饲料蛋白质水平对异齿裂腹鱼生长、消化酶活性、非特异性免疫及蛋白质代谢反应的影响

为研究饲料中不同蛋白质水平对异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax)生长、消化酶活性、非特异性免疫及蛋白质代谢反应的影响, 配制蛋白质水平为20.01%、25.00%、30.19%、35.24%、40.12%和45.10%的6种等脂等能的饲料。选取初始体重为(115.46±16.20) g的异齿裂腹鱼540尾, 随机分成6组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复30尾, 进行为期94d的饲养试验。结果表明: 随着饲料蛋白水平升高, 异齿裂腹鱼末重(FW)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)均先升高后降低, 且在蛋白水平为40.12%时最大, 与30.19%组差异不显著(P>0.05); 蛋白质效率(PER)、成活率(SR)均呈先升高后下降趋势, 在蛋白水平为25.00%时最大, 与30.19%组差异不显著(P>0.05); 摄食率(FR)先降低后趋于稳定, 在蛋白水平为20.01%时最高, 显著高于其余试验组(P<0.05); 饲料系数(FCR)和肝体比(HSI)均呈先降低后升高的变化趋势, 在蛋白质水平为40.12%时最低, 与35.24%组差异不显著(P>0.05); 全鱼粗蛋白质显著升高(P<0.05); 胰蛋白酶(TPS)、脂肪酶(LPS)、淀粉酶(AMS)活性变化趋势基本与SGR、WGR和PER相一致, 且TPS>LPS>AMS; 肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐升高, 在45.10%组最高, 与30.19%—40.12%组差异不显著(P>0.05), 谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性先升高后降低, ALT和ACP活性在35.24%组高、AKP活性在30.19%组最高, 但各试验组差异不显著(P>0.05); 血清中的尿素氮显著上升(P<0.05); 血清中的血氨在45.10%组最大, 显著高于25.00%组(P<0.05)。异齿裂腹鱼WGR、SGR、FCR、PER与不同蛋白质水平分别进行二次回归分析得, 在试验条件下, 异齿裂腹鱼饲料中最佳蛋白质水平为31.20%—34.02%。     

低磷饲料中添加α-酮戊二酸对松浦镜鲤生长性能、体成分和血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究低磷饲料中添加α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate, AKG)对松浦镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio Songpu)生长性能、体成分和血清生化指标的影响。选取平均体重为(6.67±0.14) g的松浦镜鲤630尾, 随机分成7组, 每组3个重复。分别投喂有效磷0.73%的正常磷饲料和有效磷0.47%的低磷饲料, 在低磷饲料中分别添加0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%、2.0% (干物质含量)的AKG, 配制成等氮等能饲料, 试验期为8周。结果表明: 低磷组饲料系数(FCR)显著高于正常磷组(P<0.05), 但增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、脏体指数(VSI)及肥满度(CF)差异不显著(P>0.05); 与低磷组比, 0.4%AKG组FCR显著降低(P<0.05), 1.6%AKG组血清磷、白蛋白含量(ALB)显著增加(P<0.05); 0.8%AKG组谷草转氨酶(AST)活性和1.20%AKG组谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著高于正常磷组(P<0.05); 添加不同水平AKG对血清其他指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。与正常磷组相比, 低磷组粗灰分含量、骨钙含量和钙磷沉积率显著降低(P<0.05); 与低磷组相比, 添加不同水平AKG磷沉积率显著增加(P<0.05), 0.4%AKG组, 骨钙含量显著增加(P<0.05), 0.8%AKG组, 骨磷含量显著增加(P<0.05); 低磷饲料添加AKG对其他体成分指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此得出, 低磷饲料中添加适量的AKG可以降低FCR, 提高松浦镜鲤脊椎骨钙磷含量。     

