大白×梅山杂交组合肉质性状的数量性状位点定位分析

为寻找影响猪肉质数量性状基因位点的染色体区域 ,以 3头英系大白公猪和 7头梅山母猪建立F2 资源家系。随机选留 14 7头F2 代个体 (1998年 81头 ,2 0 0 0年 66头 ) ,经检测均获得肉质性状表型数据。对资源家系内的所有个体位于染色体 1、2、3、4、6和 7上的 48个微卫星位点进行扩增。利用线性模型最小二乘法分别对各年度及两年综合后的肉质性状进行数量性状位点 (QTL)区间定位 ,利用置换法确定显著性阈值。研究结果表明 :在 2 0 0 0年群体中 ,猪 4号染色体 (SSC4)上定位了肌内脂肪QTL ,达到染色体极显著水平 (P <0 0 1)和基因组显著水平 (P <0 0 5) ,解释表型变异为 5 2 4% ,梅山猪具有增加肌内脂肪QTL ;两年度群体综合后 ,在上述 4号染色体同一区间 ,肌内脂肪QTL接近染色体显著水平 ;股二头肌pH值和半棘肌pH值QTL分别定位在SSC1和 3上 ;在 1998年和 2 0 0 0年群体中分别发现 1个和 3个达染色体显著水平 (P <0 0 5)的系水力QTL ;在 1998年群体中 ,肌肉含水量QTL位于SSC6;两年综合群体中 ,SSC2、6和 7上定位了肌肉含水量QTL ,达到染色体显著水平 ,含水量QTL均有印迹效应 ,梅山和大白猪各有增效基因     

猪重要胴体性状的遗传定位

为了寻找影响猪重要胴体性状主基因在染色体的位置,我们以大白猪和梅山猪为父母本建立了F2资源家系。随机选留81头F2代个体,经屠宰获得猪胴体性状数据。结合家系个体的48个微卫星标记基因型,用线性模型最小二乘法对各胴体性状进行数量性状基因座（QTL）的区间定位。定位结果表明位于猪染色体（SSC）4号的瘦肉率和瘦肉量QTL达到基因组极显著水平;SSC1、2和4上眼肌面积QTL达到染色体显著水平;位于SSC1和4上的眼肌高度QTL与眼肌面积QTL在同一染色体区域;而眼肌宽度QTL位于SSC6;位于SSC7同一标记区间的皮重、皮率、骨重和骨率QTL表现出很好的一致性,均达到染色体显著水平。SSC6和7的体长QTL达到染色体显著水平。 Abstract: To detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for body composition traits in pigs, a resource family with three-generation was developed by using Large White grand sires and Meishan grand dams. A total of 81 F2 progenies were phenotyped for body composition. All animals were genotyped for microsatellite markers. The main results are as follows:, the strongest linkages at genome-wise level of lean meat percentage and total meat content were detected on SSC1 and 4. QTLs for loin eye area were located on SSC1, 2 and 4, QTLs for loin eye height on SSC 1 and 4, and QTLs for loin eye width on SSC 6. The best positions estimated for QTLs of skin percentage and of skin weight were in the same marker interval. Two QTLs significant at genome-wise level or highly significant at chromosome-wide level for carcass length were located on SSC6 and 7.     

猪部分内脏器官性状和乳头数的QTL检测

对内脏器官重量性状的QTL定位研究,所见报道不多;对于猪的繁殖性状,尚需做进一步的探讨。本研究在总共214头(180头F2个体)组成的资源家系中,在猪的SSC4、SSC6、SSC7、SSC8 和 SSC13上共选取39个微卫星标记,检测了8种内脏器官的重量性状:心重 (HW)、肺重 (LW)、肝 胆重 (LGW)、脾重 (SPW)、胃重 (STW)、小肠重(SIW)、大肠重(LIW) 和肾重(KW);其他一些胴体性状:胴体长性状1(自第一颈椎,CL1)、胴体长性状2(自第一胸椎,CL2)、肋骨数(RNS)和繁殖性状乳头数(TNS)的QTL定位。结果表明,检测到3个染色体极显著水平的QTL(P≤0.01),它们是HW QTL定位在SSC6上30 cM处,RNS QTL定位在SSC7上115 cM处和TNS QTL定位在SSC7上 110 cM处;另外6个染色体显著水平的QTL(P≤0.05)是:LW(SSC13上119 cM处)、LGW(SSC6上94 cM处)、SPW(SSC8上106 cM处)、SIW(SSC 4上0 cM处)、LIW(SSC 4上170 cM 处)和TNS(SSC 6上95 cM处)。上述QTL解释的表型变异从 0.04% 到 14.06%,有些位点的 QTL 可以解释表型变异的 10%以上,如 HW 的 QTL 解释表型变异的9.52%、SIW的QTL解释表型变异的13.47%、定位在SSC6上的TNS QTL解释表型变异的14.06%,而定位在 SSC7上的TNS QTL解释表型变异的11.30%。多数内脏器官重量性状的QTL定位结果未见报道。胴体长未见显著水平的QTL,而在SSC7上定位染色体极显著水平的肋骨数QTL。     

