Characteristics of fungal community structure during the decomposition of mixed foliage litter from Pinus massoniana and broadleaved tree species in southwestern China

针叶树凋落物相当顽强且养分含量低,而阔叶凋落物通过增加可降解养分和促进微生物代谢来促进针叶凋落物的分解。马尾松(Pinus massoniana)凋落物和三个阔叶凋落物混合可能会增加真菌分解者的多样性和丰富性,并且会随着阔叶树种的数量和比例而有所差异。我们使用高通量测序技术分析了西南地区马尾松与香椿(Toona sinensis),香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和檫木(Sassafras tzumu)凋落叶混合分解过程中的真菌群落组成和多样性,共设置35种实验处理。研究结果表明,与单一凋落叶相比,除马尾松+香椿,马尾松+檫木+香椿和马尾松+檫木+香樟组合中马尾松凋落叶占70%-80%以及马尾松+檫木+香樟+香椿组合中香椿凋落叶所占比例较小外,其余混合凋落叶均增加了真菌的多样性和丰富性。其中马尾松+香樟+香椿组合中的7:1:2的真菌多样性和丰富性显著高于其他处理。子囊菌门和担子菌门是最主要的优势门,曲霉属是最丰富的真菌群落属。一针一阔(6:4)和一针两阔(阔叶凋落叶占30%-40%)组合的凋落叶在整个分解过程中均表现出较强的协同作用,并且增加了可分解较难分解物质真菌菌群的相对丰度。可见马尾松+香樟+香椿组合中阔叶凋落物占30%-40%比例时增加了真菌的多样性,促进了针叶凋落物中难分解物质的分解。因此,香椿和香樟可能是构建马尾松混交林潜在的候选阔叶伴生树种。     

中亚热带4种森林凋落物量、组成、动态及其周转期

为研究亚热带次生林保护对森林生态系统养分循环等功能过程的影响。采用凋落物直接收集法,比较湘中丘陵区3种次生林(马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林)和杉木人工林的凋落物量、组成特征及其周转期。结果表明:4种林分年凋落物量在414.4—818.2 g m-2a-1之间,3种次生林显著高于杉木人工林,3种次生林两两之间差异不显著,落叶对林分凋落物量的贡献最大,占林分凋落物量的59.9%—66.6%。杉木人工林和南酸枣落叶阔叶林的凋落物量月动态变化呈"双峰型",马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林呈"不规则型"。优势树种的凋落物量对其林分凋落物量的贡献随林分树种多样性的增加而下降,杉木、马尾松凋落物量的月动态与其林分凋落物量的月动态基本呈一致变化趋势,但南酸枣、青冈、石栎没有一致的变化趋势。杉木人工林凋落物分解率最低(0.31),周转期最长(3.2 a),南酸枣落叶阔叶林分解率最高(0.45),周转期最低(2.2 a),凋落物的分解速率和周转随林分树种多样性增加而加快。可见,次生林凋落物量大,且分解快,周转期短,有利于养分归还和具有良好地力维持的能力。     

模拟N沉降下不同林龄马尾松林凋落叶分解-土壤C、N化学计量特征

模拟N沉降对森林生态系统的影响是当今全球变化生态学研究的一个热点问题,土壤碳库对N沉降比较敏感,N沉降增加了凋落叶分解过程中外源N含量,间接影响凋落叶分解的化学过程并改变凋落叶分解速率,因此,研究模拟N沉降下凋落叶分解-土壤C-N关系对预测森林C吸存有重要意义。利用原位分解袋法研究了模拟N沉降下三峡库区不同林龄马尾松林(Pinus massoniana)凋落叶分解过程中凋落叶-土壤C、N化学计量响应及其关系;N沉降水平分对照(CK,0 g m~(-2)a~(-1))、低氮(LN,5 g m~(-2)a~(-1))、中氮(MN,10 g m~(-2)a~(-1))和高氮(HN,15 g m~(-2)a~(-1))。结果表明:分解540 d后,N沉降促进20年生和30年生马尾松林凋落叶分解,46年生马尾松林中仅低氮处理促进凋落叶分解,4种处理均是30年生分解最快,说明同一树种起始N含量低的凋落叶对N沉降呈正响应,N沉降处理促进起始N含量低的凋落叶分解,起始N含量高的凋落叶分解过程中易达到"N饱和"。N沉降抑制20年生和46年生凋落叶C释放(低于对照0.62%—6.69%),促进30年生C释放(高于对照0.28%—5.55%);30年生和46年生林分N固持量均高于对照(高于对照0.15%—21.34%),20年生则低于对照(5.70%—13.87%),说明模拟N沉降处理促进起始C含量低的凋落叶C释放和起始N含量低的凋落叶N固持。N沉降处理下仅30年生马尾松林土壤有机碳较对照增加,且土壤有机质与凋落叶C、N和分解速率呈正相关,与凋落叶C/N比呈显著负相关;土壤总氮与凋落叶分解速率、凋落叶N含量呈正相关,土壤有机碳/总氮比与凋落叶C、N含量呈正相关;对照处理中凋落叶分解指标对土壤养分影响顺序是分解速率凋落物C含量凋落物C/N比凋落物N含量,低、中、高氮处理中则是凋落物C含量分解速率凋落物N含量凋落物C/N比。研究表明低土壤养分含量马尾松林对N沉降呈正响应,N沉降促进低土壤养分马尾松林凋落叶分解并提高土壤肥力;凋落叶质量和土壤养分含量低的生态系统土壤C对N沉降响应更显著。     

