温敏核不育小麦可育花药和败育花药发育观察

对温敏核不育小麦百农不育系（Bainong sterility,BNS）的可育和不育花药结构进行对比观察。在减数分裂期、小孢子早期和小孢子晚期,可育花药与不育花药的结构相同。小孢子分裂形成二胞花粉后,可育花粉中随着大液泡的分解,细胞质内含物增加,其中出现一些颗粒状物质。不育花药中,小孢子也可分裂形成二胞花粉,但营养细胞的大液泡不分解,细胞质也不增加,最终花粉中的细胞质消失,花粉败育。该种温敏核不育小麦的花粉败育时间发生在二胞花粉早期,可能和其大液泡没有适时分解有关。花粉败育时间的确定为进一步深入研究该种雄性不育小麦的败育机制打下了基础。     

光周期对光敏胞质不育小麦花药发育过程中Ca^2＋分布的影响

运用焦锑酸钾沉淀法,研究了不同光照条件下光敏胞质不育小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）花药发育过程中Ｃａ＾２＋的分布。短日照条件下,小孢子形成和花粉发育过程中胞内Ｃａ＾２＋在数量、分布上有变化;小孢子表面逐渐积累Ｃａ＾２＋,至成熟花粉表面覆盖一层Ｃａ＾２＋,胞质Ｃａ＾２＋较少;药隔和药壁组织通过抽外体或共质体途径运输Ｃａ＾２＋供给花粉的发育;长日照条件下,花粉败育发生在不同时期,早期     

萝卜雄性不育系花药发育组织化学的初步研究

对萝卜（ＲａｐｈａｎｕｓｓａｔｉｖｕｓＬ．）２种雄性不育系及相应保持系花药发育过程进行组织化学研究,研究结果表明,２种不育花药组织化学变化与小孢子败育变化皆类似,不育系４７５Ａ的花药发育受阻于孢原细胞分化之前,此时花药时含少量蛋白质,核酸的较多淀粉粒。随着花粉的长大,不再含有蛋白质,核酸和淀粉粒,不育系春红Ａ的花药在四分体以前与可育系类似,含丰富蛋白质,核酸和多糖。在单核期绒毡层异常引起小孢子败育     

甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育材料1665花药败育的细胞学研究

采用石蜡切片方法,对甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育材料1665的可育株与不育株花药进行细胞学观察.结果显示:(1)不育株花药在花粉母细胞减数分裂时期出现异常,部分花粉母细胞细胞分裂相不均等分裂或分裂异常.导致部分四分体形状异常.(2)不育株绒毡层细胞在四分体时期开始生长膨大,单核花粉时期出现液泡化和巨型化,侵占药室,使得小孢子不能正常释放或无法继续发育;部分释放出的小孢子未及时形成花粉壁,阻碍花粉继续发育.不能发育形成二核期和三核期花粉,导致花药败育.     

雄性不育和雄性能育小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)花药和花粉发育的细胞形态学观察

本工作是小麦雄性不育杂种优势利用研究项目的一部分。从细胞形态学的角度,研究小麦细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系花药和花粉的发育,为探索雄性不育性的机理提供资料。应用石蜡切片法,对小麦“早熟1号”和“北京8号”细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系花药的发育过程进行了观察,得到如下的结果:(1)不育系花粉的败育,在发育的各个时期都发生,但败育的关键时期是在小孢子发育后期,具大液泡的小孢子不能进入配子体发育阶段。(2)不育系花药和花粉的发育,在小孢子发育早期以前,90%以上与保持系相似,是正常的;少数表现异常而导致败育。异常现象有:药室合并;小孢子母细胞解体,绒毡层发育正常;小孢子母细胞互相粘连,形成多核的原生质团;解体的小孢子母细胞与绒毡层融合形成多核的原生质团;药室中除正常发育的小孢子母细胞或小孢子外,还出现异常的巨型细胞;绒毡层提早在小孢子发育早期解体,形成多核的原生质困;绒毡层肥大生长。     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育花药败育及淀粉粒分布的细胞学观察