鱼溶浆、酶解鱼溶浆和酶解鱼浆完全替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼生长的影响

为了探究鱼溶浆、酶解鱼溶浆和酶解鱼浆完全替代鱼粉后对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长的影响, 在黄颡鱼实用型日粮配方模式下, 以28%的日本级蒸汽鱼粉为对照(FM), 按照FM组鱼粉蛋白质量的15%、30%和45%三个梯度, 分别添加鱼溶浆(SW15、SW30和SW45)、酶解鱼溶浆(SWH15、SWH30和SWH45)、酶解鱼浆(FPH15、FPH30和FPH45)完全替代鱼粉, 设计共10组等氮等能日粮, 每组设定3个重复, 在池塘网箱中养殖初始体重(18.68±0.10) g /尾黄颡鱼60d。结果显示: (1)以FM为对照, SW的3个试验组黄颡鱼的SGR降低9.89%—20.33%(P<0.05), FCR增加18.79%—44.85%(P<0.05); SWH试验组中SWH15和SWH45的SGR相对FM组分别降低8.79%和14.84%, FCR相对FM组增加16.97%和27.88%, 差异显著(P<0.05); FPH试验组中FPH15和FPH45的SGR相对FM组降低13.18%和15.38%, FCR相对FM增加30.30%和29.70%, 差异显著(P<0.05); (2)SWH30和FPH30组的SGR、FCR与FM组无显著差异(P>0.05); (3)相对于SW, 同等添加量SWH的SGR增加4.40%—9.39%, FCR降低9.81%—15.31%(P<0.05); (4)与FM组的FIFO值相比, SW30、SWH30和FPH30的FIFO值仅为0.67、0.61和0.60, 降低67.67%—70.15%(P<0.05)。结果表明: 在黄颡鱼日粮中, 8.5%添加量的酶解鱼溶浆(干物质)、8.2%添加量的酶解鱼浆(干物质)可以完全替代鱼粉(28%), 而相应的FIFO值分别比鱼粉组降低了69.95%和70.15%; 酶解鱼溶浆对黄颡鱼的生长效果优于鱼溶浆。日粮中过高或过低添加量的鱼溶浆、酶解鱼溶浆和酶解鱼浆都会导致黄颡鱼的生长速度和饲料效率下降。     

壳寡糖对杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”(黄颡鱼♀×瓦氏黄颡鱼♂)生长性能与免疫机能的影响

为研究饲料中添加不同剂量壳寡糖(COS)对杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”(Tachysurus fulvidraco ♀× Tachysurus vachelli ♂)生长性能、特异及非特异性免疫机能的影响, 试验分4组, 壳寡糖有效剂量分别以0、40、80和120 mg/kg添加到饲料中, 为期56d。结果显示: 120 mg/kg组特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组, 饲料系数(FCR)显著低于对照组(P<0.05); 随壳寡糖剂量增大, 蛋白质效率(PER)变化趋势与FCR相反。同时, 各剂量壳寡糖均能显著提高白细胞吞噬指数(PI, P<0.05); 淋巴细胞转化率(LTR)随壳寡糖剂量增大而显著升高(P<0.05), 剂量达80 mg/kg后保持稳定(P>0.05); 高剂量试验组(80和120 mg/kg)溶菌酶活力和IgM水平显著高于低剂量组(40 mg/kg)和对照组 (P<0.05)。研究结果表明: 在试验条件下, 饲料中添加壳寡糖能显著提升杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”生长速度, 降低饲料系数, 促进白细胞吞噬功能及淋巴细胞转化, 并能提高体液免疫水平, 建议有效剂量为80—120 mg/kg。     

大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉对虹鳟生长性能及氮磷排泄的影响(英文)

以体重为(4.86±0.02)g的虹鳟稚鱼为实验对象,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行为期90d的生长实验。用1000 U/kg植酸酶预处理大豆分离蛋白,然后以预处理的大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolate,SPI)分别替代0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉蛋白,配制成6种等氮(粗蛋白为44.97%)、等能(粗脂肪为13.42%)的饲料,以评估饲料中鱼粉替代量对虹鳟生长、体组成、消化率及氮磷排泄的影响。90d的养殖实验结果表明,大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉对虹鳟生长性能和饲料利用率产生显著的影响(P<0.05)。当大豆蛋白替代水平由0增加到40%时,虹鳟的特定生长率(SGR)显著提高,随着饲料中SPI替代水平由40%增加到100%时,虹鳟的SGR显著降低(P<0.05),在S0、S20和S60试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。增重率(WGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)分别在处理组之间的差异关系与特定生长率(SGR)在各组之间的变化趋势相类似;当大豆蛋白分别替代40%时,其饲料系数(FCR)显著低于其他替代组(P<0.05),当替代量超过40%后,随着替代水平的增加,FCR显著增加(P<0.05)。随着替代水平由0升高到100%,磷排泄显著降低,与之相反的是,磷沉积率显著升高。随着替代水平由0升高至40%,氮排泄逐渐降低,当替代水平由40%升高至100%,氮排泄逐渐升高,随着替代水平升高至40%,氮沉积率升高。试验证明,大豆分离蛋白替代量达到40%时,虹鳟的生长及饲料转化率达到最佳,而高比例的SPI对虹鳟的生长性能和饲料效率产生负面影响。     

