C群脑膜炎球菌多糖-rP64K结合物的制备及免疫原性

用1-氰基-4-二甲基氨基吡啶·四氟化硼(CDAP)活化C群脑膜炎球菌多糖(GCMP),以己二酰肼(ADH)作为连接子,与重组B群脑膜炎球菌外膜蛋白64 KD(rP64K)在碳二亚胺的(EDAC)作用下结合,制备GCMP-P64K结合物。纯化后免疫NIH小鼠,用间接ELISA法检测小鼠血清中抗GCMPIgG抗体水平,并GCMP-TT结合物比较载体诱导的免疫抑制。所制备多糖-蛋白结合物(GCMP-P64K)保持了GCMP抗原特异活性,结合物免疫小鼠后可诱生比多糖单独免疫更高水平的GCMP血清IgG抗体,并能形成免疫记忆,为研究理想载体蛋白提供了新的思路。     

福氏2a痢疾杆菌O—特异性多糖与破伤风类毒素结合疫苗的制备及其免疫学特性

通过己二酸二肼（ADH）将福氏2a痢疾杆菌脂多糖（LPS）经酸水解脱毒纯化后得到的O－SP和破伤风类毒素（TT）蛋白共价结合,制备了福氏2a痢疾杆菌结合物。以2.5μg多糖或含2.5μg多糖的结合物经皮下注射免疫NIH品系雌性小鼠,同时以25μg多糖或含25μg多糖的结合物经耳缘静脉注射家兔。用ELISA方法分别检测小鼠和家兔血清中抗脂多糖抗体水平及抗TT水平,并用豚鼠血清补体介导进行了体外杀菌实验。结果显示：用本实验方法提取的多糖,合成的多糖衍生物,多糖－蛋白结合物都具有福氏2a痢疾杆菌O－抗原特异性,其化学组成及结构特异性和国外文献报道基本一致。单独用多糖免疫小鼠和家兔未能诱导LPS抗体,而结合物免疫小鼠和家兔的血清诱导出了较高的抗LPS IgG抗体及抗TT抗体,并有较强的体外杀菌活性。产生的抗体存在着免疫记忆性,可以产生再次免疫应答加强反应。     

甲型副伤寒菌O-特异性多糖与破伤风类毒素结合菌苗的制备及其在小鼠体内的免疫原性

以脱毒后去除类脂A的甲型副伤寒杆菌高分子量O SP1和低分子量O SP2 为特异性抗原 ,以破伤风类毒素 (TT)为蛋白质载体 ,用己二酸二肼 (ADH)作为连接剂制备的两种结合物及其多糖免疫NIH小鼠 ,结果显示单独注射O SP1或O SP2 免疫小鼠后 ,均不能刺激小鼠产生抗 LPS抗体 ;而用O SP1 TT和O SP2 TT结合物免疫后 ,小鼠血清中均产生了特异性抗 LPSIgG和IgM抗体 ,且O SP1 TT免疫组血清中IgG抗体水平明显高于O SP2 TT免疫组 ,两组结合物免疫血清中抗体类型以IgG为主。O SP1 TT结合物免疫组第二次免疫和第三次免疫后IgG抗体水平均较前一次有显著升高 (p<0 0 1)说明 ,O SP1 TT结合物具有加强应答效果。补体介导的体外杀菌试验证明 ,O SP1 TT与O SP2 TT结合物免疫血清具有特异性杀菌活性。     

不同剂量肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖与蛋白结合物的免疫原性比较

用肺炎链球菌19F型、23F型的荚膜多糖(C-PS)分别和破伤风类毒素(TT)蛋白结合,制备了两个型别的多糖-蛋白结合物(19F-TT,23F-TT)。为探讨结合物的最适免疫剂量,以10μg多糖和含1μg、3μg、9μg、27μg多糖的结合物经腹腔免疫NIH小鼠,ELISA方法检测小鼠血清中多糖和含不同多糖的结合物所产生的特异性IgG抗体。结果在不同的剂量免疫小鼠后,3μg剂量组在免疫三针后可诱生高浓度的抗体,但随着免疫剂量的增加,9μg与27μg诱生的抗体浓度较3μg诱生的抗体浓度之间并无显著性差异。含多糖3μg的19F型和23F型多糖蛋白结合物剂量组可诱生高浓度的特异性IgG抗体。     

C群奈瑟氏脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖-TT结合疫苗的制备及其在小鼠体内免疫原性的研究