林下层植物在退化马尾松林恢复初期养分循环中的作用

以鼎湖山退化马尾松 (Pinusmassoniana)林恢复过程中林下层植物凋落物、分解和养分动态为对象 ,研究了林下层植物在退化马尾松林恢复初期养分循环中的作用。结果表明 ,林下层年凋落物量除在第 5年有所下降外均随时间逐年上升 ,但其增加速率随年份不同而异 ,总平均年增长速率为 3 8%。第 4年凋落物量为 0 .2 0 t· hm- 2 · a- 1,第 1 1年为 1 .1 7t·hm- 2·a- 1。凋落物养分元素平均浓度为 (% ) :N0 .95 ,P0 .0 4,K0 .5 7,Ca0 .1 3和 Mg0 .0 8,基本上以夏季和秋季最高冬春交替月份最低。第 1 1年凋落物各元素养分归还量为 (kg· hm- 2·a- 1) :N1 1 .1 0 ,P0 .47,K6.65 ,Ca1 .48和 Mg 0 .91。凋落物在分解过程中失重率呈直线模型变化 ,第 1年的分解速率为 3 1 % ,至试验结束时凋落物的残存量占起始量的 66%。在凋落物分解过程中 ,N和 P浓度随时间逐渐上升 ,但 N增加的速度较 P快 ,其余元素浓度均下降 ,但 K下降的速度最快。在凋落物分解过程中 ,N是唯一表现残留量呈先上升然后下降变化的元素。P的残留量变化与凋落物的失重率变化几乎一致。各元素在分解试验结束时残留量占起始量的百分比分别为 :N 90 % ,P 67% ,K 9% ,Ca 3 0 %和Mg 1 4%。可见 ,林下层凋落物在退化马尾松林恢复初期碳及其它营养元素循     

中亚热带四种森林凋落物及碳氮贮量比较

在湖南省长沙县大山冲省级森林公园内,选择立地条件基本一致的4种森林类型为研究对象,于2011年12月(凋落物高峰期)对森林凋落物现存量及其碳、氮贮量进行调查.结果表明:4种森林凋落物现存量大小依次为青冈-石栎林(12.04±3.60)t·hm-2＞马尾松-石栎林(11.65±2.15) t·hm-2＞南酸枣林(9.12±2.30)t·hm-2＞杉木林(8.92±1.80)t·hm-2;凋落叶在凋落物未分解层中所占比例最高,凋落果在4种林分中比例最小(＜5％),凋落物各分解亚层现存量规律性不明显;4种森林凋落物C含量的变化范围为177.90 ～ 581.34 g·kg-1,N含量的变化范围为5.18～15.48 g· kg-1,C含量变化随凋落物分解程度的加深而下降,且变化极显著( P＜0.0001);凋落物半分解层和已分解层现存量在总凋落物现存量中所占比例与C/N呈负相关;4种森林凋落物C贮量为3.37 ～ 5.69t·hm-2,N贮量为81.52 ～152.18 kg·hm-2;马尾松-石栎针阔叶混交林由于凋落物分解较慢,凋落物现存量较大,林下凋落物层C、N贮量最高.     