嗜酸乳杆菌对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长、消化性能和抗病力的影响

研究嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus, GIM:1.730)对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)幼鱼生长、消化酶活性、抗病力和相关酶mRNA表达的影响。选取720尾初始均重为(5.60±0.05) g的斜带石斑鱼幼鱼为研究对象, 共设8个处理, 每个处理3个重复。投喂不同添加比例(0、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%和1.2%)嗜酸乳杆菌的饲料, 养殖期8周。结果表明: 增重率(Weight gain rate, WGR)与特定生长率(Specific growth rate, SGR)实验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。当嗜酸乳杆菌添加0.6%时, 饲料系数(Feed conversion ratio, FCR）最低, 其他各组显著低于对照组(P<0.05), 而蛋白质效率(Protein efficiency ratio, PER)变化规律则与FCR相反。肝脏和肠蛋白酶(Trypsin, TRY)、淀粉酶(Amylase, AMY)活性实验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。肝脏TRY、AMY mRNA表达, 实验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。其中, 肝脏淀粉酶、蛋白酶活性在添加量为0.6%达到最大值, 肠蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性分别在添加量0.2%和0.4%达到最大值。以哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)攻毒7d, 石斑鱼攻毒后成活率(Survival rate, SR)随着嗜酸乳杆菌添加量的增加显著升高(P<0.05)。以WGR为判断依据得出, 在饲料中添加0.42%嗜酸乳杆菌(0.72×108 cfu/g)可显著促进斜带石斑鱼幼鱼的生长, 并提高消化酶活性和抗病力。     

野生和养殖裂腹鱼血液学指标的比较研究

对齐口裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼的野生和养殖个体血液学指标进行了比较研究.结果显示:重口裂腹鱼野生组的红细胞长径和短径、红细胞核长径和短径、嗜中性粒细胞长径和短径、淋巴细胞长径和短径、总蛋白和甘油三酯与齐口裂腹鱼野生组相应指标差异显著;齐口裂腹鱼野生组的嗜中性粒细胞长径、嗜中性粒细胞短径、淋巴细胞长径、淋巴细胞短径和淋巴细胞核长径显著大于养殖组;重口裂腹鱼野生组的红细胞短径明显小于养殖组重口裂腹鱼;齐口裂腹鱼野生组血液中TP、GLU和TG显著低于齐口裂腹鱼养殖组;重口裂腹鱼野生组TG、T-CHO与养殖组重口裂腹鱼差异显著.这些差异说明齐口裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼在生理适应方面存在差异,养殖活动对它们的生理状况有一定的影响.     

