程设计及研究能力培养。针对不同课程内容模块,以课程目标达成为导向,对教学内容及方法、教学设计与实施过程进行整合并优化,采用了多元化、注重课程形成性评价的考核方式。构建了课程目标达成评价模式,形成了"设计—实施—考核—评价—改进"闭环运行的课程质量保障体系。课程教学改革有效提高了学生理解、分析、设计、研究发酵工程问题的能力,增强了学生的科研兴趣和创新能力。     

线上线下混合式教学模式在中医院校“医学微生物学”教学中的探索与实践

在分析中医院校"医学微生物学"课程性质以及当前理论教学中存在的突出问题的基础上,以"超星学习通"网络教学平台作为依托,构建线上线下相结合的"三环一体,双边互动"混合式教学模式。设计了学生自主学习、生生自由讨论、师生互动教学等活动,把课前、课中和课后3个学习环节融为一体,师生全程交流互动。通过比较法研究了混合式学习对教学效果的影响,初步教学实践表明,相比传统教学,该教学模式提高了学生的课堂参与度、学习成绩和自主学习积极性,更有利于学生对知识的理解和掌握。因此,在中医院校"医学微生物学"课程中,混合式教学是值得深度研究和推广的教学模式。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.