井冈山森林凋落物分解动态及磷、钾释放速率

应用网袋分解法对井冈山地区亚热带常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和高山矮林地上和地下(10 cm)2个分解组的叶凋落物进行了连续2年的分解试验,测定了凋落物的分解速率以及P、K元素的释放动态.结果表明: 3种林分叶凋落物残留率与时间呈负指数衰减关系.各林分凋落物干质量损失前期较快,第1年末两组平均质量损失率分别为50.6%(常绿阔叶林)、41.7%(针阔叶混交林)和40.13%(高山矮林),且地上组显著高于地下组;后期较慢,至第2年末2组平均质量损失率分别达到60.95%(常绿阔叶林)、57.06%(针阔叶混交林)和56.60%(高山矮林),均以常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林、高山矮林为序递减,地上组与地下组的差异不显著.根据Olson指数衰减模型对质量损失率结果进行拟合,发现3种林分样地上凋落物分解95%所需的时间(t_0.95)为6.8～9.9年,其大小排序为常绿阔叶林＜针阔叶混交林＜高山矮林.P在不同林分凋落物分解过程中均存在明显的净固持效应,其强度顺序为高山矮林＞针阔叶混交林＞常绿阔叶林,凋落物初始P含量和C/P可能是导致上述情形的原因.K在各林分的多数时间均表现为净释放.以试验末期的元素释放量计算,P的释放速率在地上组和地下组之间无显著差异,而K则为地上组显著高于地下组.     

井冈山森林凋落物分解动态及磷、钾释放速率

应用网袋分解法对井冈山地区亚热带常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和高山矮林地上和地下(10 cm)2个分解组的叶凋落物进行了连续2年的分解试验,测定了凋落物的分解速率以及P、K元素的释放动态.结果表明: 3种林分叶凋落物残留率与时间呈负指数衰减关系.各林分凋落物干质量损失前期较快,第1年末两组平均质量损失率分别为50.6%(常绿阔叶林)、41.7%(针阔叶混交林)和40.13%(高山矮林),且地上组显著高于地下组;后期较慢,至第2年末2组平均质量损失率分别达到60.95%(常绿阔叶林)、57.06%(针阔叶混交林)和56.60%(高山矮林),均以常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林、高山矮林为序递减,地上组与地下组的差异不显著.根据Olson指数衰减模型对质量损失率结果进行拟合,发现3种林分样地上凋落物分解95%所需的时间(t_0.95)为6.8～9.9年,其大小排序为常绿阔叶林＜针阔叶混交林＜高山矮林.P在不同林分凋落物分解过程中均存在明显的净固持效应,其强度顺序为高山矮林＞针阔叶混交林＞常绿阔叶林,凋落物初始P含量和C/P可能是导致上述情形的原因.K在各林分的多数时间均表现为净释放.以试验末期的元素释放量计算,P的释放速率在地上组和地下组之间无显著差异,而K则为地上组显著高于地下组.     

酸雨背景下缙云山典型林分凋落物量和营养元素含量及其释放特征

选取缙云山针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林作为研究对象,对4种林分的凋落物储量和营养元素释放量等进行观测,并应用室内模拟酸雨实验对4种林分凋落物进行淋溶模拟。结果表明:缙云山各林分现存凋落物厚度为1.4～4.5 cm,具有明显的分层结构;林分未分解U层、半分解S层和分解D层现存凋落物量分别为1.97～8.59、2.84～10.18和3.58～17.43 t·hm-2,林分年凋落物量为2.17～9.86 t·hm-2·a-1,凋落物总储量为14.21～32.42 t·hm-2,凋落物分解常数为0.15～0.31,林下凋落物分解95%时所需时间针阔混交林和楠竹林均在10年以上,凋落物分解速率比较缓慢;林下凋落物层营养元素含量以Ca、N为主,Fe、K、Mg次之;凋落物总的营养元素释放率表现为常绿阔叶林(0.80)>灌木林(0.72)>针阔混交林(0.50)>楠竹林(-0.17);与叶片相比,凋落物中N、K、Mn 3种营养元素含量明显降低;为探明酸雨影响营养元素循环的作用机理,对模拟酸雨的离子含量与凋落物淋滤液盐基离子含量进行了分析,其相关性大小表现为楠竹林(相关系数0.895)>针阔混交林(0.826)>灌木(0.700)>常绿阔叶林(0.699),楠竹林凋落物营养元素的淋滤受酸雨影响最大,常绿阔叶林受其影响最弱;推测在这一过程中以凋落物的吸附作用为主。     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林凋落物木质素和纤维素降解的影响

