辣椒雄性不育材料H9A小孢子败育机理

运用光学、电子显微技术及生化指标测定法, 对辣椒(Capsicum annuum)雄性不育材料H9A及其保持系H9B小孢子不同发育时期进行细胞形态学观察及生化特性分析。结果表明, 雄性不育材料H9A的小孢子败育发生在单核前期, 由于绒毡层细胞极度膨胀, 四分体受挤压后破裂并降解, 无法形成正常的单核花粉粒, 属于孢子体败育。不育材料花蕾中的过氧化物酶活性从四分体时期开始明显高于保持系, 保持系游离脯氨酸含量从单核小孢子期开始明显高于不育材料; 不育材料小孢子发育各时期的可溶性蛋白含量都明显低于保持系, 但丙二醛含量均高于保持系。     

玉米新选细胞质雄性不育系小孢子发育的细胞学观察及DNA甲基化分析

细胞质雄性不育在高等植物中普遍存在,是杂种优势利用的重要工具,为推动植物杂种优势的利用发挥了重要作用。文章以本课题组前期新选的玉米细胞质雄性不育系A1、A2及保持系18(红)为材料,利用石蜡切片技术对不育材料小孢子发育过程进行细胞学观察,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对不同发育时期的叶片及不同发育时期的雄穗DNA进行甲基化分析,从细胞学和表观遗传学角度了解不育系A1、A2的败育机制。结果表明：不育材料A1、A2小孢子发生败育的主要时期为四分体时期至单核小孢子中期。在不育系A2中还存在另一种败育方式,即在花粉母细胞时期表现出败育特征。甲基化分析结果表明,保持系18(红)的叶片DNA甲基化水平从苗期到拔节期迅速上升,而不育系A1、A2叶片DNA甲基化水平基本保持不变;保持系雄穗DNA甲基化水平表现为从花粉母细胞时期到双核期逐渐升高,而不育材料A1、A2从花粉母细胞时期到双核期的雄穗DNA甲基化水平表现为先上升后下降的趋势,达到最高峰的时期均出现在小孢子发育的四分体时期。从小孢子发育的细胞学观察结果可以发现,小孢子败育的主要时期往往具有较高的甲基化水平,推测DNA甲基化水平变化可能与不育材料A1、A2的花粉败育有关。     

辣椒雄性不育材料小孢子发生的细胞形态学观察

用石蜡切片技术,在光学显微镜下观察了辣椒雄性不育材料1A及其保持系1B的小孢子发育过程和各时期的形态特征.结果表明,雄性不育材料1A的小孢子败育发生在四分体至单核花粉粒时期,此时绒毡层细胞异常肥大,四分体受到挤压后破裂并降解,无法形成正常的单核花粉粒.扫描电镜观察结果表明,保持系1B的花粉粒结构完整,表面有3个明显的萌发沟;而雄性不育材料1A的成熟花粉粒形状不规则,空瘪,有部分花粉粒解体,败育比较彻底,说明该雄性不育材料在辣椒育种工作中有较高的利用价值.     

宁夏枸杞雄性不育材料小孢子发生的细胞形态学观察

采用常规显微制片法,在光学显微镜下观察了宁夏枸杞雄性不育材料'YX-1'与可育材料'宁杞1号'的小孢子发生过程和各时期的形态特征.结果表明:不育材料'YX-1'小孢子发育受阻于四分体时期,无法形成正常的单核花粉粒,败育的特征是四分体胼胝质壁不能适时降解,四分孢子在胼胝质壁内液泡化、核质收缩降解,绒毡层细胞异常肥大增生,推迟解体.压片结果表明,不育材料'YX-1'四分孢子形状不规则、空瘪、解体,败育比较彻底.     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育花药败育及淀粉粒分布的细胞学观察

用PAS反应对辣椒细胞质雄性不育系8214A和保持系8214B花药中的淀粉粒分布进行研究.在减数分裂前,保持系花药与不育系花药的结构和淀粉粒分布相似.保持系花药减数分裂后,药壁绒毡层细胞开始液泡化并体积增大,在药隔薄壁细胞中积累了许多较小的淀粉粒;在小孢子晚期,绒毡层细胞退化,在药隔薄壁细胞中淀粉粒体积增大;在二胞花粉时期,随着花粉大液泡的消失花粉中出现淀粉粒;花粉成熟时,其细胞质中积累了丰富的淀粉粒.不育系花药减数分裂后,由于药室腔的空间不能扩大,四分体被挤压在一起,最终四分体小孢子败育.不育花药的维管组织发育正常,但较多的淀粉粒积累在药隔薄壁细胞中.该种辣椒雄性不育系中.花粉的败育发生在四分体时期.绒毡层细胞结构异常可能影响糖类物质向药室的正常转运.该种辣椒雄性不育系的绒毡层异常与花粉败育有关.     