用PAS反应对辣椒细胞质雄性不育系8214A和保持系8214B花药中的淀粉粒分布进行研究.在减数分裂前,保持系花药与不育系花药的结构和淀粉粒分布相似.保持系花药减数分裂后,药壁绒毡层细胞开始液泡化并体积增大,在药隔薄壁细胞中积累了许多较小的淀粉粒;在小孢子晚期,绒毡层细胞退化,在药隔薄壁细胞中淀粉粒体积增大;在二胞花粉时期,随着花粉大液泡的消失花粉中出现淀粉粒;花粉成熟时,其细胞质中积累了丰富的淀粉粒.不育系花药减数分裂后,由于药室腔的空间不能扩大,四分体被挤压在一起,最终四分体小孢子败育.不育花药的维管组织发育正常,但较多的淀粉粒积累在药隔薄壁细胞中.该种辣椒雄性不育系中.花粉的败育发生在四分体时期.绒毡层细胞结构异常可能影响糖类物质向药室的正常转运.该种辣椒雄性不育系的绒毡层异常与花粉败育有关.     

鹅掌楸花粉败育过程的超微结构观察

花粉败育是限制鹅掌楸〔Ｌｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ（Ｈｅｍｓｌ．）Ｓａｒｇ．〕生殖成功的重要因素之一。败育多数发生在四分体形成之前,少数发生在小孢子形成以后,是由于花粉发育过程中存在异常现象造成的。异常现象有７个方面：（１）造孢组织解体;（２）小孢子形成过程中胼胝质的积累与降解异常;（３）绒毡层发育异常;（４）小孢子母细胞胞质分裂异常;（５）小孢子解体;（６）生殖细胞败育;（７）药隔维管束韧皮部的伴胞解体。这些原因可引起花粉产量和质量降低,从而影响鹅掌楸生殖过程中的传粉受精及结籽的能力     

长春蒲公英雄性不育株形态学观察与败育细胞学研究

在长春蒲公英(Taraxacum junpeianum Kitam.)株群中发现雄性不育现象,为研究其败育机理及特点,探寻其不育基因,采用形态观察法、石蜡切片技术和染色体压片法,对长春蒲公英野生型及其雄性不育株的花药发育过程和花粉母细胞减数分裂过程进行了观察。结果表明:(1)长春蒲公英雄性不育株花药中部发红、干瘪、无花粉散出。与野生型比较,雄性不育株雄蕊更短,子房更窄,种子形态更加狭长;(2)长春蒲公英雄性不育株败育时期为四分体到单核小孢子前期,败育方式为小孢子自身异常发育,绒毡层异常分解,互相粘连败育;(3)长春蒲公英雄性不育株花粉母细胞减数分裂二分体时期出现落后微核,随后产生极少四分体,并且四分体产生大量染色体桥,小孢子营养物质流失,彻底败育。因此,长春蒲公英雄性不育株败育彻底、稳定,并且有种的特点。小孢子自身异常发育和绒毡层异常分解是导致败育的主要原因。     

雄性不育与可育楸树花发育的细胞学比较研究

楸树（Catalpa bungei C.A.Meyer.）属紫葳科(Bignoniaceae)梓树属(Catalpa),落叶乔木,是我国特有的珍贵优质用材树种。本文用石蜡切片法对可育株和雄性不育株楸树的大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育过程进行了详细地比较观察。结果表明：可育株和不育株楸树雌蕊的发育基本相同,胚珠倒生,薄珠心,单珠被,胚囊发育为蓼型。可育株雄蕊花药四室,药隔薄壁组织发达;异型绒粘层,由药壁绒粘层和药隔绒粘层组成;花药壁表皮细胞在小孢子母细胞减数分裂前后开始径向伸长加厚,直到花药开裂并不降解,这可能与花药开裂有关;成熟花粉为四合花粉。雄性不育株花药的早期发育到次生造胞细胞时期与可育雄蕊的相同,小孢子母细胞减数分裂前绒毡层发育不充分;四分体时期,绒毡层细胞高度液泡化,细胞质稀薄,已提前降解,小孢子四分体因绒毡层结构和功能异常而不能正常发育,因此楸树雄性不育为结构型雄性不育。     