从2013年11月至2014年11月,采用尼龙网袋法对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林凋落物进行原位分解试验,模拟N(NH₄NO₃)沉降水平分别为对照(0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低氮沉降(5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮沉降(15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮沉降(30 g N·m^-2·a^-1),研究了N沉降对常绿阔叶林凋落物分解及其木质素和纤维素降解的影响.结果表明:华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林凋落物在夏季分解较快,明显快于其他季节.N沉降显著抑制了阔叶林凋落物的分解,抑制作用随N沉降量的增加而加强.N沉降使凋落物质量损失95%的时间与对照(4.81年)相比增加了0.53～1.88年.经过1 年的分解,中氮沉降和高氮沉降处理木质素和纤维素残留率显著高于对照,表明N沉降显著抑制了凋落物木质素和纤维素的降解.凋落物质量残留率与木质素和纤维素残留率呈显著正相关.N沉降抑制凋落物分解的原因可能是无机N的添加对木质素和纤维素的降解造成了阻碍.     

神农架不同海拔典型森林凋落物的分解特征

采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了神农架不同海拔3种典型森林凋落物的分解动态.结果表明: 依据分解速率,常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林3种典型森林凋落物的分解过程明显分为两个阶段,前期(0～360 d)凋落物的质量损失率为后期(361～720 d)的2.62～4.08倍,前期的分解速率分别为后期的2.71、1.72和2.69倍.凋落物分解95%所需的时间分别为3.84、4.54和4.16 a.分解后期凋落物的分解速率与C/N及N、半纤维素、纤维素、木质素含量均呈显著相关关系.
     

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has caused nitrogen enrichment and eutrophication of lakes in the northern hemisphere

We compiled chemical data and phytoplankton biomass (PB) data (chlorophyll a ) from unproductive lakes in 42 different regions in Europe and North America, and compared these data to inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition over these regions. We demonstrate that increased deposition of inorganic N over large areas of Europe and North America has caused elevated concentrations of inorganic N in lakes. In addition, the unproductive lakes in high N deposition areas had clearly higher PB relative to the total phosphorus (P) concentrations illustrating that the elevated inorganic N concentrations has resulted in eutrophication and increased biomass of phytoplankton. The eutrophication caused by inorganic N deposition indicates that PB yield in a majority of lakes in the northern hemisphere is (was) limited by N in their natural state. We, therefore, suggest that P limitation largely concerns lakes where the balance between N and P has been changed because of increased anthropogenic input of N.     

森林土壤氮素转换及其对氮沉降的响应

近几十年人类活动向大气中排放的含氮化合物激增 ,并引起大气氮沉降也成比例增加。目前 ,氮沉降的增加使一些森林生态系统结构和功能发生改变 ,甚至衰退。近 2 0 a欧洲和北美有关氮沉降及其对森林生态系统的影响方面的研究较多 ,而我国少有涉及。森林土壤氮素转换是森林生态系统氮素循环的一个重要的组成部分 ,而矿化、硝化和反硝化作用是其核心过程 ,氮沉降作为驱动因子势必改变森林土壤氮素转换速度、方向和通量。根据国外近 2 0 a有关研究 ,首先介绍了森林土壤氮素转换过程和强度 ,论述森林土壤氮素在生态系统氮素循环中的作用 ,然后在此基础上 ,介绍了氮沉降对森林土壤氮素循环的研究途径 ,探讨了氮沉降对森林土壤氮素矿化、硝化和反硝化作用的影响及其机理     

Anthropogenic N Deposition Increases Soil C Storage by Decreasing the Extent of Litter Decay: Analysis of Field Observations with an Ecosystem Model