大白菜新型细胞质雄性不育系6w-9605A的育性鉴定和花药败育的细胞学观察

采用石蜡切片技术,研究了大白菜(Brassica campestris L.ssp.pekinensis)细胞质雄性不育系6w-9605A及其保持系6w-9605B的花药发育过程的细胞形态学特征,确定不育系花药败育时期及方式,并对不育系6w-9605A进行花器官观察和育性鉴定.结果表明:保持系6w-9605B花药发育正常;不育系6w-9605A花药发育受阻于孢原分化时期,占总败育花药的66.7％,不形成花粉囊和花粉粒,属于无花粉囊型败育;另外33.3％的败育花药可形成花粉囊,小孢子均受阻于单核靠边期或者二胞期,败育特点为绒毡层细胞异常肥大,挤压小孢子,导致小孢子和绒毡层解体;6w-9605A的不育性稳定、彻底,不育株率和不育度均为100％.     

大白菜胞质雄性不育系RC7及其保持系的细胞学和蕾期基因表达差异分析

以大白菜雄性不育材料RC7及其保持系B7为材料,通过对两材料花药发育过程进行细胞学观察,并利用cDNA-AFLP技术分析两材料花蕾的基因表达差异,以明确RC7发生雄性败育的时期和方式,为大白菜CMS的分子机理研究提供依据。结果显示:(1)细胞学观察发现,大白菜雄性不育材料RC7及其保持系B7的小孢子母细胞减数分裂属同时型,小孢子在四分体中的排列属四面体型,保持系B7花药的绒毡层属于腺质型;不育材料RC7在四分体时期绒毡层细胞内出现大的液泡,呈现败育征兆,单核期绒毡层解体,中层退化,小孢子核开始解体、败育,属于单核花粉败育型。(2)对两材料蕾期基因的cDNA-AFLP差显比较分析表明,共获得了23条阳性差异片段,其中在不育系RC7花蕾中特异表达的有8条,在保持系B7花蕾中特异表达有10条,两系中共有条带5条。(3)对不育系中特异表达的8条谱带进行Blast搜索发现,H1与拟南芥光合反应蛋白基因有较高的一致性,H26与拟南芥钙调磷酸酶类磷酸酯酶家族蛋白质的部分序列存在90%的一致性,属于细胞信号转导基因;对来自保持系的10条谱带的差异片段功能以及一致性进行比对分类发现,它们包括糖代谢基因、蛋白质的合成与运输基因、乙烯诱导基因、电子传递和能量途径基因、未知或假定蛋白等。研究表明,大白菜雄性不育材料RC7可能是由于绒毡层细胞液泡化和径向肥大,小孢子受挤压后破裂降解,不能形成正常的成熟花粉粒而败育;乙烯诱导基因(H29)在保持系中特异表达,在不育系中沉默,表明不育系中缺乏乙烯相关基因。     

桔梗花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄性败育的细胞生理学研究

以桔梗不育系PA及其保持系PB为试验材料,采用石蜡切片和改良苯酚品红染色压片法对花粉母细胞减数分裂和雄配子体发育过程进行比较,探讨桔梗雄性不育系小孢子形成过程和败育发生的细胞生理学机理。结果表明:(1)桔梗保持系PB花粉母细胞减数分裂的细胞质分裂为同时型,同一花药减数分裂较同步;在中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ,少数细胞中可见赤道板外染色体;四分体以四面体为主,成熟花粉粒为二核花粉。(2)不育系PA花粉母细胞减数分裂后期Ⅰ开始出现异常,表现为细胞质形态改变,末期Ⅱ之后细胞质不能分裂,形成异常四分体,胼胝质壁不能溶解,四分体难以释放出游离小孢子而被降解,导致败育。(3)在发育过程中,桔梗不育系花蕾游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量低于保持系,而SOD活性、丙二醛含量均高于保持系。(4)桔梗不育系PA及其保持系PB花粉母细胞减数分裂和雄配子体发育过程存在明显差异,桔梗雄性败育过程大体可分为4个阶段,即后期Ⅰ细胞质异常、末期Ⅱ之后细胞质不能分裂、四分体难以释放游离小孢子、四分体被降解仅残留碎片。研究认为,桔梗不育花蕾(开花前)生长发育过程中,体内活性氧代谢紊乱、丙二醛积累及游离脯氨酸等"物质代谢损亏"可能是引起桔梗雄性败育的原因。     