齐口裂腹鱼和鲤鱼H-FABP基因的克隆及其表达谱

心型脂肪酸结合蛋白（heart fatty acid binding protein, H-FABP）的水平与影响肉质性状的肌内脂肪含量有关,鱼类H-FABP的表达水平对其肌内脂肪含量是否相关仍未见报道.本研究获得齐口裂腹鱼和鲤鱼心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因序列,利用半定量RT-PCR分析其表达特性并测定肌内脂肪含量,比较H-FABP基因在不同生活环境的2种鲤科鱼肌内脂肪沉积中的作用.结果显示,齐口裂腹鱼和鲤鱼H-FABP基因的ORF为402 bp,编码133个氨基酸,它们的氨基酸序列相同,与人、猪、小鼠、斑马鱼、大西洋鲑、虹鳟等的同源性为71.3%~ 90%;H-FABP基因在2种鲤科鱼的心、肌肉、脂肪、肝、脑、脾、肾和鳃等组织中均有表达,肝中的表达量显著高于其它组织（P<0.05）,H-FABP基因的肌肉表达谱在齐口裂腹鱼和鲤鱼中存在明显差异：齐口裂腹鱼中的表达随生长发育呈上升趋势,在大体重鱼（500 g）中的表达显著高于小体重鱼（P<0.05),其表达与肌内脂肪含量呈显著正相关（R=0.370,P<0.05）;H-FABP基因在鲤鱼生长发育中呈下降趋势,而小体重鱼（50~60 g）中的表达显著高于其它大体重鱼(P<0.05),其表达与肌内脂肪含量呈显著负相关（R=-7.083,P<0.01）.据此推测,齐口裂腹鱼和鲤鱼肌肉组织H-FABP基因表达与肌内脂肪关联性的差异可能与2种鱼的生活环境不同有关.     

鱼类饥饿处理量化及处理因子贡献率的神经网络随机化测试

设一直投喂(SR00)、周期性饥饿2 d再投喂2 d (SR22)、饥饿7 d再投喂2 d (SR72)和饥饿7 d再投喂7 d (SR77) 4种投喂方式,将投喂方式量化为饥饿压力(SS)和循环率(CF)因子,并结合8周实验的干物质摄食量(FI)、鱼体重(BW)、温度(TE)、盐度(SA)、pH (PH)和生长时间(GT)因子,分别对花鲈增重(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和干物质饲料转换率(FCR)构建神经网络并对其进行预测.结果表明,不同处理对WG、SGR和FCR的影响均存在显著差异(P<0.05).饥饿处理组的WG和SGR均不能达到一直投喂组水平,除SR72处理组FCR显著高于对照处理外(P<0.05),SR22和SR77组与SR00组均无显著差异(P>0.05).人工神经网络对SGR和WG具有极佳的预测效果,但对FCR无效.8个分析因子中,FI、SS、CF和GT对WG、SGR有显著贡献,且WG的大小主要取决于FI,而SGR主要取决于SS.随机化测试显示,实验处理因子(包括相关的FI因子)对WG和SGR的贡献率分别为64.9%和79.7%.     

酸解氧化魔芋葡甘露聚糖对齐口裂腹鱼肠道免疫功能的影响

在日粮中添加酸解氧化魔芋葡甘露聚糖1.6%(acidolysis oxidized of konjacgluconmannan,A-OKGM),饲养齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)60 d后,齐口裂腹鱼经腹腔注射9伊108cfu/m L的嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila,Ah)0.2 mL,在注射嗜水气单胞菌1周后,分别取齐口裂腹鱼肠道分成前肠、中肠和后肠段。利用酶标仪测定溶菌酶(LZM)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP);并运用荧光定量PCR分析酸解氧化魔芋葡甘露聚糖对齐口裂腹鱼感染嗜水气单胞菌后不同肠段中白细胞介素-1β(il-1β)、白细胞介素-10(il-10)、白细胞介素-8(il-8)、肿瘤坏死因子(tnf-α)和转化生长因子β(tgf-β1)的表达影响。结果表明,与注射磷酸盐缓冲液对照组相比,感染嗜水气单胞菌A-OKGM组对齐口裂腹鱼的前肠、中肠、后肠中溶菌酶的活性有增加的趋势,但是没有达到显著水平(p0.05);在中肠中,感染嗜水气单胞菌A-OKGM组的il-1β、tnf-α、tgf-β1较感染嗜水气单胞菌对照组表达上调(p0.05),而il-10和il-8则相对下调。在后肠中,感染嗜水气单胞菌A-OKGM组il-1β、tnf-α、tgf-β1、il-10及il-8较感染嗜水气单胞菌对照组表达下调(p0.05)。本试验在日粮中添加A-OKGM1.6%对齐口裂腹鱼中肠的免疫功能有着活化的作用,对后肠中整体细胞因子起着抑制的作用,从而减轻机体产生的炎症损伤,从而增强齐口裂腹鱼肠道免疫的作用,可促进鱼体健康生长。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.