不同采收方式对富养化河道浮床空心菜生物产出的影响

以浮床空心菜为研究对象,在过水河道条件下,研究了不同采收周期(14 d采收1次、21 d采收1次、28 d采收1次)和留茬高度(15 cm、25 cm、35 cm)组合对浮床植物生物产出的影响.结果表明:刈割后的植物仍能够适应过水河道环境,并在其生长周期内持续生长.经110 d的生长,分枝数提高了近5倍,最长根长27.55 cm,平均根长15 cm,根系直径达11cm.单株根鲜重可达146 g,每平方米浮床根部可吸附颗粒物3.36 kg.新芽生长速率随采收次数增多,处理组均呈现先不断提高然后减小的趋势,变化幅度为0.54～3.7cm·d-1,对照组为1.63 cm·d-1.适当刈割能提高新芽再生速率.单次收获生物量同新芽变化规律相似,即先逐渐增多然后减小,生物量增长速率变化幅度3.83～37.9 g·m-2·d-1.从总生物量来看,28 d采收1次留茬25 cm、35 cm组的生物量(干重)产出最高,达2112 g·m-2;从茎叶比看,每14 d采收1次3个留茬高度,及每21d采收1次留茬15 cm和25 cm方式收获生物量茎叶比较佳.综合考虑产量、质量及浮床便捷管理,每21 d采收1次留茬15 cm的采收方式效果最佳,此时新芽平均生长速率1.88 cm·d-1,平均茎叶比＜1,总生物量1966 g·m-2.     

长白山高山冻原生态系统三种养分含量的空间分布

对长白山高山冻原生态系统中 3种养分 (N、P和 S)在植被 -凋落物 -土壤中的空间分布规律进行了研究。结果表明 :(1)在长白山高山冻原植被亚系统中 ,3种养分总含量分布规律是石质高山冻原 (ST) >典型高山冻原 (TT) >沼泽高山冻原 (WT) >草甸高山冻原 (MT) >石海高山冻原 (RT) ;3种养分积累总量为 72 .4 6 kg· hm- 2 ,其中 N、P和 S分别是 4 8.5 5 kg· hm- 2 ,10 .33kg· hm- 2 和 13.6 1kg· hm- 2 ;生物量与养分积累分布规律是 WT>TT>MT>ST>RT。 (2 )在长白山高山冻原凋落物亚系统中 ,平均凋落物量是 1.96 kg· hm- 2 ;3种养分积累总量为 :82 .5 kg· hm- 2 ,其中 N、P和 S分别是 4 6 .2 8kg· hm- 2 ,2 1.14 kg· hm- 2 和 15 .0 8kg· hm- 2 ;养分积累总量分布规律是 TT>WT>RT>MT>ST。 (3)长白山高山冻原土壤 (0～ 2 0cm)亚系统中 ,养分积累总量为 39.6 t· hm- 2 ,其中 N、P和 S分别是 2 3.76 t· hm- 2 ,5 .86 t· hm- 2和 9.98t· hm- 2。 4 )在长白山高山冻原生态系统中 ,3种养分总积累量为 4 0 6 4 4 .98kg· hm- 2 ,其中 N、P和 S分别是 2 4 734.85 kg· hm- 2 ,10 0 18.7kg·hm- 2 和 5 891.4 3kg· hm- 2 ,土壤库是长白山高山冻原的主要养分储存库     

长白落叶松人工林乔木层生物量分布特征及其固碳能力研究

基于8~56 a长白落叶松人工林样地生物量调查数据,建立了长白落叶松林各器官生物量模型,探讨了不同林龄长白落叶松人工林干材、树皮、树枝、树叶、树根的生物量分布与变化规律及单木与林分乔木层的固碳能力。结果表明:随着林龄的增大,长白落叶松人工林林木及各器官生物量均呈现不同程度的增加趋势,单株木生物量由8 a时的0.174 kg增加至56 a时的328.196 kg,林分乔木层生物量由8 a时的0.519 t·hm-2增加至56 a时的251.39 t·hm-2,其中树干所占比例最大,且增幅最大。长白落叶松人工林单木平均碳储量为74.822 kg,56 a林分乔木层碳密度为130.455 t·hm-2,平均碳密度达63.113 t·hm-2,各器官碳储量变化规律明显。长白落叶松人工林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林林分乔木层的年平均固碳量分别为0.087、1.193、1.703、2.124 t·hm-2,固碳量年平均增长率排序为中龄林幼龄林成熟林近熟林。研究认为,长白落叶松人工林单株木及林分各器官生物量随林龄增加具有明显的变化规律,成熟林分固碳水平最高,中龄林分后期固碳潜力最大。     