新型光温敏小麦不育系337S的组织结构研究

普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)不育系337S是一种对短日低温、长日高温均敏感不育的新型光温敏雄性不育系。对经过短日低温、长日高温处理的不育系花药及其小孢子的形态和发育过程进行了观察,观察结果表明,不育系337S的花药异常短小,开花后花丝短,花药难外露。花药发育过程中中层组织发育紊乱,绒毡层提前解体,影响了花粉母细胞发育所需的营养供应,导致短日低温处理下的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ和长日高温处理下的花粉母细胞发育时期花粉母细胞发育异常,形成异常小孢子,造成败育。     

水稻雄性不育与花药中类脂褐素的积累

细胞质雄性不育水稻不育系珍汕９７Ａ和其保持系珍汕９７Ｂ,处于不育期的光（温）敏核不育水稻Ｗ６１５４ｓ和培矮６４ｓ的花药中类脂褐素（ＬＦＬＰ）含量随花粉发育或败育而增高．不育花药中ＬＦＬＰ的形成速率比可育花药快,三核期的珍汕９７Ａ和不育期Ｗ６１５４ｓ的花药,其ＬＦＬＰ比相应具育性花药高２４％．用抗氧化剂ＧＳＨ、ＢＨＴ和Ｎ２处理离体的单核期花药,发现ＧＳＨ可降低珍汕９７Ａ和不育期的Ｗ６１５４ｓ的ＬＦＬＰ含量．结果认为,水稻雄性不育与膜脂过氧化作用的荧光产物类脂褐素的积累有关．     

太谷核不育小麦花药内游离脯氨酸和总氨基酸含量的变化及其与育性的关系

本文对显性单基因控制的太谷核不育小麦不同发育阶段的可育株和不育株的花药及雌蕊内游离肺氨酸和游离总氨基酸的含量进行了分析。结果表明:(1)在小孢子母细胞减数分裂期,不同育性花药之间游离脯氨酸的含量无明显差异,且含量较低。(2)在小孢子单核初期,可育花药内游离脯氨酸的含量显著高于不育花药,是不育花药的7倍,比减数分裂期增加20倍,高达其干重的1.65％,占其游离总氨基酸的50％。(3)在雌蕊中,游离脯氨酸的含量远远低于花药,不同育性植株之间差异不很明显。(4)关于游离总氨基酸的含量,在花药中减数分裂期,不同育性植株之间无明显差异;在小孢子单核初期,可育株高于不育株。在雌蕊中,相应于小孢子单核初期时,可育株稍高于不育株,受精后迅速趋于一致,但整个变化幅度不大。     

A Comparative Study of Anther and Pollen Development in Male Fertile and Male. Sterile Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

Anther and pollen development in male-fertile and male-sterile green onions was studied. In the male-fertile line, both meiotic microspore mother ceils and tetrads have a callose wall. Mature pollen grains are 2-celled. The elongated generative cell with two bended ends displays a PAS positive cell wall. The tapetum has the character of both secretory and invasive types. From microspore stage onwards, many oil bodies or masses accumulate in the cytoplasm of the tapetal cells. The tapetum degenerates at middle 2-celled pollen stage. In male-sterile line, meiosis in microspore mother cells proceeds normally to form the tetrads. Pollen abortion occurs at microspore with vacuole stage. Two types of pollen abortion were observed. In type I, the protoplasts of the microspores contract and gradually disintegrate. At the same time the cytoplasm of microspores accumulates oil bodies which remain in the empty pollen. The tapetal cells behave normally up to the microspore stage and early stage of microspore abortion, but contain fewer oil bodies or masses than those in the male-fertilt line. At late stage of microspore abortion, three forms of the tapetal ceils can be observed: (1) the tapetal cells with degenerating protoplasts become flattened, (2) the tapetal cells enlarge but protoplasts retractor, (3) the cells break down and tile middle layer enlarges. In type Ⅱ, the cytoplasm degenerates earlier than the nucleus of the microspores and no protoplast is found in the anther locule. There are fibrous thickenings iii the endothecium of both types. It is difficult to verify whether the tapetum behavior and pollen abortion is the cause or the effect.     