芝麻核雄性不育系ms86-1微粉发生的细胞学观察

芝麻(Sesamum indicum)核雄性不育系ms86-1姊妹交后代表现为可育、部分不育(即微粉)及完全不育(简称不育)3种类型。不同育性类型的花药及花粉粒形态差异明显。Alexander染色实验显示微粉植株花粉粒外壁为蓝绿色, 内部为不均一洋红色, 与可育株及不育株花粉粒的染色特征均不相同。为探明芝麻微粉发生机理, 在电子显微镜下比较观察了可育、微粉、不育类型的小孢子发育过程。结果表明, 可育株小孢子母细胞减数分裂时期代谢旺盛, 胞质中出现大量脂质小球; 四分体时期绒毡层细胞开始降解, 单核小孢子时期开始出现乌氏体, 成熟花粉时期花粉囊腔内及花粉粒周围分布着大量乌氏体, 花粉粒外壁有11–13个棱状凸起, 表面存在大量基粒棒, 形成紧密的覆盖层。不育株小孢子发育异常显现于减数分裂时期, 此时胞质中无脂质小球出现, 细胞壁开始积累胼胝质; 四分体时期绒毡层细胞未见降解; 单核小孢子时期无乌氏体出现; 成熟花粉时期花粉囊腔中未发现正常的乌氏体, 存在大量空瘪的败育小孢子, 外壁积累胼胝质, 缺乏基粒棒。微粉株小孢子在减数分裂时期可见胞质内有大量脂质小球, 四分体时期部分绒毡层发生变形, 单核小孢子时期有部分绒毡层开始降解; 绒毡层细胞降解滞后为少量发育进程迟缓的小孢子提供了营养物质, 部分小孢子发育为正常花粉粒; 这些花粉粒比较饱满, 表面有少量颗粒状突起, 但未能形成覆盖层, 花粉囊腔中及小孢子周围存在少量的乌氏体。小孢子形成的育性类型与绒毡层降解是否正常有关。     

湿地松雄性不育和可育系小孢子叶球形态和细胞发育动态变化

为了解湿地松‘松泰’小孢子叶球在发育过程形态是否有差异变化,明确其败育过程、败育方式及影响因素,为湿地松雄性不育品种利用和后期开展相关研究提供科学依据。该研究以‘松泰’s10败育系和s9可育系为材料,观察小孢子叶球形态发育变化,并对其小孢子叶球进行石蜡切片,在光学显微镜下观察小孢子发育过程。结果表明:s10败育系和s9可育系在小孢子母细胞减速分裂前无明显差异,小孢子叶球生长趋势也一致;四分体时期,s10小孢子细胞发育异常,小孢子叶球形态发育也出现异常,二者异常发育具有同步性;可育系从四分体到单核小孢子发育阶段的时间为5 d左右,而败育系持续发育长达20 d左右,持续时间为可育系的4倍。在此期间出现小孢子绒毡层细胞发育异常、降解缓慢,小孢子囊壁组织排列紊乱、降解延迟等现象,s10形成异常二核花粉,且无花粉散出。因此,推论s10小孢子败育的原因主要是小孢子囊壁细胞发育异常,其小孢子叶球形态异常,相对应的绒毡层在四分体时期发育异常,不能适时地分泌胼胝质酶来降解围绕着四分体的胼胝质壁,也不能适时地合成输送花粉形成所需能量物质,同时囊壁细胞出现降解延迟和层积,这一系列的异常变化导致不能形成正常四分体,从而使花粉败育。     