麦秸秆全量还田对稻田土壤溶解有机碳含量和水稻产量的影响

以南粳44为供试材料,在粘土和砂土土壤中,设置麦秸秆不还田和全量还田(6000kg·hm-2)及3种施氮量(0、225、300 kg·hm-2)试验,研究了麦秸秆全量还田的腐解率和有机碳释放量动态变化,及其对稻田0~45 cm土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)含量和水稻产量的影响.结果表明:麦秸秆还田的前期(0~30 d)其腐解率和有机碳释放量最高,腐解率为35.0%(粘土)和31.7%(砂土),有机碳释放率为34.1%(粘土)和33.1%(砂土);30 d后两者均减小.施用氮肥可显著促进秸秆腐解和有机碳释放量,粘土中麦秸秆腐解率和有机碳释放量明显大于砂土.麦秸秆还田后土壤DOC含量逐渐增加,至25 d达最大值,粘土和砂土分别为60.18和56.62 mg·L-1,此后逐渐减小并趋于稳定.麦秸秆还田处理15 cm处土壤DOC含量显著高于未还田处理,但两者在30和45 cm处土壤DOC含量差异不显著,说明秸秆还田主要增加了稻田0~15 cm土层DOC含量.与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理土壤DOC含量降低,2种施氮处理间差异不显著.秸秆还田减少了水稻前期分蘖发生量,显著降低了有效穗数,增加了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,显著提高了水稻产量.     

长白山阔叶红松林细根周转的研究

系统研究了长白山阔叶红松林细根生物量、生产力、年周转率及其在净生产力分配中的作用,生物量调查结果表明,阔叶红松林活细根的生物量为5049kg.ha~(-1),死细根生物量的平均值为1883kg.ha~(-1),细根的年周转率为0.96,年生产量为4860kg.ha~(-1),约占总净初级生产力的19.40％,年死亡量为2343kg.ha~(-1),相当于阔叶红松林枯枝落叶年凋落量的60％,由此提出了森林凋落物应包括枯枝落叶和根系凋落物的论点。     

武夷山甜槠林粗死木质残体的贮量、动态及其功能评述

 本文对武夷山甜槠林76龄成熟林内粗死木质残体的贮量、增枯量和分解量等进行了研究,对不同林龄甜槠林粗死木质残体的贮量动态进行了对比分析,并初步评述了它们在森林生态系统养分循环中的作用。研究结果表明：(1)甜槠林成林粗死木质残体贮量为7.349t·hm-2,增枯量为1.425t·hm-2·a-1,分解量为0.512t·hm-2·a-1;(2)随着林龄增长,不同林龄甜槠林的粗死木质残体贮量呈“S”型动态模式,至58龄阶段达到最大值,其后渐趋稳定;(3)粗死木质残体是甜槠林生态系统中较为重要的组成部分,其各养分元素贮量占该系统生物量分室总贮量的0.09%～1.91%,由增枯量实现的各养分元素归还量占养分元素归还总量的l.94%～4.48%。     

模拟氮沉降对长白山岳桦林下草本植物和土壤肥力的短期影响

选取长白山岳桦林中的岳桦-蟹甲草群落(Comm. Betula ermanii-Parasenecio forrestii)、岳桦-藜芦群落(Comm. Betula ermanii-Veratrum nigrum)和岳桦-小叶章群落(Comm. Betula ermanii-Deyeuxia purpurea)开展野外模拟氮沉降实验,采用野外原位模拟实验方法,设置对照(0 kg·hm-2·a-1)、低氮(30 kg·hm-2·a-1)、中氮(50 kg·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(100 kg·hm-2·a-1)4个氮处理水平,测定草本植物生长状况和土壤肥力,研究岳桦林下草本层植物和土壤肥力对氮沉降的短期响应。结果显示:(1)岳桦林下草本植物随氮沉降量的增加而加速生长,小叶章对氮沉降的响应较为敏感,藜芦次之,蟹甲草最弱;(2)氮添加造成林下土壤肥力发生变化,有机质含量下降,特别是岳桦-小叶章群落下的土壤有机质含量下降最明显;土壤总氮和速效氮含量增大,岳桦-蟹甲草群落下的土壤总氮和速效氮增加最多;土壤总磷和速效磷含量减小,岳桦-小叶章群落下的土壤总磷和速效磷含量的减少最多。本研究结果表明氮添加在短期内会促进长白山岳桦林下草本植物生长,尤其是小叶章的生长,加快土壤有机质的分解和磷的释放,逐步改变土壤肥力并反馈给植物,促使其进一步变化。     