丙酸通路基因多态性与猪肉质及胴体性状的关联分析

为了挖掘新的猪肉品质及胴体性状的候选基因,揭示猪肉质及胴体性状的遗传机制,文章将丙酸代谢通路作为候选通路,将通路内基因与猪肉质及胴体性状进行关联分析。实验采用37头三元杂交商品猪作为研究对象,首次针对丙酸通路中7个基因的36个SNP位点利用SNaPshot方法进行基因分型,分别用最小二乘模型及MB-MDR模型与肉质及胴体性状进行关联分析。结果发现,基因PCCB、MUT、MCEE及ACSS2上的4个SNP位点分别与肌内脂肪含量、背膘厚等性状显著相关(P<0.05),ACSS2与猪脂肪含量显著相关;MCEE及MUT与猪的背膘厚显著相关;PCCB基因与脂重显著相关。通过MB-MDR方法检测到多个SNP位点具有互作效应,并与背膘厚、水分含量、脂肪含量显著相关(P<0.05)。另外,丙酸代谢通路中的基因间的互作效应对猪肉品质有显著影响。     

猪ACTA2基因的克隆、表达分析及其与生产性状的关联

为鉴定对猪生产性状有重要影响的新分子标记,文章采用电子克隆结合PCR方法获得了猪肌动蛋白α2(Actin alpha 2, ACTA2)基因编码区序列和部分基因组序列,建立了第2内含子C1554T替换的PCR-HinfⅠ- RFLP基因分型方法,在所检测的7个不同猪群中除大白和梅大群体外,其他群体中均是C等位基因频率高于T等位基因的频率。标记与性状关联分析发现ACTA2基因型与肩部背膘厚、臀部背膘厚、肥肉率、瘦肉率、股二头肌pH和肌内脂肪显著或极显著相关,TT基因型与CC基因型相比具有更高的瘦肉率以及更低的肥肉率和背膘厚。通过Real-time RT-PCR分析发现ACTA2在大白和梅山两个品种猪骨骼肌中的表达量都随着日龄的增加而降低,在各个阶段,梅山猪中的表达量都比大白猪中的表达量高。     

用混合模型定位一个复杂家猪家系13号染色体QTL的研究

用混合模型方法 ,分析了一个复杂家猪家系 13号染色体上微卫星座位与数量性状间的相关性 ,结果发现 ,该家系猪 13号染色体上存在一个显著影响屠宰重和日均屠宰重的QTL。区间定位将该QTL定位到SW1898～SW398标记内 ,相对位置估计为 ρ =0 .5 2± 0 .36 ,在遗传连锁图上的平均位置为 75 .19cM。该QTL对于屠宰重的加性和显性效应分别为 1.31± 0 .5 5kg和 1.95± 0 .80kg ,对于日均屠宰重的加性和显性效应分别为 0 .0 18± 0 .0 0 7kg d和 0 .0 12± 0 .0 0 7kg d。估计的屠宰重和日均屠宰重QTL方差分别 0 .90 37和 0 .0 0 10。该区域实际上是测夹PIT1基因的区域 ,PIT1基因是生长激素、催乳激素、促甲状腺激素 β亚基的一个重要的转录调节因子 ,为PIT1基因作为重要的生长QTL提供了一个有利的旁证。由此推论 ,PIT1对于生长的影响不只是早期的 ,可能延续至个体生长发育的全过程。此外 ,13号染色体上可能存在一个背膘厚QTL ,相距屠宰重QTL约 2 8.3～ 6 3.4cM ,不确定因素是标记 -性状相关在世代间存在差异。     