Recent meta-analyses of experimental studies simulating increased anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition in forests reveal greater soil carbon (C) storage under elevated levels of atmospheric N deposition. However, these effects have not yet been included in ecosystem-scale models of soil C and N cycling and it is unclear whether increased soil C storage results from slower decomposition rates or a reduced extent of decomposition (for example, an increase in the amount of litter entering slowly decaying humus pools). To test these alternatives, we conducted a meta-analysis of litter decomposition data. We then used the results from our meta-analysis to model C and N cycling in four sugar maple forests in Michigan using an ecosystem process model (TRACE). We compared model results testing our alternative hypotheses to field data on soil C storage from a 17-year N deposition experiment. Using data from published litter decomposition studies in forests, we determined that, on average, exogenous N inputs decreased lignin decomposition rates by 30% and increased cellulose decomposition by 9%. In the same set of litter decomposition studies increased exogenous N availability increased the amount of litter entering slowly decaying humus pools in a manner significantly related to the lignocellulose index of decaying litter. Incorporating changes to decomposition rates in TRACE did not accurately reproduce greater soil C storage observed in our field study with experimentally elevated N deposition. However, when changes in the extent of decomposition were incorporated in TRACE, the model produced increased soil C storage by increasing the amount of litter entering the humus pool and accurately represented C storage in plant and soil pools under experimental N deposition. Our modeling results and meta-analysis indicate that the extent of litter decay as humus is formed, rather than slower rates of litter decay, is likely responsible for the accumulation of organic matter, and hence soil C storage, under experimental N deposition. This effect should be incorporated in regional to global-scale models simulating the C balance of forest ecosystems in regions receiving elevated N deposition.     

黄土区降水降尘输入农田土壤中的氮素评估

随着人类活动引起大气活性氮的急剧增加,大气氮沉降亦明显增加,由此引发的各生态系统的响应也逐渐表现出来.研究黄土区氮沉降,对农业生态系统的氮素循环与平衡提供一定的数据支持,同时为农民科学合理施肥提供依据,为研究氮沉降的环境生态效应和生物有效性提供科学支撑.用APS-2A型降水降尘自动采样器对陕西杨凌和洛川地区2006～2007年的降水降尘输入氮总量、月动态变化及各形态N的贡献率进行了监测与分析.结果显示杨凌点2006年总降雨量为507.8 mm,总N沉降通量为20.6 kg/(hm2·a),其中N湿沉降通量为19.1 kg/(hm2·a),占93%;降尘输入的N通量为1.5 kg/(hm2·a),占7%.总N沉降通量中NO-3-N为7.3 kg/(hm2·a),占36%.洛川点2006年6月～2007年5月总降雨量为579.5 mm,总N沉降通量为12.7 kg/(hm2·a),其中N湿沉降通量为11.4 kg/(hm2·a),占90%;降尘输入N的通量为1.2 kg/(hm2·a),占10% .总N沉降通量中NO-3-N为8.7kg/(hm2·a),占69%.两个点N沉降通量和氮素形态的差异在很大程度上反映了活性N主要来自人为活动,即农业生产排放的活性N.     

Increased inorganic nitrogen leaching from a mountain grassland ecosystem following grazing removal: a hangover of past intensive land-use?

Heathlands and grasslands occur in montane regions, naturally or due to anthropogenic land-use. These are typically nutrient-poor but exposure to elevated nitrogen deposition and intensive livestock grazing causes large-scale ecological change. We studied the long-term implications of grazing removal on soil and drainage water biogeochemistry and the implications for nitrogen cycling in 50-year replicated grazing exclosures on a montane grassland exposed to high rates of ambient nitrogen deposition. Evidence of ‘ecosystem recovery’ represented by successional change from graminoid to shrub-dominance after cessation of grazing was not reflected in the soil biogeochemistry. Cessation of grazing had a negative impact, with increased soil extractable and soil solution nitrate concentrations; an apparent shift towards a more nitrogen-rich, bacterially dominated microbial community; and the acidification of soils and leachate. The increase in nitrate leaching appears to have been counterbalanced by a decrease in dissolved organic nitrogen leaching, approximately maintaining the overall nitrogen balance of the system, whilst apparently altering ecosystem functioning. High rates of organic matter cycling and inorganic nitrogen uptake in grazed grassland may have sustained ecosystem N limitation under elevated nitrogen deposition. Grazing removal caused long-term over-supply of nitrogen from mineralisation of enriched organic matter, exacerbated by continued high nitrogen deposition, exceeding the uptake demand of heath vegetation and resulting in nitrification and nitrate leaching. This disequilibrium between vegetation and soil following grazing removal has implications for restoration after periods of intensive grazing. Grazing may not simply leave a legacy of nutrient enrichment but its cessation may trigger nitrogen saturation and soil and freshwater eutrophication and acidification which counteract the immediate benefits of natural vegetation recovery. Long term, nitrogen saturation of abandoned grasslands is likely to reduce ecosystem resilience to invasion by nitrophilous species, pathogen attack and vulnerability to environmental pressures such as climate change. We conclude that partial and/or phased reduction in grazing levels may permit the more synchronised recovery of soils and vegetation, thereby avoiding imbalances between nitrogen supply and nitrogen demand and detrimental ecological effects.     