新型小麦胞质不育系花粉败育的细胞学观察

观察了１种新型小麦细胞质雄性不育素（ＣＭＳ）－（野生二粒小麦）中国春ＣＭＳ花药和花粉败育的细胞学过程,结果表明;（１）不育系在小孢子发育至单核晚期以前,除了雄蕊心皮化发生率（３７．２％）较高外,其花药和花粉发育绝大多数与同核保持系相似,是正常的,仅少量表现异常而导致败育,异常现象主要有：雄蕊心皮化。药室合并,药壁组织喙状突起,绒毡层异常,小孢子母细胞粘连,减数分裂异常,小孢子异常等。（２）不育系花     

Quantitative Characterization of Glycan-Receptor Binding of H9N2 Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin

Avian influenza subtypes such as H5, H7 and H9 are yet to adapt to the human host so as to establish airborne transmission between humans. However, lab-generated reassorted viruses possessing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from an avian H9 isolate and other genes from a human-adapted (H3 or H1) subtype acquired two amino acid changes in HA and a single amino acid change in NA that confer respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets. We previously demonstrated for human-adapted H1, H2 and H3 subtypes that quantitative binding affinity of their HA to α2→6 sialylated glycan receptors correlates with respiratory droplet transmissibility of the virus in ferrets. Such a relationship remains to be established for H9 HA. In this study, we performed a quantitative biochemical characterization of glycan receptor binding properties of wild-type and mutant forms of representative H9 HAs that were previously used in context of reassorted viruses in ferret transmission studies. We demonstrate here that distinct molecular interactions in the glycan receptor-binding site of different H9 HAs affect the glycan-binding specificity and affinity. Further we show that α2→6 glycan receptor-binding affinity of a mutant H9 HA carrying Thr-189→Ala amino acid change correlates with the respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets conferred by this change. Our findings contribute to a framework for monitoring the evolution of H9 HA by understanding effects of molecular changes in HA on glycan receptor-binding properties.     

Continuing evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in Southeastern China

H9N2 influenza viruses are panzootic in domestic poultry in Eurasia and since 1999 have caused transient infections in humans and pigs. To investigate the zoonotic potential of H9N2 viruses, we studied the evolution of the viruses in live-poultry markets in Hong Kong in 2003. H9N2 was the most prevalent influenza virus subtype in the live-poultry markets between 2001 and 2003. Antigenic and phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) showed that all of the 19 isolates found except one belonged to the lineage represented by A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (H9N2). The exception was A/Guinea fowl/NT184/03 (H9N2), whose HA is most closely related to that of the human isolate A/Guangzhou/333/99 (H9N2), a virus belonging to the A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94-like (H9N2) lineage. At least six different genotypes were recognized. The majority of the viruses had nonstructural (and HA) genes derived from the A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like virus lineage but had other genes of mixed avian virus origin, including genes similar to those of H5N1 viruses isolated in 2001. Viruses of all six genotypes of H9N2 found were able to replicate in chickens and mice without adaptation. The infected chickens showed no signs of disease, but representatives of two viral genotypes were lethal to mice. Three genotypes of virus replicated in the respiratory tracts of swine, which shed virus for at least 5 days. These results show an increasing genetic and biologic diversity of H9N2 viruses in Hong Kong and support their potential role as pandemic influenza agents.     

甲型H7N9流感疫苗的临床研究进展

2016年10月以来,我国感染甲型H7N9流感病例数量急剧增加,截至日前,内地已新增460例病例,已死亡78例,引起了国内外的密切关注。H7N9病毒一旦获得持续人传人的能力,将造成流感的大流行。因此,研发安全有效的H7N9流感疫苗具有重要意义。本文就国内外目前处于临床试验阶段以及已有临床试验结果的H7N9流感疫苗做一综述。     

禽流感H5、H7、H9亚型多重实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为了对致病性强、危害性大的H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感病毒进行同时集成化快速检测,通过对GenBank已报道的禽流感病毒的HA基因进行序列分析比较,设计了H5、H7、H9 3个亚型的特异性引物和分别用3个荧光基团标记的Taqman MGB核酸探针。将各个亚型引物与探针优化组合,筛选出能够同时检测禽流感病毒H5、H7、H9 3个亚型、且对Ct值和扩增效率影响不大的3组引物和探针,建立了三重实时荧光RT-PCR方法。该方法特异性好,在我们检测的样品中,没有发现假阳性和假阴性现象。同时敏感性高,检测禽流感病毒H5、H7、H9亚型的敏感性分别达到1 0001、000、500个模板拷贝数;此外抗干扰能力强,对禽流感H5、H7、H9 3个亚型的不同模板浓度进行组合,仍可有效地同时检测3个病毒亚型。所建立的方法对保存的89个禽流感病毒样品进行检测,结果与经典检测方法(病毒分离鉴定、HA、HI)的符合率达100%。用上述建立的方法与鸡胚分离法同时对新鲜采集的4 000多份临床样品进行检测,两种方法的检测结果符合率为100%。     