微卫星标记对资源猪群的遗传分析和连锁图谱构建

在猪数量性状位点的定位研究中,标记的使用和图谱的构建是很重要的。本研究从猪的第4、6、7、8和13染色体上选取39个微卫星标记,在来源于约克夏和梅山214头猪组成的资源群中,分析了遗传特征并构建了图谱。研究表明,平均等位基因数、平均观察杂合度(Ho)和平均多态信息含量(PIC)在F1和F2代中分别为:3.2,0.528,0.463和3.2,0.496,0.447。结果表明大多数微卫星标记位点表现为中高度杂合性。在资源群体中,平均有信息减数分裂数是217.4(44-316),而各染色体上两性平均图谱的长度分别是:172.3cM(SSC4),168.7cM(SSC6),191.7cM(SSC7),197.3cM(SSC8),178.3cM(SSC13)。与USDA-MARC的参考图谱相比,标记位点的顺序相同,但长度均较长。雌雄两性图谱相比,第4和第6染色体上雌性图谱长于雄性图谱;而在另外3条染色体上,则雄性图谱长于雌性图谱。结果显示了标记位点在资源猪群的遗传特征和遗传关系,其连锁图谱可用于今后的QTL定位。     

商品杂种猪生长和肉用性状的杂交效果参数与RAPD带纹相似系数间关系浅析

用衡阳和永州2个外贸猪场1996－1998年间杜洛克,长白和大约克猎的生长和屠宰个体记录及PAPD分析数据,估计了平均日增重（ADG）,屠宰率（DRP）,背膘厚（BFT）,后腿比例（HLP）4个经济性状以及PAPD标记平均带纹相似系（ABS）的杂交效果参数,结果表明,4个经济性状的个体遗传效应（g^I)和母体遗传效应（g^M）显著（P＜0．05）,日增重的个体杂优和母本杂优效应达显著水准（P＜0．05）,但是,屠宰率,背膘厚和后腿经比例3个性状的个体杂优效应和母本杂优效应均有显著（P＞0．05）,RAPD标记ABS的母本遗传效应估值为正,而杂优效应（h^I和h^M )估算为负值,杂交效果参数与生长和肉用性状的相关性研究表明,RAPD标记ABS与平均日增重,屠宰率,背膘厚和后腿比例4个状总的,全参数非特异性相关系数低（0．2735－0．4414）,且不显著（P＞0．05）,但是,部分参数的特异性相关系数与总相关系数相比,均有不同程序的提高（－0．8240－0．8918）,其中平均日增重与RAPD标记的3个特异性杂交效果参数的相关系数分别达到显著（P＜0．05）和极显著（P＜0．01）水平,由此推测,用全参数的总样系数预测杂种优势的效率很低,因此,合理部分和估计杂交效果参数,可作为增加标记与性状间的相关,提高杂优预测准确性的一个有效措施,增加标记的TQL覆盖率也可望显著提高杂优预测的准确度。     

利用水稻重组自交系群体定位谷粒外观性状的数量性状基因

用区间作图和混合线性模型的复合区间作图两种方法,对水稻（Oryza sativa L）珍汕97和明恢63组合的重组自交系群体的谷粒外观性状－粒长,粒宽和粒形进行了数量性状基因（QTL）定位,用区间作图法在LOD≥2．4水平上（近拟于a=0.005),1998年对粒长,粒宽和粒形分别检测到6,2放2个QTLs,1999年对以上3个性状分别检测到3,2和2个QTLs,其中7个QTLs在两年均检测到,位于第3染色体RG393－C1087区间的QTL效应大,同时影响粒长和粒形,两年贡献分别为57．5％,61．4％和26．7％,29．9％,位于第5染色体RG360－C734B区间的QTL效应大,同时影响粒宽和粒形,两年贡献率分别为44．2％,53．2％和32．1％和36．0％,用混合线性模型的复合区间作图法在P＝0．005水平上,对粒长,粒宽和粒形分别检测到8,5和5个QTLs,共解释各自性状变异的58．81％,44．75％和57．47％,只检测到1个QTL与环境之间存在的显互作。     

猪资源家系MC4R基因扫描及其与脂肪性状的相关分析

黑素皮质激素受体－4（Melanocortin-4 Receptor,MC4R)是在人类肥胖研究中发现的重要调节因子,它可以与瘦蛋白（Leptin),神经肽Y（Neuropeptide Y,NPY),α－黑素细胞刺激激素（Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone,α-MSH)第一起调节动物体重和采食量。采用PCR－RFLP技术,分析了MC4R基因部分片段在猪资源家系群体中的TaqⅠ酶切片段多态性分析。MC4R基因多态性与生长肥育性状,肉质性状,胴体性状的相关性分析的结果表明,MC4R基因型频率在不同品种群体中的分布不同;MC4R基因与猪胸腰椎间膘厚,臀部膘厚,平均背膘,眼肌宽度,眼肌面积,皮率呈显著性相关。MC4R基因主要以显性作用方式发挥作用,加性作用不显著。     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。