Nitrogen deposition and temperature structure fungal communities associated with alpine moss-sedge heath in the UK

Moss-sedge heath, an important habitat of oceanic alpine regions, is under threat from elevated nitrogen (N) deposition and rising temperatures increasing decomposition rates and fragmentation of the extensive, thick moss mats of Racomitrium lanuginosum which characterise this habitat. Here, we examine the potential effects of N deposition and temperature on fungal communities associated with R. lanuginosum mats. Fungal community composition in both green moss shoots and underlying soil were significantly influenced by mat temperatures and green moss shoot N contents. Total OTU, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and saprotrophic fungal richness in shoots were all positively related to temperature, while in soil, the richness of all groups, except Basidiomycota, was positively related to moss tissue N. The observed community changes suggest that increased N loading and increasing temperatures are ameliorating growing conditions for fungi associated with moss-sedge heath. Further study is required to determine if the observed changes in fungal communities contribute to accelerated decomposition of moss mats and degradation of the habitat.     

Nitrogen deposition and plant species interact to influence soil carbon stabilization

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition effects on soil organic carbon (C) decomposition remain controversial, while the role of plant species composition in mediating effects of N deposition on soil organic C decomposition and long‐term soil C sequestration is virtually unknown. Here we provide evidence from a 5‐year grassland field experiment in Minnesota that under elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration (560 ppm), plant species determine whether N deposition inhibits the decomposition of soil organic matter via inter‐specific variation in root lignin concentration. Plant species producing lignin‐rich litter increased stabilization of soil C older than 5 years, but only in combination with elevated N inputs (4 g m^?2 year^?1). Our results suggest that N deposition will increase soil C sequestration in those ecosystems where vegetation composition and/or elevated atmospheric CO₂ cause high litter lignin inputs to soils.     

The Role of Nitrogen Deposition in Widespread Plant Community Change Across Semi-natural Habitats

Experimental studies have shown that deposition of reactive nitrogen is an important driver of plant community change, however, most of these experiments are of short duration with unrealistic treatments, and conducted in regions with elevated ambient deposition. Studies of spatial gradients of pollution can complement experimental data and indicate whether the potential impacts demonstrated by experiments are actually occurring in the ‘real world’. However, targeted surveys exist for only a very few habitats and are not readily comparable. In a coordinated campaign, we determined the species richness and plant community composition of five widespread, semi-natural habitats across Great Britain in sites stratified along gradients of climate and pollution, and related these ecological parameters to major drivers of biodiversity, including climate, pollution deposition, and local edaphic factors. In every habitat, we found reduced species richness and changed species composition associated with higher nitrogen deposition, with remarkable consistency in relative species loss across ecosystem types. Whereas the diversity of mosses, lichens, forbs, and graminoids declines with N deposition in different habitats, the cover of graminoids generally increases. Considered alongside previous experimental studies and survey work, our results provide a compelling argument that nitrogen deposition is a widespread and pervasive threat to terrestrial ecosystems.     

Nitrogen Retention of Terricolous Lichens in a Northern Alberta Jack Pine Forest

Ecosystems - The Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada, is one of the largest point sources of nitrogen oxides in Canada. There are concerns that elevated nitrogen (N) deposition will adversely...     

氮沉降对森林凋落物分解的影响

氮沉降增加作为全球变化的重要现象之一,已经并将继续对森林凋落物分解产生影响.综述了国内外氮沉降对森林凋落物分解影响及其机理的研究现状.氮沉降对凋落物分解的影响可分为直接影响和间接影响.氮沉降通过影响森林地被物组成和凋落物化学成分,间接影响凋落物分解.氮沉降对凋落物分解的直接影响表现为促进、无影响和抑制3种效果.分析了产生以上影响效果的作用机理,介绍了氮沉降对森林凋落物分解影响的研究方法,探讨了目前研究存在的问题,讨论了未来该方面研究的重点和方向.