Evaluations for In Vitro Correlates of Immunogenicity of Inactivated Influenza A H5, H7 and H9 Vaccines in Humans

Background

Serum antibody responses in humans to inactivated influenza A (H5N1), (H9N2) and A (H7) vaccines have been varied but frequently low, particularly for subunit vaccines without adjuvant despite hemagglutinin (HA) concentrations expected to induce good responses.

Design

To help understand the low responses to subunit vaccines, we evaluated influenza A (H5N1), (H9N2), (H7N7) vaccines and 2009 pandemic (H1N1) vaccines for antigen uptake, processing and presentation by dendritic cells to T cells, conformation of vaccine HA in antibody binding assays and gel analyses, HA titers with different red blood cells, and vaccine morphology in electron micrographs (EM).

Results

Antigen uptake, processing and presentation of H5, H7, H9 and H1 vaccine preparations evaluated in humans appeared normal. No differences were detected in antibody interactions with vaccine and matched virus; although H7 trimer was not detected in western blots, no abnormalities in the conformation of the HA antigens were identified. The lowest HA titers for the vaccines were <1∶4 for the H7 vaccine and 1∶661 for an H9 vaccine; these vaccines induced the fewest antibody responses. A (H1N1) vaccines were the most immunogenic in humans; intact virus and virus pieces were prominent in EM. A good immunogenic A (H9N2) vaccine contained primarily particles of viral membrane with external HA and NA. A (H5N1) vaccines intermediate in immunogenicity were mostly indistinct structural units with stellates; the least immunogenic A (H7N7) vaccine contained mostly small 5 to 20 nm structures.

Summary

Antigen uptake, processing and presentation to human T cells and conformation of the HA appeared normal for each inactivated influenza A vaccine. Low HA titer was associated with low immunogenicity and presence of particles or split virus pieces was associated with higher immunogenicity.     

Sequence specificity and role of proximal amino acids of the histone H3 tail on catalysis of murine G9A lysine 9 histone H3 methyltransferase

The activity of recombinant murine G9a toward lysine 9 of histone H3 was investigated. GST fusion proteins containing various lengths of the histone H3 amino-terminal tail were used as substrates in the presence of recombinant G9a enzyme and AdoMet cosubstrate. The minimal substrate methylated by G9a contained seven amino acids (TARKSTG) of the histone H3 tail. Furthermore, mutational analysis of the minimal substrate was performed to identify the amino acids essential for G9a-mediated methylation. All amino acids except Thr-11 were indispensable for the methylation reaction. Steady-state kinetic analysis of the wild-type and histone H3 point mutants, lysine 4 changed to alanine (K4A) or lysine 27 changed to alanine (K27A), with purified G9a revealed similar catalytic efficiency but a reduction in turnover number (k(cat)) from 78 to 58 h(-)(1). G9a methylated synthetic peptide substrates containing the first 13 amino acids of histone H3 efficiently, although methylation, acetylation, or mutation of proximal Lys-4 amino acids reduced Lys-9 methylation. The k(cat) for wild-type peptide substrate vs Lys-4 acetyl- or trimethyl-modified peptide were 88 and 32 h(-)(1), respectively, and the K(m) for the peptides varied from 0.6 to 2.2 muM, resulting in a large difference (15-91) in catalytic efficiency. Ser-10 or Thr-11 phosphorylation resulted in poor methylation by G9a. Immunoprecipitation of unmodified and Ser-10 and Thr-11 phosphorylated histone H3 displayed mostly Lys-4 dimethylation. Dimethylated Lys-9 was reduced in Ser-10 and Thr-11 immunoprecipitated phosphorylated histones as compared to nonphosphorylated H3. In an immunocytochemical assay, GFP fusion SUV39H1 or G9a did not colocalize with phosphorylated histone H3. Thus, Ser-10/Thr-11 phosphorylation impairs Lys-9 methylation. These data suggest that the sequence context of the modified residue affects G9a activity and the modification in the proximal amino acids influences methylation.