将C群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖以ADH作为间隔剂与TT结合形成GCMP-TT结合疫苗,然后用此结合疫苗免疫NIH小鼠,结果显示使用GCMP免疫小鼠后仅能产生较低水平抗GCMP的IgG抗体,而用GCMP-TT免疫后小鼠血清中产生了较GCMP免疫显著增高抗GCMP的IgG抗体,并且GCMP-TT组第二次和第三次免疫后与初次免疫相比,IgG抗体水平均有显著升高(P<0.01),表明GCMP-TT结合疫苗具有免疫记忆和再次免疫加强应答效应。补体介导的血清抗体体外杀菌试验结果证明,GCMP-TT结合疫苗组免疫小鼠诱导的抗体IgG比GCMP组具有增强的体外杀菌活性。     

宋内氏痢疾杆菌O-SP-TT结合疫苗的制备及其免疫学特性的研究

宋内氏痢疾杆菌（S.Sonnei)的一个重要保护性抗原是菌体抗原（O抗原）即细菌细胞壁中的脂多糖（LPS）成分,已证实血清中足够水平的抗LPS IgG抗体抗体即能对该菌提供免疫保护作用。本文选用Westphal热酚法提纯宋内氏痢疾菌LPS,经酸水解法进一步脱毒处理后得到无毒但却具弱免疫原性的O-特异性多糖（O－SP）,然后采用化学方法即通过连接剂己二酸二肼（ADH）将其共价结合到破伤风类毒素（TT）上,共制备得到了三批宋内氏痢疾杆菌O－SP－TT结合疫苗。经生化和免疫学方法检测证实我们提纯的LPOS,OSP及其合成的L－SP－AH衍生物,O－SP－TT结合物均具有宋内氏痢疾杆菌O抗原特异性,同时其核酸和杂蛋白质含量低（≤2%),表明纯度较高。同时经小鼠免疫原性试验证实三批结合物免疫小鼠后产生的抗LPS IgG抗体滴度均比单一O－SP免疫后产生的要高出10倍以上,且结合物再次注射后存在加强应答。补体介导的体外杀菌力试验表明结合物免疫小鼠后诱导产生的血清抗LPSIgG抗体对宋内氏痢疾杆菌具特异性杀菌活性。本文结果表明宋内氏痢疾杆菌O-SP-TT结合疫苗可望作为一种有效的侯选痢疾疫苗做进一步的大规模人体观察。     

志贺氏I型痢疾杆菌O-特异性多糖与破伤风类毒素结合疫苗的制备及其在小鼠体内的免疫原性

从志贺氏I型痢疾杆菌LPS中分离纯化出O SP半抗原 ,以ADH为连接剂将其与TT结合形成O SP TT结合疫苗 ,并用此结合疫苗免疫NIH小鼠 ,结果显示单独使用O SP免疫后 ,小鼠血清中没有抗LPS抗体产生 ,而用O SP TT免疫后小鼠血清中产生了抗LPSIgG和IgM抗体 ,且IgG抗体水平高于IgM抗体 ;O SP TT免疫组第二次和第三次免疫后IgG抗体水平均有显著的升高 (P <0 0 1) ,但第二次和第三次免疫后血清IgM抗体虽有升高 ,但与前一次免疫相比均无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,表明O SP TT结合疫苗具有加强免疫应答效应。补体介导的体外杀菌活性试验结果证明 ,O SP TT免疫血清在 1∶16 0倍稀释后仍对志贺氏I型痢疾杆菌具有特异性杀菌活性。     

SEA为载体蛋白的A/C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌结合物初步免疫效果评价

目的对以金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A(staphylococcal enterotoxin A,SEA)为载体蛋白的A/C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌结合物的免疫效果进行初步评价。方法采用1-氰基-4-二甲氨基-砒啶四氟硼酸(1-cyano-dimethylamino pyridiniumtetrafluoroborate,CDAP)活化法,将SEA、破伤风类毒素(tetanus toxin,TT)分别与A群脑膜炎奈瑟菌荚膜多糖(group A N.meningitidis capsular polysaccharide,GAMP)、C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌荚膜多糖(group C N.meningitidis cap-sular polysaccharide,GCMP)结合制备结合物;将结合物分别免疫BALB/c小鼠,腹部皮下免疫3次,于第1针免后第9天、第19天、第27天眼眶采血,分离血清备用;检测体液免疫及细胞免疫反应水平。结果 SEA与GAMP结合后能增强抗-GAMP Ig G抗体水平,第3次免后GAMP-SEA组多糖抗体水平达到1∶12 800,高于GAMP组1∶400,但GCMP-SEA组结果不理想。SEA与GAMP结合后均能激发细胞免疫反应,IFN-γ和IL-4的SFC与GAMP组比较均升高,且IFN-γ高于IL-4。SEA与GAMP、GCMP结合后Th1/Th2细胞亚群比值分别达到23.48和22.19,高于GAMP组(14.09)和GCMP组(16.73),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),提示SEA与GAMP、GCMP结合后可激发细胞免疫。结论 SEA与GAMP、GCMP结合后既能增强GAMP、GCMP的免疫原性,提高体液免疫反应,又能激发细胞免疫反应,提示SEA具备作为A/C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌结合疫苗载体蛋白的可行性。     