辣椒雄性不育材料小孢子发生的细胞形态学观察

用石蜡切片技术,在光学显微镜下观察了辣椒雄性不育材料1A及其保持系1B的小孢子发育过程和各时期的形态特征.结果表明,雄性不育材料1A的小孢子败育发生在四分体至单核花粉粒时期,此时绒毡层细胞异常肥大,四分体受到挤压后破裂并降解,无法形成正常的单核花粉粒.扫描电镜观察结果表明,保持系1B的花粉粒结构完整,表面有3个明显的萌发沟;而雄性不育材料1A的成熟花粉粒形状不规则,空瘪,有部分花粉粒解体,败育比较彻底,说明该雄性不育材料在辣椒育种工作中有较高的利用价值.     

辣椒雄性不育材料H9A小孢子败育机理

运用光学、电子显微技术及生化指标测定法, 对辣椒(Capsicum annuum)雄性不育材料H9A及其保持系H9B小孢子不同发育时期进行细胞形态学观察及生化特性分析。结果表明, 雄性不育材料H9A的小孢子败育发生在单核前期, 由于绒毡层细胞极度膨胀, 四分体受挤压后破裂并降解, 无法形成正常的单核花粉粒, 属于孢子体败育。不育材料花蕾中的过氧化物酶活性从四分体时期开始明显高于保持系, 保持系游离脯氨酸含量从单核小孢子期开始明显高于不育材料; 不育材料小孢子发育各时期的可溶性蛋白含量都明显低于保持系, 但丙二醛含量均高于保持系。     

大白菜新型细胞质雄性不育系6w-9605A的育性鉴定和花药败育的细胞学观察

采用石蜡切片技术,研究了大白菜(Brassica campestris L.ssp.pekinensis)细胞质雄性不育系6w-9605A及其保持系6w-9605B的花药发育过程的细胞形态学特征,确定不育系花药败育时期及方式,并对不育系6w-9605A进行花器官观察和育性鉴定.结果表明:保持系6w-9605B花药发育正常;不育系6w-9605A花药发育受阻于孢原分化时期,占总败育花药的66.7％,不形成花粉囊和花粉粒,属于无花粉囊型败育;另外33.3％的败育花药可形成花粉囊,小孢子均受阻于单核靠边期或者二胞期,败育特点为绒毡层细胞异常肥大,挤压小孢子,导致小孢子和绒毡层解体;6w-9605A的不育性稳定、彻底,不育株率和不育度均为100％.     

Studies on the Free Amino Acid Content in Anthers of Malesterile and Fertile Plants of Taigu Wheat,with Special Reference to Free Proline Content