细根对竹林-阔叶林界面两侧土壤养分异质性形成的贡献

土壤养分异质性是竹林-阔叶林界面(bamboo and broad-leaved forest interface, 以下简称竹阔界面)的重要特征, 细根生长、周转和分解影响土壤养分供应能力, 但其在竹阔界面养分异质性形成中的贡献尚不清楚。该文选取竹阔界面两侧的毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象, 开展土壤养分(C、N、P)含量、细根生物量及周转、细根分解及养分回归等指标的对比研究。结果表明: (1)竹阔界面两侧毛竹林和常绿阔叶林土壤养分差异明显, 毛竹林0-60 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤总氮(STN)含量分别为20.51和0.53 g·kg^-1, 常绿阔叶林0-60 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤总氮(STN)含量分别为13.42和0.26 g·kg^-1, 前者比后者分别高出34.53%和50.35%, 但毛竹林土壤全磷(STP)含量低于常绿阔叶林25.54%; (2)竹阔界面两侧细根生物量、养分密度及养分回归量差异明显, 毛竹林细根生物量高达1201.60 g·m^-2, 是常绿阔叶林的5.86倍; 养分密度分别为591.42 g C·m^-2、5.44 g N·m^-2、0.25 g P·m^-2, 分别是常绿阔叶林的6.12倍、3.77倍和3.11倍; 年均养分回归量分别为278.54 g C·m^-2·a^-1、2.36 g N·m^-2·a^-1、0.11 g P·m^-2·a^-1, 是常绿阔叶林的6.93倍、4.29倍和3.67倍; (3)细根对界面两侧土壤SOC、STN异质性形成的年均潜在贡献分别为76.79%和28.33%, 但对STP异质性形成起减缓作用, 贡献率为6.17%。这些结果说明毛竹扩张可以改变常绿阔叶林土壤的养分状况, 且细根对不同养分的异质性形成贡献不一致, 是土壤SOC、STN异质性形成的重要原因。     

固沙林采伐迹地撂荒后自然恢复的植物多样性、生物量与土壤养分含量的变化

采用样方法对辽宁章古台地区樟子松固沙林采伐迹地撂荒后1～5 年内自然恢复植被组成及多样性特征进行了定位研究.结果表明:采伐迹地自然恢复形成的自然植被群落共有49种植物,分属于26个科,以菊科和禾本科植物最为丰富.1 年、2 年、3 年和5 年采伐迹地植物群落的Simpson多样性指数分别为0.681、0.792、0.845和0.870,Shannon-Wiener信息统计指数、Pielou均匀度指数的变化趋势与Simpson优势度指数基本相似.5年后植被总生物量由1.351 t·hm-2增加到9.745 t·hm-2，撂荒2年时植被系统开始产生枯落物.随着植被恢复时间增加，死地被物生物量从恢复2年时的0.824 t·hm-2增加到5年时的1.403 t·hm-2.与采伐前相比，撂荒使采伐迹地土壤表层（0～15 cm）有机质含量和土壤各层的养分含量明显增加.撂荒具有较早归还凋落物和增加土壤养分的能力.     

人工桤柏混交林生态系统的能量特征

对川中丘陵区 1 1年生人工桤柏混交林生态系统能量特征的研究表明 ,植物热值含量随植物种类、器官、分布层次以及季节等的变化而变化 ;生态系统的能量现存量为2 37.53× 1 0 1 0 J·hm- 2 ,每年以凋落物形式归还的能量为 7.55× 1 0 1 0 J·hm- 2 ·a- 1 ,其中凋落叶是系统能量归还的主要形式 ,其能量归还量占能量归还总量的 70 .2 9% ;生态系统能量净固定量为 2 6.73× 1 0 1 0 J·hm- 2 ·a- 1 ,能量转化效率为 2 .34% ,可见人工桤柏混交林具有较高的能量固定能力和太阳能转化效率 .     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.