W135群脑膜炎球菌结合物小鼠免疫血清IgG抗体亚类和亲合力的检测

目的通过检测W135群脑膜炎球菌结合物(简称W135群结合物)小鼠免疫血清中IgG抗体亚类及IgG抗体亲合力,判断W135群结合物的免疫应答特征。方法 (1)免疫血清的制备:将NIH雌性小鼠随机分为3组(A组、B组、对照组),每组30只。A组采用含2.5μg多糖的PSW135CNBr-TT分别于0、2、4、8周腹股沟皮下注射小鼠;B组采用含2.5μg多糖的PSW135CNBr-TT分别于0、4、8周腹股沟皮下注射小鼠;对照组采用含2.5μg多糖的PSW135分别于0、2、4周腹股沟皮下注射小鼠。分别于每次免疫7 d后,经小鼠眼眶静脉采血,分离血清备用;(2)IgG抗体亚类和亲合力的检测:采用间接ELISA分析各组免疫血清中IgG抗体及IgG抗体亚类含量;采用单一浓度的硫氰酸钾溶液作为洗脱液,用间接ELISA测定免疫血清中IgG相对亲合力。结果 A组和B组获得的小鼠免疫血清,IgG抗体均以IgG1为主(占总IgG抗体的80%以上),IgG抗体及其亚类抗体含量均呈典型的剂次加强效应;对照组各针次免疫血清中的IgG3抗体含量所占比例最高,未见免疫剂次加强效应。A组IgG抗体的相对亲合力分别是46.6%、25.4%、17.6%和47.6%,B组IgG抗体的相对亲合力分别是46.6%、23.6%和48.3%,对照组IgG抗体的相对亲合力分别是92.4%、81.9%和81.0%。结论 W135群结合物小鼠免疫血清呈现典型的胸腺依赖性(thymus dependent,TD)抗原的免疫应答特征。     

流感裂解疫苗H3N2-抗H3N2免疫原性复合物滴鼻诱导小鼠黏膜免疫应答的研究

目的研究流感裂解病毒疫苗抗原抗体复合物滴鼻诱生小鼠黏膜免疫应答.方法分别以15μg H3N2、H3N2-CpG、H3N2-鼠抗H3N2及H3N2-PEG滴鼻免疫小鼠,检测肺泡灌洗液抗H3N2 IgA、血清抗H3N2 IgG效价.取免疫小鼠脾细胞,体外抗原刺激,用定量酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测上清液IFN-γ及IL-4分泌水平.结果H3N2-抗H3N2免疫原性复合物诱生的抗H3N2 IgA效价明显高于H3N2单独免疫组(P＜0.01),而与H3N2-CpG组无显著性差异.此外,复合物诱生的血清抗H3N2也高于H3N2单独免疫组(P＜0.05).H3N2-CpG组诱生的IFN-γ水平明显升高,而其他组之间无明显差异.结论流感病毒血凝素抗原抗体复合物、血凝素抗原加CpG佐剂可以诱生较强的局部黏膜免疫和体液免疫.这两组诱生的IgA效价均明显高于H3N2单独免疫组.另外,H3N2-CpG组小鼠的脾脏细胞经特异性抗原诱导后培养上清液中的IFN-γ水平明显升高.     

Protective efficacy and immunogenicity of Vi-porin conjugate against Salmonella typhi.

A conjugate vaccine against Salmonella typhi was prepared by covalently binding capsular polysaccharide (Vi) with porin, both isolated from S. typhi. First, Vi and porins were extracted. The Vi was purified from S. typhi Ty2. The purified Vi conformed to the requirements of the World Health Organization. Porins were purified from S. typhi 0901. The Vi was bound to the porins by a heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent, N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyl dithio)-propionate (SPDP). After preparing the Vi-porin conjugate, its protective ability and immunogenicity were studied in mice following systemic immunization. The results showed that the conjugate is 6.5-fold more protective than Vi alone against S. typhi. The mice immunized with conjugate elicited higher anti-Vi antibody (IgG) levels (P < 0.01) than the mice immunized with Vi alone. Anti-porin antibodies were also induced by the conjugate. To study the mucosal immune responses, secretory IgA (sIgA) in the intestinal fluid was measured. Conjugate-immunized mice showed the induction of sIgA as compared to Vi alone. The results showed that when Vi is bound to porins, both isolated from same organism, the resultant conjugate induced both systemic and mucosal immune responses and provided better protection against S. typhi than Vi alone.     