Biochemical analyses were made on anthers and pistils at various developmental stages of both male-sterne and fertile plants of Taigu wheat. Analyses ineluded total free amino aeids and free proline. The following results were obtained: 1. There was no significant difference between the content of free proline in anthers of male-sterile and fertile plants at reduction division of mierospore mother cells. 2. In anthers with early uninucleate miorospores, the content of free proline of fertile plants was remarkably higher than that of male-sterile plants. It is interesting to note that at this stage the content of free proline in fertile plants rose to 1.65% of the dry weight of the anther, constituting 50% of the total free amino acids, and amounted to 7-fold of that in male-sterile plants. This result is in line with the results obtained with most cytoplasmic malesterile plants reported by other workers, although malesterility in Taigu wheat is controlled by the nueleus. 3. In pistils, at the stages eorresponding to the early uninneleate and the binueleate stages of the pollen, the free proline content of fertile plants was twice as much as that of the male-sterile plants. This differenee disappeared gradually after fertilization. 4. Tile content of total free amino aoids did not fluetuate as much as the free proline content. There was no differenee in anthers of both types of plants during reduction division of mierospore mother cells. In anthers with early uninueleate pollen grains, total free amino acid content of fertile plants exceeded that of male-sterile plant, the difference levelled off at latter stages. In pistils, before fertilization, the content of total free amino acids of the fertile phmts was slightly higher than that of the male-sterile plants. After fertilization t}fis difference was no nmre noticeable.     

水稻胞质雄性不育系珍汕97A及其保持系珍汕97B绒毡层发育过程中的Ca2+分布变化

利用焦锑酸钾沉淀法研究了野败不育系珍汕97A及其保持系珍汕97B绒毡层细胞的发育过程及其细胞中Ca2 的分布变化。研究发现保持系绒毡层细胞在单核花粉晚期才开始迅速解体,而不育系绒毡层细胞在花粉母细胞时期就开始出现核膜、细胞膜解体,此过程持续到二核花粉时期。珍汕97A绒毡层细胞从花粉母细胞时期开始,细胞质内有少量颗粒状的Ca2 沉淀;减数分裂时期,绒毡层细胞的内切向壁表面有大量大颗粒的Ca2 沉淀;单核花粉时期绒毡层细胞周围集聚一层Ca2 沉淀。而保持系绒毡层细胞遮花粉母细胞时期和减数分裂时期细胞内没有Ca2 沉淀;单核花粉时期绒毡层细胞内的Ca2 沉淀主要分布在解体的细胞质内。推测绒毡层细胞结构发育的异常和Ca2 的异常分布可能与花粉的败育有关。     

辣椒雄性不育材料H9A小孢子败育机理

运用光学、电子显微技术及生化指标测定法, 对辣椒（Capsicum annuum）雄性不育材料H9A及其保持系H9B小孢子不同发育时期进行细胞形态学观察及生化特性分析。结果表明, 雄性不育材料H9A的小孢子败育发生在单核前期, 由于绒毡层细胞极度膨胀, 四分体受挤压后破裂并降解, 无法形成正常的单核花粉粒, 属于孢子体败育。不育材料花蕾中的过氧化物酶活性从四分体时期开始明显高于保持系, 保持系游离脯氨酸含量从单核小孢子期开始明显高于不育材料; 不育材料小孢子发育各时期的可溶性蛋白含量都明显低于保持系, 但丙二醛含量均高于保持系。     

THE CYTOLOGY OF POLLEN ABORTION IN S CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILE CORN ANTHERS

The anther development of the S male-sterile cytoplasm and the fertile maintainer (N) cytoplasm versions of corn inbred W182BN and the restored S cytoplasm version of inbred NY821LERf was studied by light and electron microscopy and compared to pollen abortion in the C and T types of male-sterile cytoplasms. The S anthers did not deviate from the non-male sterile (N) anthers until a very late stage of pollen development. Tapetal cells developed and disappeared normally in the S version which differentiates this cytoplasm from the C and T types. Although some modified membranous structures were seen in a higher frequency in the large vacuole of the sterile S pollen than in the N and restored S counterparts, the mitochondria and other organelles in the S pollen appeared normal up to the time of pollen abortion. Pollen abortion in the S cytoplasm did not occur until the developing pollen was nearly mature. At this time the pollen grains disintegrated abruptly but other anther tissues appeared unaltered. The male sterility of S plants appeared to be determined by the pollen itself without external influence from the tapetum.