Process development and immunogenicity studies on a serogroup ‘X’ Meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine

Meningococcal group X (MenX) is responsible for recent outbreaks of meningitis reported in sub-Saharan region of Africa. Although protective vaccines are available for meningitis, they are not effective against MenX. An efficacious, monovalent conjugate vaccine was designed against MenX and a fed-batch fermentation process was developed. The MenX polysaccharide (PS) was purified and yield estimated to be 15-fold higher than the reported elsewhere. Structure of MenX polysaccharide was confirmed by ¹H, ¹³C NMR spectroscopy analysis. Molecular weight of PS was found to be 310 kDa using HPLC-SEC coupled to refractive index (RI) detector. The MenX–Tetanus toxoid (TT) monovalent conjugate proved to be highly immunogenic in mice, and the bactericidal titers of MenX–TT conjugate were 10-fold higher than native PS. Increasing the dose of MenX–TT conjugate from 0.5 μg to 1.0 μg induced an 8-fold higher antibody titer as well as serum bactericidal titer. The current work suggests that the MenX–TT conjugate is a candidate vaccine against meningitis caused by Meningococcal group X strains.     

肺炎链球菌18C型糖蛋白结合物的制备及其免疫原性

制备肺炎链球菌18C型荚膜多糖－破伤风类毒素结合物（CPS－TT）,测定结合物的理化性质,抗原特异性及其在动物中的免疫原性。结果显示,结合物能与相应的多糖和破伤风抗血清形成明显的沉淀线,蛋白／多糖比率为1．86,结合物分子大小（Kd值）为0．058。注射小鼠后可诱导明显的抗体应答,而且随着注射针次的增加,抗体反应水平明显增高,显示加强效应。结果表明,制备的肺炎链球菌糖蛋白结合物抗原性良好,具有胸腺依赖性的特性,在小鼠中显示较好的免疫原性。     

不同蛋白载体的痢疾多糖结合疫苗小鼠免疫原性对比试验

试验中以小鼠为动物模型,对不同蛋白载体的痢疾多糖结合疫苗进行免疫效果观察。3种福氏2a痢疾结合疫苗和3种宋内氏痢疾结合疫苗分别皮下免疫NIH小鼠,同时设置O-SP(O-特异性多糖)对照组,免疫3针,在不同免疫针次间采血,用ELISA测定抗体滴度。单独使用福氏2aO-SP和宋内氏O-SP免疫后,小鼠血清中几乎没有抗LPS IgG抗体产生,而用结合疫苗免疫后,小鼠血清中产生了抗LPS IgG抗体,且第二次、第三次免疫后,小鼠血清中抗LPS IgG抗体水平有显著升高,表明结合疫苗具有加强免疫应答效应。三种不同的痢疾结合疫苗相比较,F2a-O-SP-rEPA结合疫苗较F2a-O-SP-TT结合疫苗和F2a-0-SP—DT结合疫苗的小鼠抗LPS IgG抗体水平高,S-O-SP-rEPA结合疫苗较S-O-SP-TT结合疫苗和S-O-SP—CRM9,结合疫苗的小鼠抗LPS IgG抗体水平高。以rEPA作为载体的痢疾结合疫苗比DT,TT作为载体的痢疾结合疫苗的免疫原性要强。     

Antigenic Determinants of Salmonella for Production of “Clearance” Factor in Mouse Typhoid

The “clearance” factor produced in the peritoneal cavity of mice immunized with killed vaccines prepared from Salmonella typhimurium or S. enteritidis was identified as the specific antibodies elicited by the O side chain of the cell wall polysaccharides in the organisms used as immunogens. After immunization of mice with vaccines prepared from virulent Salmonella strains, complement-dependent antibacterial antibodies in the serum and “clearance” factors in the peritoneal cavity were found to appear coincidentally, to last for more than one year, and to have the same specificity against the virulent bacterial strains. The relationship between the complement-dependent antibacterial antibodies and “clearance” factor, and the mechanisms of bactericidal action of these antibacterial agents in experimental typhoid were discussed.     

Exploration of Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane proteins, CD and UspA, as new carriers for lipooligosaccharide-based conjugates

Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane proteins, CD and ubiquitous surface protein A (UspA), were used as carriers for M. catarrhalis detoxified lipooligosaccharide (dLOS)-based conjugates. Our study was designed to investigate the feasibility of CD and UspA as protein carriers for dLOS-based conjugates and their possible synergic effects on protection from both anti-LOS and anti-CD or anti-UspA antibody responses. Female Balb/c mice were immunized subcutaneously three times with dLOS-CD or dLOS-UspA conjugate in Ribi adjuvant. Antisera elicited by the conjugates showed high titers of specific anti-LOS antibodies with complement-dependent bactericidal activity towards M. catarrhalis strain 25238. In a mouse aerosol challenge model, mice immunized with both conjugates showed a significant enhancement of the clearance of strain 25238 from lungs as compared with the control mice. Although both conjugates elicited reduced (relative to unconjugated CD or UspA) but significant levels of anti-CD or UspA antibodies, they did not show synergetic effects with anti-LOS antibodies on the bactericidal activity or the pulmonary bacterial clearance. Nevertheless, CD and UspA are safe and effective new carriers for dLOS-based or other potential carbohydrate-based conjugate vaccines to help thymus-independent carbohydrate antigens for production of anti-carbohydrate antibodies against target pathogens.     

14型肺炎球菌荚膜多糖-破伤风类毒素结合疫苗的研制

将14型肺炎球菌的荚膜多糖(PS)与破伤风类毒素(TT)通过化学方法结合,制备成多糖-蛋白结合疫苗(PS14-TT)。用该结合疫苗免疫小鼠,在小鼠体内产生了高滴度的PS-IgG抗体和TT-IgG抗体,且再次注射后有加强应答效应,表明制备的结合疫苗保留了完好的抗原性,具有胸腺依赖性抗原的特性。     

5型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖结合疫苗的不同糖蛋白比与免疫原性的关系

实验中比较了以不同糖蛋白比结合的5型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖结合疫苗的免疫原性。以氨还原法制备的不同糖蛋白比的5型多糖结合疫苗分别经腹腔注射NIH小鼠,共免疫3次,间隔2周。末次免疫2周后采血分离血清,以间接ELISA测定血清抗体,t检验统计分析数据。结果显示,生理盐水组(R组)无免疫原性;5型荚膜多糖组(H组)免疫原性低,无免疫加强效应;结合疫苗M组、N组第1、2针有免疫加强效应,第2、3针无免疫加强效应,而F组和Q组的两针次间均有明显的免疫加强效应。说明5型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖结合疫苗的糖与蛋白比较高时能获得较好的免疫原性。     

Mutant Native Outer Membrane Vesicles Combined with a Serogroup A Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine for Prevention of Meningococcal Epidemics in Africa

Background

The meningococcal serogroup A (MenA) polysaccharide conjugate vaccine used in Sub-Saharan Africa does not prevent disease caused by MenW or MenX strains, which also cause epidemics in the region. We investigated the vaccine-potential of native outer membrane vesicles with over-expressed factor H-binding protein (NOMV-fHbp), which targeted antigens in African meningococcal strains, and was combined with a MenA polysaccharide conjugate vaccine.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The NOMV-fHbp vaccine was prepared from a mutant African MenW strain with PorA P1.5,2, attenuated endotoxin (ΔLpxL1), deleted capsular genes, and over-expressed fHbp in variant group 1. The NOMV-fHbp was adsorbed with Al(OH)₃ and used to reconstitute a lyophilized MenA conjugate vaccine, which normally is reconstituted with liquid MenC, Y and W conjugates in a meningococcal quadrivalent conjugate vaccine (MCV4-CRM, Novartis). Mice immunized with the NOMV-fHbp vaccine alone developed serum bactericidal (human complement) activity against 13 of 15 African MenA strains tested; 10 of 10 African MenX strains, 7 of 7 African MenW strains, and 6 of 6 genetically diverse MenB strains with fHbp variant group 1 (including 1 strain from The Gambia). The combination NOMV-fHbp/MenA conjugate vaccine elicited high serum bactericidal titers against the two MenA strains tested that were resistant to bactericidal antibodies elicited by the NOMV-fHbp alone; the combination elicited higher titers against the MenA and MenW strains than those elicited by a control MCV4-CRM vaccine (P<0.05); and high titers against MenX and MenB strains. For most strains, the titers elicited by a control NOMV-fHbp knock out vaccine were <1∶10 except when the strain PorA matched the vaccine (titers >1∶000).

Conclusion/Significance

The NOMV-fHbp/MenA conjugate vaccine provided similar or higher coverage against MenA and MenW strains than a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine, and extended protection against MenX strains responsible for epidemics in Africa, and MenB strains with fHbp in variant group 1.